Efficient Reduction Research Articles

Regulating Fe-spin state by doping P heteroatom in Fe-N-C catalyst derived from colloidal nanoparticles encapsulated ZIF-8 to boost oxygen reduction activity

Over the past decades, Fe-N-C carbon materials have been considered as one of the most ideal alternatives to the noble metal catalysts (e.g. Pt/C) for the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in zinc-air batteries and fuel cells. In this research, ZIF-8 cage encapsulation confinement strategy coupled with post P-doping has been employed to design porous P, N and Fe co-doped carbon (FeNC-P) for efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The zero-field cooling (ZFC) temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurement revealed that incorporation of P in the Fe-N-C catalysts can induce the transition of spin polarization configuration, which promotes the desorption of *OH in the crucial step of the ORR reaction process. The best-performing FeNC-P catalyst displays a 1.00 V (vs RHE) of Eonset (onset potential) and a 0.90 V (vs RHE) of E1/2 (half-wave potential) in an alkaline solution, which exceeds the benchmark Pt/C catalyst. Moreover, it also delivers a high power density of 130 mW·cm−2 in the self-made zinc-air battery, surpassing the benchmark Pt/C catalyst (90 mW·cm−2).

Efficiency and Workload Reduction of Semi-automated Citation Screening Software for Creating Clinical Practice Guidelines: A Prospective Observational Study.

We evaluated the applicability of automated citation screening in developing clinical practice guidelines. We prospectively compared the efficiency of citation screening between the conventional (Rayyan) and semi-automated (ASReview software) methods. We searched the literature for five clinical questions (CQs) in the development of the Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock. Objective measurements of the time required to complete citation screening were recorded. Following the first screening round, in the primary analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and overall screening time were calculated for both procedures using the semi-automated tool as index and the results of the conventional method as standard reference. In the secondary analysis, the same parameters were compared between the two procedures using the final list of included studies after the second screening session as standard reference. Among the five CQs after the first screening session, the highest and lowest sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values were 0.241 and 0.795; 0.991 and 1.000; and 0.482 and 0.929, respectively. In the secondary analysis, the highest sensitivity and specificity in the semi-automated citation screening were 1.000 and 0.997, respectively. The overall screening time per 100 studies was significantly shorter with semi-automated than with conventional citation screening. The potential advantages of the semi-automated method (shorter screening time and higher discriminatory rate for the final list of studies) warrant further validation.

Regulating Local Electron Density of Cyano Sites in Graphitic Nitride Carbon by Giant Internal Electric Field for Efficient CO2 Photoreduction to Hydrocarbons.

Selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction to high-value hydrocarbons using graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) polymer holds great practical significance. Herein, the cyano-functionalized g-C3N4 (CN-g-C3N4) with a high local electron density site is successfully constructed for selective CO2 photoreduction to CH4 and C2H4. Wherein the potent electron-withdrawing cyano group induces a giant internal electric field in CN-g-C3N4, significantly boosting the directional migration of photogenerated electrons and concentrating them nearby. Thereby, a high local electron density site around its cyano group is created. Moreover, this structure can also effectively promote the adsorption and activation of CO2 while firmly anchoring *CO intermediates, facilitating their subsequent hydrogenation and coupling reactions. Consequently, using H2O as a reducing agent, CN-g-C3N4 achieves efficient and selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CH4 and C2H4 activity, with maximum rates of 6.64 and 1.35µmol g-1h-1, respectively, 69.3 and 53.8 times higher than bulk g-C3N4 and g-C3N4 nanosheets. In short, this work illustrates the importance of constructing a reduction site with high local electron density for efficient and selective CO2 photoreduction to hydrocarbons.

Improving the Long-Term Stability of PbTe-Based Thermoelectric Modules: From Nanostructures to Packaged Module Architecture.

