Efficiency Of Sum Frequency Generation Research Articles

Operando measurements of top-emission organic light-emitting diode using electric-field-induced doubly resonant sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy

We performed sum-frequency generation (SFG) measurements on top-emission (TE) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) during operation. These measurements require the detection of SFG light using probe laser beams transmitted through a 9 nm thick semitransparent Mg:Ag metal electrode. Only the SFG signals from the hole transport material (4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]-biphenyl, NPD) are observed for the device configuration of the OLEDs in this study. The SFG peak (at approximately 1603 cm−1) shows a linear dependence on the applied voltage. This indicates that the NPD-derived SFG is enhanced by an electric-field-induced (EFI) effect owing to injected charges. In addition, the SFG efficiency of the TE OLED is considerably higher than that of a bottom-emission (BE) OLED manufactured in the same batch using the same material and film thickness. The difference in the SFG responses of the BE and TE OLEDs is caused by structural differences rather than the layer composition. The results of this study indicate that EFI-doubly resonant-SFG operando measurements can be applied to analyze the carrier behavior and charge transport of not only BE OLEDs but also TE OLEDs, the latter of which are used more commonly as commercial products.

Tunable sum-frequency generation in modal phase-matched thin film lithium niobate rib waveguides.

In this work, we report a highly efficient and tunable on-chip sum-frequency generation (SFG) on a thin-film lithium niobate platform via modal phase matching (e + e→e). It provides on-chip SFG a solution with both high efficiency and poling-free by using the highest nonlinear coefficient d33 instead of d31. The on-chip conversion efficiency of SFG is approximately 2143%W-1 with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 4.4 nm in a 3-mm-long waveguide. It can find applications in chip-scale quantum optical information processing and thin-film lithium niobate based optical nonreciprocity devices.

Broadband yellow-orange light generation based on a step-chirped PPMgLN ridge waveguide.

Yellow-orange lights, valuable in photodynamic therapies, spectroscopy, and optogenetics, are limited by the narrow bandwidth and bulky setup via the conventional Raman or optical parametric oscillation processes. Moreover, flatness in the broad-band spectrum is also important for the aforementioned applications with extended functions. In this paper, by carefully designing grating-periods of a step-chirped PPMgLN ridge waveguide for sum frequency generation (SFG), we report a compact broad-band yellow-orange light with bandwidth of 5.6 nm and an un-reported flatness (<1.5 dB). Correspondingly, the optical conversion efficiency is 232.08%/W, which is the best SFG efficiency for PPMgLN at the yellow-orange region, to the best of our knowledge. The results could also be adopted for other broad-band SFG process toward the vis-infrared region in an integrated structure.

Low random duty-cycle errors in periodically poled KTP revealed by sum-frequency generation.

Low-noise quantum frequency conversion in periodically poled nonlinear crystals has proved challenging when the pump wavelength is shorter than the target wavelength. This is-at least in large part-a consequence of the parasitic spontaneous parametric downconversion of pump photons, whose efficiency is increased by fabrication errors in the periodic poling. Here we characterize the poling quality of commercial periodically poled bulk potassium titanyl phosphate (ppKTP) by measuring the sum-frequency generation (SFG) efficiency over a large phase mismatch range from 0 to more than 400π. Over the probed range, the SFG efficiency behaves nearly ideally and drops to a normalized efficiency of 10-6. Our results demonstrate that any background pedestal that would be formed by random duty-cycle errors in ppKTP is substantially reduced when compared to periodically poled lithium niobate. The standard deviation of the random duty-cycle errors can be estimated to be smaller than 2% of the domain length. From this, we expect a noise spectral density that is at least 1 order of magnitude smaller than that of current state-of-the-art single-step frequency converters.

