Efficiency Performance Indicators Research Articles

Evaluation of water efficiency in agriculture: The case of the Konya closed basin

AbstractThe main goal in water efficiency in agriculture is to obtain more products with the same amount of water. In this respect, the use of irrigation performance indicators is important for increasing agricultural water efficiency. This study was conducted to evaluate agricultural water efficiency in the Konya closed basin, which is the region most affected by drought in Turkey. For this purpose, performance indicators selected for evaluating agricultural water efficiency were determined in irrigation associations taken as material for the years 2016–2020.In the research area, the following water use efficiency indicators were determined: annual amount of irrigation water distributed 1.750–517.462 million m3 yr⁻¹ (MCM yr⁻¹), annual amount of irrigation water distributed per unit area 0.529–8.688 MCM ha⁻¹, annual amount of irrigation water distributed per unit irrigated area 0.787–33.909 MCM ha⁻¹ and annual water supply ratio ranging between 0.220 and 52.600. The following agricultural water efficiency performance indicators were determined: income obtained for unit irrigation area, 127–5075 US$ ha⁻¹; income obtained per unit irrigated area, 656–12353 US$ ha⁻¹; income obtained per unit irrigation water taken into the network, 0.104–6.771 US$ m⁻3; and income obtained per unit irrigation water consumed, 0.236–37.358 US$ m⁻3. Correlation analysis was carried out to identify the significance of the relationships between the performance indicators, and the results were discussed.

Multi-criteria comparison of various drinking water installations for low-temperature supply systems in apartments

Rules to prevent from legionnaires disease gain importance as the building sector, esp. multi-family houses, needs to be decarbonized with temperature sensitive heat pumps. As legionella grow often in the peripheries of the pipe networks, we carried out dynamic simulations with TRNSYS of four different piping designs with composite pipes inside a reference apartment (T-piece, in-series, ring and a mix of T-piece for potable hot water (PWH) and ring for potable cold water (PWC)). We applied PWH and PWC tapping profiles for each tap, investigated two different supply temperatures of potable hot water 60 °C and 45 °C, and compared the results using hygienic, comfort and energy efficiency performance indicators. Based on the indicators and the boundary conditions used, classical T-piece and the mix installation show the best results, followed by series and ring, especially when using decentral water heaters with 45 °C.

THE ADAPTIVE MODEL OF IMPROVEMENT AND CONTINOUS TRAINING OF SPECIALISTS IN THE FIELD OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS TO IMPROVE MANAGERIAL PERFORMANCE

The management of skills trained and perfected by specialists has now become an essential issue for any economic agent, including sports entities. This type of management is an operational tool that aims to optimize the effectiveness, performance and competitiveness of the organization. Thus, competence has become a real requirement in the labor market, inevitable and to be demonstrated and applied by a person in a certain professional situation and which usually changes over time. The area of expertise (professional, specific and transversal - CPST) is needed for the sports organization to cope with changes in the context of globalization, as well as to increase its capacity by mobilizing staff in order to achieve the goals of both sides, or the organization itself, or of the employee, fact for which a strength that should be planned in their mission is also the financial contribution to the improvement of the specialists. In this context, we can say that the survival of the sports organization no longer depends only on the production / provision of products / services, quality and quantity, but also on the efficient management of knowledge and skills of human resources employed. In this regard, we can mention that the approach of skills in close connection with performance indicators for efficiency at the individual or microgroup level in a sports entity, is a methodology that allows us to modernize the entire system of training and improvement of staff in accordance with the requirements of the knowledge society towards obtaining and continuously improving the quality of education and the referential of the specialist in the field.