Nanostructured lead telluride PbTe is among the best-performing thermoelectric materials, for both p- and n-types, for intermediate temperature applications. However, the fabrication of power-generating modules based on nanostructured PbTe still faces challenges related to the stability of the materials, especially nanoprecipitates, and the bonding of electric contacts. In this study, in situ high-temperature transmission electron microscopy observation confirmed the stability of nanoprecipitates in p-type Pb0.973Na0.02Ge0.007Te up to at least ∼786 K. Then, a new architecture for a packaged module was developed for improving durability, preventing unwanted interaction between thermoelectric materials and electrodes, and for reducing thermal stress-induced crack formation. Finite element method simulations of thermal stresses and power generation characteristics were utilized to optimize the new module architecture. Legs of nanostructured p-type Pb0.973Na0.02Ge0.007Te (maximum zT ∼ 2.2 at 795 K) and nanostructured n-type Pb0.98Ga0.02Te (maximum zT ∼ 1.5 at 748 K) were stacked with flexible Fe-foil diffusion barrier layers and Ag-foil-interconnecting electrodes forming stable interfaces between electrodes and PbTe in the packaged module. For the bare module, a maximum conversion efficiency of ∼6.8% was obtained for a temperature difference of ∼480 K. Only ∼3% reduction in output power and efficiency was found after long-term operation of the bare module for ∼740 h (∼31 days) at a hot-side temperature of ∼673 K, demonstrating good long-term stability.

Facile fabrication of heavily N-doped Zn0.67Cd0.33S nanocatalyst with congenital sulfur vacancies for efficient photocatalytic reduction of water and hexavalent chromium

Twinned zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnxCd1-xS) has been widely investigated for efficient Cr(VI) reduction and H2 production under light irradiation due to its inherent homojunctions. However, long-distance migration of charge carriers and relatively low conduction band level inevitably cause low photocatalytic reduction ability. Herein, we developed a DMF-involved one-step solvothermal strategy to introduce N heteroatoms into Zn0.67Cd0.33S crystals incorporated with dopant-induced S vacancies. The synergetic promotion of the elevated conduction band, coupled with the robust aggregation of interactants, effectively impeded the recombination behavior of charge carriers, leading to a notable increase in photocurrent density (∼2.4 times), electron density (∼2.8 times), and a higher photo-reducing potential. The optimal NZCS-10 demonstrated a superior photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction efficiency of 99.32 % within 30 min, and rendered ca. 5.8- and 7.6-fold enhancement for H2 evolution rate under alkaline and acidic conditions, respectively. This study provided a universal strategy for gaining highly reductive transition metal sulfides with more active sites.

Tetracationic Cobalt 3,4-pyridinoporphyrazine for Direct CO2 to Methanol Conversion Escaping the CO Intermediate Pathway.

Molecular catalysts offer a unique opportunity to implement different chemical functionalities to steer the efficiency and selectivity for the CO2 reduction for instance. Metalloporphyrins and metallophthalocyanines are under high scrutiny since their most classic derivatives the tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) and parent phthalocyanine (Pc), have been used as the molecular platform to install, hydrogen bonds donnors, proton relays, cationic fragments, incorporation in MOFs and COFs, to enhance the catalytic power of these catalysts. Herein, we examine the electrocatalytic properties of the tetramethyl cobalt (II) tetrapyridinoporphyrazine (CoTmTPyPz) for the reduction of CO2 in heterogeneous medium when adsorbed on carbon nanotubes (CNT) at a carbon paper (CP) electrode. Unlike reported electrocatalysis with cobalt based phthalocyanine where CO was advocated as the two electron and two protons reduced intermediate on the way to the formation of methanol, we found here that CoTmTPyPz does not reduce CO to methanol. Henceforth, ruling out a mechanistic pathway where CO is a reaction intermediate.

Do bitcoin electricity consumption and carbon footprint exhibit random walk and bubbles? Analysis with policy implications

One of the main current focuses of global economies and decision-makers is the efficiency of energy utilization in cryptocurrency mining and trading, along with the reduction of associated carbon emissions. Understanding the pattern of Bitcoin's energy consumption and its bubble frequency can greatly enhance policy analysis and decision-making for energy efficiency and carbon emission reduction. This research aims to assess the validity of the random walk hypothesis for Bitcoin's electricity consumption and carbon footprint. We employed both traditional methods (ADF and KPSS) and recently proposed unit root techniques that account for structural breaks and non-linearity in the data series. Our analysis covers daily data from July 2010 to December 2021. The empirical results revealed that traditional unit root techniques did not confirm the stationarity of both bitcoin's electricity consumption and carbon footprint. However, novel structural break (SB) and linearity tests conducted enabled us to discover five SB episodes between 2012 and 2020 and non-linearity of the variables, which informed our application of the newly developed non-linear unit root tests with structural breaks. With the new methods, the results indicated stationarity after accommodating the SB and non-linearity. Furthermore, based on Phillips and Shi (2019)'s test, we identified certain bubble episodes in the bitcoin energy and carbon variables between 2013 and 2021. The major drivers of the bubbles in bitcoin energy consumption and carbon footprint are variables relating to the bitcoin and financial markets activities and risks, including the global economic and political risks. The study's conclusion based on the above findings informs several policy implications drawn for energy and environmental management including the encouragement of green investments in cryptocurrency mining and trading.