Study of broadband multimode light via non-phase-matched sum frequency generation

We propose non-phase-matched sum frequency generation (SFG) as a method for characterizing broadband multimode light. Both the central wavelength and the bandwidth are in this case not limited by the phase matching condition. As an example, we consider bright squeezed vacuum (BSV) generated through high-gain parametric down conversion (PDC). In the spectrum of SFG from BSV, we observe the coherent peak and the incoherent background. We show that the ratio of their widths is equal to the number of frequency modes in BSV, which in the case of low-gain PDC gives the degree of frequency entanglement for photon pairs. By generating the sum frequency in the near-surface region of a nonlinear crystal, we increase the SFG efficiency and get rid of the modulation caused by chromatic dispersion, known as Maker fringes. This allows one to use non-phasematched SFG as a wavelength-independent autocorrelator. Furthermore, we demonstrate efficient non-phase-matched three- and four-frequency summation of broadband multimode light, hardly possible under phase matching. We show that the latter contains the coherent peak while the former does not.

Second- and third-order nonlinear wavelength conversion in an all-optically poled Si3N4 waveguide.

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is commonly employed to integrate third-order nonlinear optical processes on a chip. Its amorphous state, however, inhibits significant second-order nonlinear response. Recently, second-harmonic generation enhancement has been observed in Si3N4 waveguides after an all-optical poling (AOP) method. Here we demonstrate that, after AOP of a Si3N4 waveguide, for up to 2W of coupled pump power, the same telecom-band signal undergoes larger interband wavelength conversion efficiency, based on sum-frequency generation (SFG), than intraband wavelength conversion, based on four-wave mixing. We also confirm the appearance of a phase-matching condition after AOP by measuring the conversion bandwidth and efficiency of SFG at different pump wavelengths.

Enhancing artificial sum frequency generation from graphene-gold metamolecules.

The enhanced artificial sum frequency generation (SFG) is realized by graphene-gold metamolecules at the mid-infrared without any natural nonlinear material. The unit cell of the proposed metamolecules combines an inner graphene cut-wire meta-atom and an outer gold split-ring resonator meta-atom. In order to achieve high efficiency of the artificial SFG, not only the novel material of graphene with high mobility is used as the constituent material, but also the double resonances at two fundamental frequencies are excited to form an intensive magnetic Lorentz force. Both time domain response and frequency domain response are analyzed numerically. Results show that the SFG efficiency is at least two orders of magnitude larger than that of second-harmonic generation, which involves only a single resonance. The tunability of graphene on the SFG is studied as well. This work will facilitate the engineering of nonlinear metamaterials, whose nonlinear properties can be customized by artificial structuring, in their practical applications.

Nonlinear interaction between broadband single-photon-level coherent states

We experimentally demonstrate the nonlinear interaction between two chirped broadband single-photon-level coherent states. Each chirped coherent state is generated in independent fiber Bragg gratings. They are simultaneously coupled into a high-efficiency nonlinear waveguide, where they are converted into a narrowband single-photon state with a new frequency by the process of sum-frequency generation (SFG). A higher SFG efficiency of 1.06×10−7 is realized, and this efficiency may achieve heralding entanglement at a distance. This also made it possible to realize long-distance quantum communication, such as device-independent quantum key distribution, by directly using broadband single photons without filtering.

Sum Frequency and Second Harmonic Generations in Lithium Niobate Microdisk Resonators on a Chip

We report both sum frequency and second harmonic generations in on-chip lithium niobate microdisk resonators under the pump of two independent lasers. The conversion efficiency of sum frequency generation was measured to be 8.3×10-9 mW-1, which are on the same order as the accompanied second harmonics. The dependence of upconversion signals on the wavelength of one pump laser was investigated.

Absorption of the CO laser sum frequency radiation obtained in a nonlinear crystal AgGaSe2 by molecular gases

The broadband laser system based on multi-line Q-switched CO laser was experimentally studied in a nonlinear crystal AgGaSe2. The internal efficiency of sum frequency generation reached 1%. Test experiments on measurement of the absorption of the CO-laser sum frequency radiation by such gaseous substances as nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide were realized. A comparison of the experimental data with the theoretically calculated absorption spectrum of radiation was obtained.