A research on the easy-to-use energy efficiency performance indicators for energy audit and energy monitoring of industrial compressed air systems

Compressed air systems have a high energy transfer capacity. They are widely used in the manufacturing industry due to being clean, dependable, and simple-to-use. On the other hand, these systems are among the most significant energy consumers in the manufacturing sector because they are inefficient with high electricity usage and high CO2 emissions. As a result, all kinds of the energy efficiency enhancements in these systems promote cleaner production by lowering total energy consumption and CO2 emissions in factories. In this paper, the energy-saving potential and carbon emissions of Compressed Air Systems are investigated using data from in-situ energy audits. A simple set of equations is proposed to calculate the mass flow rate of air leakage. The sound intensity (dB) obtained from ultrasonic flow measurements were used as the input of the equation set. Furthermore, two new Energy Performance Indicators have been proposed to guide energy audit evaluation and continuous monitoring of the energy efficiency of Compressed Air Systems in industrial facilities. The new evaluation criteria “Specific Compressed Air Savings” and “Specific Leakage Savings” provide a comparison tool to help decision-makers with their compressed air system investment decisions. Using the “Specific Compressed Air Savings” and “Specific Leak Savings” parameters, the analysis method is demonstrated for an example industrial plant. The facility's specific compressed air and leakage savings are calculated as 0.0067 TOE/ton and 0.0035 TOE/ton, respectively.

A meta-analysis of pulse-protein extraction technologies: Impact on recovery and purity

Protein extraction from pulses has received significant attention in the food processing industry, and as such, several studies have been conducted to develop new methods and to improve upon the conventional methods. In all these, a broad data synthesis to pool and analyze data from these studies to assess and understand the status quo of the pulse-protein extraction technologies, is still wanting. Therefore, there is the need to synthesize data reported by the extensive collection of studies to inform stakeholders on the right pathways for development, critical understanding, and optimization purposes. A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the efficiency of three main extraction processes under two performance indicators of efficiency -protein purity and protein recovery with data points from 41 published studies. The meta-analysis showed that processing conditions affect purity and recovery levels. Several investigations are still to be conducted to understand critical aspects of the pulse extraction processes. Challenges and hotspots requiring further research for a better understanding of some aspects of the extraction process are also presented.

Measuring Performance Efficiency Indicators

Measuring performance efficiency indicators is considered one of the most important topics that public or private companies should undertake, as it provides extensive information on its reality and highlights the most important strengths and weaknesses that guide the company's management, which is considered a fundamental basis for the decision-making process. This study was conducted on the General Company for Agricultural Supplies "GCAS" of the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture in order to estimate the criteria of the efficiency of its performance in the years (2016) and (2018) and to make comparisons between the two years. The results showed that most of the performance criteria for the year (2018) fell below the base year (2016), which requires a pause to improve the performance efficiency in order to develop its future activity in a manner commensurate with its position in preparing the various agricultural requirements that the agricultural sector deals with. The research included some conclusions related to the decrease in the efficiency of the company's performance in managing working capital in (2018) comparing to the year (2016) as the liquidity ratio fell below the acceptable rates, which indicates that the company's ability to meet its obligations in the future has decreased. The working capital turnover rate also decreased, indicating that it was not used correctly in addition to other reasons. The research also included some important recommendations that enable the company to overcome the failures that it faced during the study period.

Marine big data analysis of ships for the energy efficiency changes of the hull and maintenance evaluation based on the ISO 19030 standard

This study analyzes the energy efficiency of ships based on ISO 19030, which is a standard for the measurement of changes in hull and propeller performance. The goal is to provide energy efficiency management with digital indicators that have not been easily provided. The ship navigation information platform (SNIP) is developed to determine the dynamic information of each ship, including the fuel consumption, ship speed, horsepower of the engine, rotation speed of the engine, wind direction, and wind speed. In addition, model test data and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation data are applied to calculate the energy efficiency performance indicators. Finally, the relationship of the speed through water and the speed over ground enables us to modify the effects of the ocean currents. The results verify that these indicators can be used as a reference for performance monitoring and maintenance prediction of international maritime affairs.

Coordinated Arterial Dilemma Zone Protection Through Dynamic Signal Timing Optimization

Vehicles trapped in dilemma zones on arterial streets are at high risk of rear-end collision or right-angle collision. Most of extant studies focus on dilemma zone protection at isolated signalized intersections. A coordinated arterial dilemma zone protection model at the lane group level, aiming to minimize the weighted combination of safety and efficiency performance indicators, is proposed to improve the safety of arterial traffic by dynamically optimizing the timing parameters of arterial signals. The problem is solved with the rolling optimization technique which enumerates and evaluates feasible green phase durations for all lane groups over each time horizon by embedding the cell transmission model for traffic prediction and the genetic algorithm for signal timing optimization. The effectiveness of the dynamic optimization method is verified by comparing it with actuated control and isolated and coordinated fixed-time control strategies. The results show that the proposed method is able to obtain better safety performance by tending to choose longer cycle lengths and that the proposed method is more suitable for situations where traffic demand changes drastically. With the aid of a traffic surveillance system, the proposed model can be used to provide coordinated dynamic dilemma zone protection for arterial traffic.