Efficient Speech Signal Dimensionality Reduction Using Complex-Valued Techniques

Efficient Speech Signal Dimensionality Reduction Using Complex-Valued Techniques

The synergistic effect of Cl doping and Bi coupling to promote the carrier separation of BiOBr for efficient photocatalytic nitrogen reduction

Photocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a sustainable process for ammonia synthesis under mild conditions. However, photocatalytic NRR activity and are generally limited by inefficient carrier separation and transfer. Therefore, parallel engineering of bulk phase doping and surface coupling is critical to achieving the goal of efficient NRR. In this study, Cl doped BiOBr nanosheet assemblies (BiOBr/Cl) were constructed in delicately designed deep eutectic solvents (DESs), combined with ionothermal methods at low temperatures and Bi3+ exsolution reduction strategy at high temperatures. The unique liquid state and reducibility of DESs induce the reduction of Bi3+ and the in situ coupling of Bi quantum dots at the surface of BiOBr/Cl nanosheets along with the construction of Bi-BiOBr/Cl nanosheet assemblies. The experimental results show that Cl doping could reduce the exciton dissociation energy and promote its dissociation to free carriers. Bi quantum dots could form tightly coupled Schottky junction with BiOBr/Cl enabling the efficient and unidirectional transmission of photogenerated electrons from BiOBr/Cl to metal Bi. The formed electron deficient region at Schottky interface promotes the adsorption and activation of N2. The hierarchical structure of Bi-BiOBr/Cl nanosheet assembly benefits to providing more N2 adsorption active sites. The DFT calculation shows that the accumulation of high concentration of active hydrogen in Bi-BiOBr/Cl leads to a significant decrease of energy barrier of the first step hydrogenation of N2. Bi-BiOBr/Clis more inclined to adsorb nitrogen for NRR in comparison with H* for hydrogen production. The synergistic effect of Cl doping and Bi coupling result in a high NRR activity of Bi-BiOBr/Cl photocatalyst of 6.67 mmol·g−1·h−1, which was 11.3 times higher than that of initial BiOBr. This study provides a promising strategy for designing highly active NRR photocatalysts with high efficiency carrier dissociation and transport.

Fabrication of rGO-bridged TiO2/g-C3N4 Z-scheme Nanocomposites via Pulsed Laser Ablation for Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction.

Highly efficient photocatalysts can be fabricated using favorable charge transfer nanocomposite channel structures. This study adopted pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) to obtain rGO-bridged TiO2/g-C3N4 (rGO-TiO2/g-C3N4) photocatalytic Z-scheme without the need for noble metals. In addition to evaluating the resulting nanocomposite's (comprising rGO nanosheets, TiO2 nanotubes, and g-C3N4 nanosheets) CO2 reduction effectiveness, its chemical, morphological, structural, and optical characteristics were examined using various analytical techniques. The findings revealed a synergistic interaction between g-C3N4 and TiO2, suggesting the presence of unique interfacial bonding, as well as enhanced visible light absorption. Notably, the ternary rGO-TiO2/g-C3N4 Z-scheme exhibits an excellent photocatalytic performance by photocatalytically converting CO2 into CO and CH4, with 81% selectivity towards the CO and 1.91% apparent quantum efficiency at 420 nm. Thus, the findings can pave the way for various Z-scheme systems in wide photocatalytic applications.

The mechanism on liquefaction of waste tire by ethanolysis

Thermo-chemical treatment methods are pivotal for effectively managing waste tire rubber (WTR) while promoting energy efficiency and emission reduction. This study investigates the liquefaction of WTR within a thermal ethanol environment, exploring temperature ranges (200-300 °C) and residence times (0-80 min) to discern the role of ethanol in tire degradation. Additionally, the study includes liquefaction experiments with cyclohexane as a solvent to contrast the effect of ethanol, and comparison between ethanol and water to elucidate solvent impact. Results indicate that at 300 °C for 40 minutes, oil yields peak at 53.05% for a WTR/ethanol mass ratio of 1:8 and at 51.64% for a ratio of 1:6, notably surpassing hydrolysis outcomes. By contracting with the results from the liquefaction with cyclohexane as solvent, the involvement of ethanol can facilitate liquid phase products, primarily alkenes and oxygen-containing compounds, attributed to aromatization inhibition. Heavy oils and heteroatomic compounds are characterized through Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), detecting hydrocarbons and heteroatom compounds like NxOy, Ox, Sx, NxOySz, NxSy, and Nx. Notably, sulfur, a significant pollutant, predominantly manifests as sulfide in chars. These findings offer valuable insights into advancing waste tire recycling technologies.