Investigation of third order nonlinearity in propagation of cylindrical waves in homogeneous nonlinear media

Four-wave mixing in propagation of cylindrical waves in a homogeneous nonlinear optical media has been investigated theoretically. An explicit analytical expression which contains all the main nonlinear optical effects, including third harmonic generation, sum and difference frequency generation has been obtained. A comparison between sum frequency efficiency for exact and approximation expression in a homogeneous nonlinear medium has been done. The effect of increasing the nonlinear optical coefficient (χeff(3)) and increasing the frequency difference between two adjacent waves (Δω), on the efficiency of sum frequency generation in homogeneous media has been investigated.

A quasi-continuous dual-end 885 nm diode-pumped three-mirror ring-cavity laser operating at 1319 nm

The 1319 nm lasers have important applications in the fields of optical fiber communication, laser medical treatment and laser color display. The Nd:YAG laser pumped by 808 nm laser diode is an efficient alternative to achieving 1319 nm laser output. In recent years, direct pump technology using 885 nm laser diodes has become more promising due to the dramatically reduced thermal effect and improved optical conversion efficiency. Quasi-continuous sodium beacon laser with microsecond pulse duration generated by the sum-frequency of 1319 nm and 1064 nm lasers can provide a gatable pulse format to eliminate the interference of atmospheric Rayleigh scattering and mitigate the spot elongation of sodium guide star to improve imaging accuracy. However, relaxation oscillation in the microsecond pulse could cause the damage to the nonlinear crystal and reduce the efficiency of sum-frequency generation. It is effective to suppress the relaxation by taking advantage of second harmonic generation, in which a nonlinear crystal is utilized to reduce the pulse peaks with higher intensity. In this paper, we demonstrate a high-power relaxation-oscillation-free quasi-continuous microsecond pulse 1319 nm laser by using the dual-end 885 nmdiode-pumped three-mirror ring-cavity. Intra-cavity etalon and customized mirror coating are employed to prevent the 1064 nmand 1338 nmline of Nd:YAG laser crystal from oscillating. A power tuning device, including a thin-film polarizer and a halfwave plate is implemented as the output mirror of ring cavity, which enables continuous adjustment of the out coupling ratio. The output power of the 1319 nm polarized laser is 22.5 W pumped by 150 W 885 nm laser diode. The repetition rate is 800 Hz and pulse width is 150 s. The corresponding optical conversion efficiency is 15%. The beam quality factor M2 is measured to be Mx2= 1.35 and My2=1.24. By precisely adjusting the temperature of etalon viz. adjusting refractive index as well as thickness of the etalon material, laser wavelength is tuned from 1318.888 nm to 1319.358 nm, corresponding to a tunable range of 470 pm and tuning accuracy of 0.7 pm. A 1319 nm frequency doubling crystal KTiOPO4 (5 mm5 mm15 mm, = 59:8 and ϕ = 0) is inserted into the cavity to suppress the relaxation oscillation. The pulse waveform quickly reaches a smooth regime, followed by a pulse spike at the initial stage and the loss of laser output power is only 1%. It is proved that it can be efficiently suppressed by inserting a frequency doubling crystal with negligible power loss. In conclusion, this paper provides a practical and effective technical means for achieving the high-power relaxation-oscillation-free quasi-continuous 1319 nm laser with microsecond pulse duration.

Double resonant sum-frequency generation in an external-cavity under high-efficiency frequency conversion