КОНСОЛІДОВАНО-АНАЛІТИЧНА СИСТЕМА ОЦІНЮВАННЯ РОЗВИТКУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ЯК ОСНОВА УПРАВЛІНСЬКОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ: ДОЦІЛЬНІСТЬ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ДИВЕРСИФІКАЦІЙНО-ІНТЕГРАЦІЙНОГО НАПРЯМУ

In the context of neo-technological reproduction, the diversification and integration development strategy will contribute to ensuring long-term effective business performance through extensive use of available business capacities necessary for creating products which foster transformational process cycling within their operating environment. The diversified integrative development is a unique development paradigm that triggers optimally rational use of the enterprise current position specifics, opportunities for diversification, identification of business units within business operational activity structure as well as offers benefits of its integration with attractive stakeholders. In turn, this translates into the need to build a certain consolidated framework for evaluating the above development trend which would enable to determine the feasibility, expediency, and the relevance of such development. This ideally should be grounded upon the promising business processes in the current and strategic periods and thus driving the priority of their efficiency evaluation alongside the opportunity for rationalization of the number and structure of particular business processes to ensure enterprise effective functioning in the neo-technological reproduction settings. The purpose of this article is to build a consolidated analytical framework to evaluate the diversified integrative business development as the core for its managerial efficiency. The research has been carried out by employing the methods of classification; analogy; abstraction; grouping; analysis; synthesis and morphological analysis. The developed consolidated analytical evaluation framework is based on the principles that enable to explore the relevance and the applicability of using the diversification and integration development strategy and to assess its implementation effectiveness. The findings provide rationale for selecting indicators to assess the relevance of implementing the diversification and integration development strategy by using a development trend criterion, since the evaluation results obtained for each unit will facilitate the possibility and specify the need for its application, subject to enterprise business environment specifics as well as its further development prospects. To attain better effectiveness in selecting a promising development trend, a corresponding evaluation framework has been suggested based on performance efficiency indicators, optimality, and the maximum possible effectiveness of the interaction between enterprise business processes, identified within its structural components which boosts these process optimization to ensure successful business development in conditions of rapidly changing environment. It is argued the proposed consolidated analytical evaluation framework will contribute to assessing the enterprise current position, its compliance with modern development trends and opportunities for increasing performance efficiency through rationalization of enterprise business structure (business process optimization), along with providing implications that help selecting an effective area for further successful strategic development.

Evaluation of the irrigation schemes in the Antalya region

Bu çalışmada, Antalya bölgesinde bulunan 13 sulama şebekesi 2006-2016 yıllarına ait 11 yıllık veriler ile değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada su dağıtım, finansal ve tarımsal etkinlik göstergeleri kullanılmıştır. Sulama şebekelerinin performanslarının belirlenmesi ve karşılaştırılmasında korelasyon analizi, temel bileşenler analizi yapılmış ve sulama şebekelerinin kalite indeksleri belirlenmiştir. Yapılan performans değerlendirilmesinde her bir göstergeye ait 11 yıllık veri kullanılarak ortalama ve standart sapma değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Bu verilere göre sulama oranı en yüksek %82.21 ile Korkuteli sulamasında, birim sulanan alana dağıtılan toplam sulama suyu miktarı en düşük 5532.32 m3 ha-1 ile Mursal sulamasında bulunmuştur. Su temin oranı 3.74 ile en yüksek Alara sulamasında, fayda masraf oranı 0.76 olarak en düşük Manavgat sulamasında, birim sulanan alan üretim değeri 1855.53 $ ha-1 ile en yüksek Çıplaklı sulamasında gerçekleşmiştir. Birim şebekeye alınan sulama suyu üretim değeri en yüksek 2.90 $ m-3 ile Çıplaklı sulamasında hesaplanmıştır. Tüm performans göstergeleri faktör analizi kullanılarak tek bir sayıya (kalite indeksi değeri) indirgenmiştir. Bu indekse göre sulama şebekeleri, başarı sıralamasına tabi tutulmuştur. Yapılan kalite indeksi sıralamasında Korkuteli sulaması 1523.91 ile ilk sırada yer alırken Manavgat sulaması -514.38 ile son sırada yer almıştır. Araştırma sonucunda sulama şebekelerinin başarısına en fazla tarımsal etkinlik göstergelerinin etkili olduğu görülmüştür.