Energy recovery from sewage sludge waste blends: Detailed characteristics of pyrolytic oil and gas

Using waste as an alternative energy source may partially replace fossil fuels. In this paper, energy recovery from waste blends (sewage sludge (SS), polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP), paper rejects (PR), and waste tyres) was tested through laboratory-scale co-pyrolysis. For each co-pyrolysis test, 7l of waste blend in different ratios were used. The results of pyrolytic oil and gas analyses show valuable compounds and chemical materials recovered. The detailed analyses show the effects of co-pyrolysis parameters, especially the ratios of waste blends with respect to the process temperature of 600°C, on the pyrolytic gas and oil. The highest volumes of gas (0.66 m3) and oil (699ml) were obtained from sample 5_8 (PES:SS:PR). Waste blend 15_1 (LDPE:SS) had the highest gross calorific value (GCV) of 43.82 MJ/m3 in gas, and had the highest proportion of flammable components (46.31% of methane). Sample 5_8 had the highest calorific value in pyrolytic oil (45 MJ/kg) and sample 5_3 had the lowest (28.113 MJ/kg), which is comparable to coal. High-quality pyrolytic gas and oil were obtained with average GCV of 44 MJ/m3 and 40 MJ/kg respectively, where the average GCV of the most calorific fossil fuels is 43.6 MJ/kg in crude oil and 34 MJ/m3 in natural gas. We conclude that co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and waste is a convenient and simple method of waste disposal under a synergetic effect of efficient waste management, energy production, and reduction of dependence on fossil fuels.

Core/shell Ni@C particle-supported N-doped carbon with hollow capsules for efficient electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen

To replace the noble metal catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), a Ni@C-supported N-doped carbon material (Ni@C/NC) is in-situ prepared via one-step pyrolyzing the polymerizable ionic liquid of vinyl imidazole combined with Ni(NO3)2. Systemic investigations demonstrate that these nanosized Ni particles are tightly wrapped with a thin carbon layer to form the core/shell structure, meanwhile carbon capsules are synchronously yielded on the carbon matrix. As a result, both the carbon shell and the carbon capsule jointly increase the active sites of the Ni@C/NC, while the carbon shell also contributes the fast electron-transfer from Ni particle. Compared with the normal Ni-supported carbon catalyst, the Ni@C/NC shows the respectable ORR performance with the onset and half-wave potentials of 0.96 and 0.84 VRHE. After the long-term electrocatalysis (10 h), the Ni@C/NC is found to possess the great structural and electrocatalytic stabilities, which maintains 93 % of the initial current density and the well-dispersed and uniform Ni@C particles. Subsequently, a Zn-Air battery with the Ni@C/NC cathode is assembled and exhibits a peak power density of 200 mW cm−2. Therefore, the as-obtained Ni@C/NC with the high electroactivity and stability can be expected as an ideal candidate to apply in the metal-air batteries and fuel cells in the future.

Enhancing *CO coverage on Sm-Cu2O via 4f-3d orbital hybridization for highly efficient electrochemical CO2 reduction to C2H4

The electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 into valuable chemical feedstocks using renewable electricity offers a compelling strategy for closing the carbon loop. While copper-based materials are effective in catalyzing CO2 to C2+ products, the instability of Cu+ species, which tend to reduce to Cu0 at cathodic potentials during CO2 reduction, poses a significant challenge. Here, we report the development of Sm-Cu2O and investigate the influence of f-d orbital hybridization on the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, our experimental results demonstrate that hybridization between Sm3+ 4f and Cu+ 3d orbitals not only improves the adsorption of *CO intermediates and increases CO coverage to stabilize Cu+ but also facilitates CO2 activation and lowers the energy barriers for C-C coupling. Notably, Sm-Cu2O achieves a Faradaic efficiency for C2H4 that is 38% higher than that of undoped Cu2O. Additionally, it sustains its catalytic activity over an extended operational period exceeding 7 hours, compared to merely 2 hours for the undoped sample. This research highlights the potential of f-d orbital hybridization in enhancing the efficacy of copper-based catalysts for CO2RR, pointing towards a promising direction for the development of durable, high-performance electrocatalysts for sustainable chemical synthesis.

Synergistic Effects of Sulfur Vacancies and Internal Electric Fields in FeS/MoS2 Heterojunctions: A New Approach to Photocatalytic Chromium Removal

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is heralded as an exemplary two-dimensional (2D) functional material, largely attributed to its distinctive layered structure. Upon forming heterojunctions with reducing species, MoS2 displays remarkable photocatalytic properties. In this research, we fabricated a novel heterojunction photocatalyst, FeS/MoS2-0.05, through the integration of FeS with hollow MoS2. This composite aims at the efficient photocatalytic reduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). A comprehensive array of characterization techniques unveiled that MoS2 flakes, dispersed on FeS, provide numerous active sites for photocatalysis at the heterojunction interface. The inclusion of FeS seemingly promotes the formation of sulfur vacancies on MoS2. Consequently, this heterojunction catalyst exhibits photocatalytic activity surpassing pristine MoS2 by a factor of 3.77. The augmented activity of the FeS/MoS2-0.05 catalyst is attributed chiefly to an internal electric field at the interface. This field enhances the facilitation of charge transfer and separation significantly. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, coupled with experimental analyses, corroborate this observation. Additionally, DFT calculations indicate that sulfur vacancies act as pivotal sites for Cr(VI) adsorption. Significantly, the adsorption energy of Cr(VI) species shows enhanced favorability under acidic conditions. Our results suggest that the FeS/MoS2-0.05 heterojunction photocatalyst presents substantial potential for the remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated wastewater.

Porous Bi Nanosheets Derived from β-Bi2O3 for Efficient Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Formate.

The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (ECO2RR) is a promising strategy for converting CO2 into high-value chemical products. However, the synthesis of effective and stable electrocatalysts capable of transforming CO2 into a specified product remains a huge challenge. Herein, we report a template-regulated strategy for the preparation of a Bi2O3-derived nanosheet catalyst with abundant porosity to achieve the expectantly efficient CO2-to-formate conversion. The resultant porous bismuth nanosheet (p-Bi) not only exhibited marked Faradaic efficiency of formate (FEformate), beyond 91% in a broad potential range from -0.75 to -1.1 V in the H-type cell, but also demonstrated an appreciable FEformate of 94% at a high current density of 262 mA cm-2 in the commercially important gas diffusion cell. State-of-the-art X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) and theoretical calculation unraveled the distinct formate production performance of the p-Bi catalyst, which was cocontributed by its smaller size, plentiful porous structure, and stronger Bi-O bond, thus accelerating the absorption of CO2 and promoting the subsequent formation of intermediates. This work provides an avenue to fabricate bismuth-based catalysts with high planar and porous morphologies for a broad portfolio of applications.

Fast Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol and Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production by Self-Reduced Bi/Ti3C2Tx/Bi2S3 Nanocomposite: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study.

The distinctive properties of 2D MXenes have garnered significant interest across various fields, including wastewater treatment and photo/electro-catalysis. The integration of inexpensive semiconductor nanostructures with 2D MXenes offers a promising strategy for applications such as wastewater treatment and photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. In this study, we employed an in situ hydrothermal method to immobilize 1D Bi2S3 nanorods and self-reduced metallic bismuth nanoparticles (Bi NPs) onto Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets, resulting in the formation of a Bi/Bi2S3/Ti3C2Tx (0D/1D/2D) composite catalyst, which demonstrates an outstanding efficacy in both the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) and photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. Remarkably, a 4-NP reduction efficiency of 100% was achieved only in 4 min with a reduction rate of 1.14 min-1, which is outstanding, and it is ∼3.8 times faster than pristine Bi2S3 nanorods (0.3 min-1). Furthermore, the photoelectrochemical assessment reveals that the Bi/Bi2S3/Ti3C2Tx catalyst displays remarkable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) efficiency in an alkaline electrolyte. It exhibits a significantly lower overpotential and Tafel slope of 73 mV and 84 mV/dec, respectively, compared to pristine Bi2S3 nanorods, which are found to be 129 mV and 145 mV/dec under light illumination. The superior reduction performance of 4-NP and charge transfer mechanism is further investigated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations, alongside validation using various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. Interestingly, the DFT analysis revealed modifications in the partial density of states of Bi2S3 within the band gap region due to the successful anchoring of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets and metallic Bi NPs, facilitating efficient charge transport and separation across the local junctions. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy provided insights into band alignment and interfacial charge transfer across the Bi/Bi2S3/Ti3C2Tx junction on a microscopic scale. This work is significant for the development of MXene-based hybrid catalysts, and it provides a deeper understanding of the reduction mechanism of organic pollutants and superior charge transport in the hybrid system for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production.