The Effect of Fly Ash and Recycled Aggregate on the Strength and Carbon Emission Impact of FRCCs

Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world. In particular, cementitious composites that contain reinforced fibers have a relatively large amount of cement. Therefore, in this study, the target is to maintain at least 90% of the performance along with a reduction of CO2 emissions from the material stage during fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCCs) production by applying fly ash (FA) and recycled sand (RS). To calculate the amount of CO2 emission at the stage of manufacturing the FRCCs, life cycle inventory database (LCI DB) were referenced from domestic and Japan. As the performance efficiency indicators, simple equations to evaluate the amount of CO2 emission of FRCCs were then formulated as a function of the replacement ratio of FA and RS. And binder and CO2 intensities were analyzed by FRCCs strength. Based on the results for the test, a mix of FA 25% and RS 25% of W/B 0.45, is considered most suitable in terms of performance of FRCCs and reduction of CO2 emissions.

Энергетический баланс и показатели тепловой экономичности энергоблока атомной электрической станции

The Guidelines for drawing up a technical report on the effectiveness and thermal efficiency of nuclear power plant operation that have been developed at the All-Russian Research Institute for Nuclear Power Plants Operation (VNIIAES) contain a recommendation according to which the thermal power supplied to external consumers should be determined taking into account the heat transferred to the delivery water in the power plant's district heating installation network pumps. Similarly, the thermal power consumed for power generation should be determined taking into account the heat transferred to the primary circuit coolant and to the secondary circuit working fluid in the pumps installed in the NPP thermal process cycle circuit. The thermal energy transferred to the water in the NPP process circuit pumps is noticeably smaller than the electric energy (in the same units of measurement) supplied to the pump driving electric motors, and the total power consumed by the drive motors is less than the total electric power consumed for the power unit auxiliaries. The energy balances of an NPP power unit equipped with a VVER reactor and of its main process installations, namely, the nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) and the steam turbine plant (STP) are drawn up as applied to their operation in the steady-state mode. The obtained balances were used to derive formulas for calculating the thermal efficiency indicators: the gross and net electric efficiency values. In drawing up the energy balances separately for the NSSS and STP, their performance efficiency indicators were determined. The results of calculations using these formulas for a power unit equipped with a VVER-1000 reactor, the thermal process circuit of which incorporates only electric motors as pump drives, are taken as an example. The obtained results show that the additional heating of water in the pumps has a noticeable influence on the thermal efficiency indicators, a conclusion that seems to be of importance at the present stage of designing the thermal process circuits of NPP power units.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ СУБ’ЄКТІВ МАЛОГО ТА СЕРЕДНЬОГО БІЗНЕСУ

The paper seeks to explore the structure of the entrepreneurial capacity of small and medium-sized business entities as a set of their inherent characteristics affecting the realized and latent components of the entrepreneurial success – the so called resident drivers (resources, economic activity types, customization level, competitive advantages, focus on creating social values, entrepreneurial process, customer-based approach) which are triggered by the internal (psycho-physiological, socio-demographic, intellectual and creative properties, universal cultural and professional competencies, the ability to innovate, adaptability level, communications, etc.) and external (the institutional environment, the competition (co-operation) relationships development level, social capital, macro- and mesoeconomic indicators dynamics, the dominant technological paradigm) factors affecting the choice of a business activity pattern (forced / voluntary entrepreneurship / intrapreneurship). It is argued that during the phases of crisis and depression within the medium-term economic cycle the importance of internal factors underpinning the entrepreneurial capacity of small and medium-sized business entities increases dramatically, while the periods of revival and recovery demonstrate greater significance of external factors which involve a range of global (the world markets competition), national (nation-wide legal acts, social capital) and local (regional normative legal acts, acts of representative bodies of local self-government, social capital of local community, ethnic or confessional, etc.) factors. Findings report for a correlation analysis method has revealed that the most significant elements in building the entrepreneurial capacity in terms of ensuring positive dynamics of business performance efficiency indicators are customer value creation, macroeconomic environment dynamics, competition level and the quality of entrepreneurial thinking as evidenced by the results of scenario-based forecasting of business activities.