Research on prepositioned air distribution and dust control devices for continuous mining faces

This study, based on the construction of a wind flow-dust two-phase coupled diffusion model, develops a novel method using a prepositioned air distributor to create an air curtain for dust control. This research involved the analysis of wind flow transportation patterns and dust diffusion mechanisms with varying structural parameters, and the verification of simulation results through field tests. The findings indicate that with the increase of the axial horizontal opening angle of the prepositioned air distributor, the wind speed of the air curtain decreases, while the size of the vortex field in the heading face area expands. Increasing the axial vertical opening angle enhances the strength of the vortex, leading to improved dust control abilities. The dust concentration at the rear of the tunnel initially decreases and then rises. Additionally, as the turning angle increases, the speed at which the wind flow diffuses towards the rear of the tunnel also rises. Compared with traditional ventilation methods, the dust reduction efficiency at the respiratory zone height is improved to over 94.0 %. The concentration of dust within the tunnel is significantly reduced, with approximately 98.9 % of the dust confined within a 10.0 m range from the heading face.

Energy recovery in automotive systems: A review of regenerative braking, flywheel, thermoelectric, rankin cycle and electric turbo compound

In the backdrop of escalating global vehicle proliferation and the consequent surge in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, there is a compelling urgency to innovate energy recovery methods during vehicular operations for heightened energy efficiency and substantial environmental emission reductions. This paper discussed a variety of vehicle technologies to address environmental emissions issues and critically evaluates contemporary energy recovery technologies across three core dimensions: automotive thermal energy conversion, electronic turbine systems (ETC), and kinetic energy recovery systems. By analyzing empirical data encompassing CO2 emission reduction, energy recovery efficiency enhancement, fuel economy improvement, and applicability diversity across vehicle models, the study aims to establish a scientific foundation for continuous vehicular energy efficiency enhancement and emission reduction. This entails a comprehensive investigation of internal combustion engine principles for potential heat energy recovery, juxtaposing conventional and advanced cycles like the Rankine cycle. Moreover, it involves assessing ETC effectiveness in utilizing exhaust energy while acknowledging system complexity and dynamic response challenges. Additionally, the performance disparities of kinetic energy recovery systems like regenerative braking and exhaust energy recovery in distinct operational contexts are examined. By meticulously comparing experimental data, the paper intends to provide a comprehensive assessment of each technologys merits and drawbacks in advancing energy efficiency and emission reduction, try to pick one or more combinations to minimise the impact, thereby guiding future research and application in automotive energy recovery, and contributing to sustainable automotive engineering technology advancement.

Quaternization of a Triphenylamine-Based Conjugated Porous Organic Polymer to Immobilize PtCl62- for the Photocatalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol.

Photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) for converting it to nontoxic 4-aminophenol (4-AP) is one of the most efficient approaches for removing toxic 4-NP. Using porous organic polymers (POPs) as the support to immobilize noble metal catalysts has exhibited remarkable reduction performance but is rarely reported. Herein, a cationic triphenylamine-based POP was synthesized by quaternization to immobilize PtCl62- to prepare an efficient photocatalyst named DCM-TPA-Pt for the reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP in the presence of NaBH4. Different from reported methods which realize immobilization by doping or complexing, the support and PtCl62- are combined through electrostatic interaction with milder reaction conditions to produce a photocatalyst in this work. DCM-TPA-Pt shows excellent photocatalytic reduction performance, reaching 99.9% conversion within 3 min, and its pseudo-first-order constant is 0.0305 s-1, surpassing most of the reported photocatalysts. Moreover, DCM-TPA-Pt also exhibits equal reduction efficiency after five continuous cycles, which highlights its potential utilization in practical applications.