Agent-based modelling and analysis of security and efficiency in airport terminals

Both security and efficiency are important performance areas of air transport systems. Several methods have been proposed to assess security risks and estimate efficiency independently, but only few of these methods identify relationships between security risks and efficiency performance indicators. To analyze security, efficiency, and the relationships relations between them, an agent-based methodology was proposed in this work. This methodology combines an agent-based security risk assessment approach with agent-based efficiency estimation. The methodology was applied to a case study that analyzes security regarding an Improvised Explosive Device (IED) attack, different commonly used efficiency performance indicators in the aviation domain, such as queuing time for passengers, and the relationships between them. Results showed that reducing security risks and improving efficiency were not always conflicting objectives. Reducing the number of passengers before the security checkpoint was found to be an effective measure to reduce security risks and improve efficiency aspects. Furthermore, results showed that airports should attempt to spread passengers across the available space as much as possible to reduce the impact of an IED attack.

Category of business entrepreneurship efficiency improvement in economic diagnostics and strategic analysis

In modern economic conditions, both economic diagnostics and strategic analysis of efficiency performance indicators of the enterprise play a decisive role. The methodology of any research consists, on the one hand, of the theoretical terms and categories definition, and on the other hand, of the methodological approaches and methods of such research development on this theoretical basis. In the scientific literature and economic practice, the definition of theoretical terms, such as: object, subject, purpose, tasks, principles, conditions, functions, methods – of the economic category of improving the efficiency of activities does not have sufficient systemic nature. At the same time, the systematization of theoretical positions is a methodological basis for the development of appropriate methodological approaches and techniques. The purpose of this work is to systematize the theoretical positions of the business entity efficiency improving category, which will create a methodological basis for the development of appropriate methodological approaches and techniques. While outlining key concepts of this paper on the basis of the use of methods of analysis, comparisons, decompositions of legislative materials as well as allegations of scientists about the theoretical positions of the economic category of improving the efficiency of activity, and also on the basis of logical thinking, the terms as object, subject, purpose, task, principles, conditions, functions, methods were formulated; it means that the theoretical statements of the category of increase of efficiency of activity were systematized. The use of these theoretical statements will provide a methodological basis for the methodological approaches and techniques development for the application of information for the preparation and adoption of managerial decisions in economic diagnostics and strategic analysis. The development of such methodological approaches and techniques is the prospect of further research.

Advanced nurse practitioner scheduled return clinic: a clinical audit of a quality initiative.

Emergency care settings in Ireland have struggled with a high volume of service users in recent years. This nationwide crisis led to the establishment of the National Emergency Medicine Programme Strategy in 2012, which identified two key performance indicators for efficiency in emergency care: the patient experience time, which should not exceed six hours from the time of registration to the time of discharge; and patients who do not wait for treatment (DNW) should make up less than 5% of those attending emergency care services. This article explores a quality initiative to improve DNW rates using scheduled return clinics, implemented by a group of advanced nurse practitioners in an emergency department in a Dublin hospital. It reviews the literature on scheduled return clinics and discusses the rationale for the initiative, its implementation, barriers to its introduction and an audit of its effectiveness.

CORRELATION BETWEEN THE SYSTEM OF REMUNERATION OF POLICE OFFICERS AND THEIR PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

The aim of the article is to analyse the foreign experience of correlation between the system of remuneration of police officers and their professional performance, to identify the features of fixing the rate and types of police officers’ remuneration in some foreign countries, and to ascertain the relationship between such remuneration and their professional performance. The subject of the study is the foreign experience of correlation between the system of police officer remuneration and professional performance. Methodology. The research is based on a comparison of the system of police officer remuneration in Ukraine and in foreign countries. Based on the analysis of the features of police officer remuneration in Canada and the United Kingdom, the advantages and disadvantages of the different conditions and procedure of remuneration are determined. Based on a comparative legal study of certain provisions of Ukrainian legislation, the possibilities and limits of implementation of positive foreign experience in this sphere are determined. The results of the study revealed that encouraging employees according to the professional performance enables to solve problems connected with the increase of efficiency of the law-enforcement system in Ukraine. Therefore, nowadays, the development of clear criteria for assessing the professional performance of law enforcement officials, construction of an effective system of material incentives based on professional performance are a priority task. Therefore, in the course of further reform of the police, such as improving social policy, the issue of forming new principles and methodology for the encouragement of employees objectively considering their professional performance is of particular importance. The use of foreign experience in solving such problems can be a positive example for domestic public administration bodies in the implementation of social reforms in law enforcement structures. Practical implications. Positive experience of correlation between the system of remuneration of police officers and their professional performance confirms that the system of indicators should evaluate comprehensively the activities of employees, units, and the National Police System as a whole, include the full range of indicators necessary for evaluation, exclude duplicate or secondary indicators, consider the priority of the tasks performed, clearly reflect the degree of achievement at all levels of the system, and be based on the potentials of budget financing. The system of supplementary payments must be based on a finite number of professional performance indicators. Moreover, it is important to meet such criterion as objectivity, adequacy of types, and rate of supplementary payments. In addition, fixing supplementary payments, based on performance efficiency indicators, should reflect the danger, importance for the state and society and specificity of the tasks performed, as well as the priority exercised by the police. In addition, the number of indicators linked to supplementary payments should be optimal, otherwise, in case of an overly-specified system with a large number of indicators reflecting relatively small functions, there is a risk of shifting from solving key problems, as well as compensation for the decline in the quality of core duty performance by a large number of less significant functions. Relevance/originality. Comparative analysis of the correlation between the system of remuneration of police officers and their professional performance is the basis for the development of the most progressive directions to improve domestic legislation.

Effect of Mobile Credit on Operational Efficiency in Commercial Banks in Kenya

This study sought to establish the effect of mobile credit on operational efficiency in commercial banks in Kenya. The study utilized primary as well as secondary data on access to mobile credit and its effects on the performance of the organization. A questionnaire was the primary data collection tool and composed of open ended and closed ended questions. Data collected was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis at a 95% confidence interval. Analyzed data was presented using tables and figures for ease of interpretation. Operational efficiency is the goal of any manager in a customer service driven sector. Some of the strategies to achieve operational efficiency include managerial behavior change, promoting operational optimization and use of technology. Mobile credit introduction improved operational efficiency in commercial banks. Mobile credit introduction enhanced operational efficiency in loans collection, returns on shareholders. The operational efficiency performance indicators utilized in this study were: return on assets, earnings per share and proportion of non-performing loans. On the other hand, proportion of non-performing loans declined after the introduction of mobile credit indicating increased operational efficiency in debt collection. The introduction of mobile credit significantly enhanced organization efficiency as measured by metrics such by brand image building, ability to adapt to market changes and perceptions of reliability in the customer’s mind. Mobile credit introduction improved operational efficiency in commercial banks. Mobile credit introduction enhanced operational efficiency in loans collection, returns on shareholders. Overall, it has been accepted that the use of technology is one of the major strategies used to enhance operational efficiency. The findings of this study propose that the use of mobile credit has enhanced debt collection efficiency and revenue generation efficiency.

О показателях эффективности экспортных поставок нефти из Российской Федерации

О показателях эффективности экспортных поставок нефти из Российской Федерации

Material Efficiency Measurement: Empirical Investigation of Manufacturing Industry

Improving material efficiency contributes to reduce the volume of industrial waste as well as resource consumption. However, less has been published addressing on what to measure for material efficiency in a manufacturing company. This paper presents the current practice of material efficiency performance indicators in a manufacturing context through a bottom-up approach. In addition to literature review, the empirical data was collected via a multiple case study at seven global manufacturing companies located in Sweden. The results show that existing material efficiency indicators are limited and are mainly measured as a cost or quality parameter rather than environment. The limited number of measurements relates to the fact that material efficiency is not considered as a central business in manufacturing companies and is managed by environmental department with limited correlation to operation. Additionally, these measurements do not aim to reduce waste volume or improve homogeneity of generated waste.