In recent years, more than 90% of the signal laser power can be up-converted based on the high-efficiency double resonant external cavity sum-frequency generation (SFG), especially when the whole system runs under the undepleted pump approximation scheme. Therefore it is difficult to directly achieve an error signal with a high signal-to-noise ratio through the signal laser to lock its frequency to the cavity mode. In this paper a novel method, based on the frequency modulation of signal laser and demodulation of the SFG laser, is used to obtain the error signal to realize the cascade frequency locking between the two fundamental lasers and the external cavity. In this experiment, 1064 nm laser is the pump laser and 1583 nm laser is the signal laser. They are coupled into a ring cavity inside which a 5% MgO-doped PPLN (25 mm1 mm0.5 mm) is used to produce the SFG laser of 636 nm. When the pump laser is resonant with the external cavity, a circulating power of 14.3 W is obtained with its input power of 1.3 W. The reflectivity of the input coupling mirror of signal laser is 10% to restrain the impendence mismatch. The temperature of PPLN is set at 68.5 ℃ to reach the optimum SFG temperature. In order to keep the signal laser resonance inside the external cavity, one needs to lock its frequency to the cavity mode. A 28.5 kHz sinusoidal voltage is used to modulate the frequency of the signal laser so that the frequency of 636 nm laser is modulated simultaneously. Then 5% of the output 636 nm laser power is sent into a Si photodiode detector the signal of which is demodulated at the modulation frequency by a lock-in amplifier. Finally the demodulated signal is feedback to the frequency control port of signal laser. Under these conditions, 73% of 1583 nm signal laser power can be converted into 636 nm laser power when the incident power varies from 10 W to demodulation of the transmitted cavity mode of 1583 nm when the incident signal laser power is below 12 mW. When the signal laser power increases from 50 mW to 295 mW, the conversion efficiency linearly drops to 60%, which is mainly caused by depleting the 1064 nm pump laser power. Finally a 440 mW of 636 nm laser is generated with an incident signal laser power of 295 mW. This scheme can realize a high-efficiency SFG with a low input signal laser power or poor single-pass SFG efficiency.

Effect of pulse to pulse variation of divergence, pointing and amplitude of copper vapor laser radiations on their second harmonic and sum frequency conversion

This paper presents the effect of single pulse stability of divergence angle, beam pointing angle and amplitude of green and yellow radiation pulses of an unstable resonator copper vapor laser (CVL) oscillator in the sum frequency (SF) mixing and second harmonic (SH). The conversion efficiency of sum frequency generation was lower compared to second harmonic processes despite larger fundamental power being used in sum frequency experiments. However the net UV power obtained at the sum frequency was higher than both of the second harmonic UV frequencies. Lower sum frequency generation (SFG) conversion efficiency compared to second harmonic generation (SHG) of individual CVL radiation is attributed to difference in single pulse stability of beam pointing, divergence and amplitude fluctuation of both CVL radiations in addition to commonly known fact of spatio-temporal mis-match. At the same fundamental input power, higher SH conversion efficiency of yellow compared to green is attributed to its better single pulse stability of beam pointing and divergence.

Studies on the effect of instability of divergence, pointing and amplitude of green and yellow radiation pulses of copper vapour laser in second harmonic and sum frequency conversion

This paper presents the effect of single pulse stability of divergence angle, beam pointing angle and amplitude of green and yellow radiation pulses of an unstable resonator copper vapour laser (CVL) oscillator in the sum frequency mixing and second harmonic. The conversion efficiency of sum frequency generation was lower compared to second harmonic processes despite larger fundamental power being used in sum frequency experiments. However the net UV power obtained at the sum frequency was higher than both of the second harmonic UV frequencies. Lower SFG conversion efficiency (12.4%—271nm) compared to SHG (16.7%—255nm, 14.5%—289nm) of individual CVL radiations is attributed to difference in single pulse stability of beam pointing, divergence and amplitude fluctuation of both CVL radiations in addition to commonly known fact of spatio-temporal mis-match. At the same fundamental input power (2.7W), higher SH conversion efficiency of yellow (12.7%) compared to green (11.0%) is attributed to its better single pulse stability of beam pointing and divergence.

Efficiency of sum frequency generation by regular domain structures

We theoretically examine generation of sum-frequency radiation in a regular domain structure, taking into account phase changes for all the interacting waves in a dissipative medium. We show that in contrast to the constant-field approximation, in the constant-intensity approximation there is an optimal value for the longitudinal dimension (length) of the domains at which maximum conversion of the signal wave energy to the sum-frequency wave energy occurs. As the pump intensity increases, the optimal domain length decreases. As the losses of the interacting waves increase, both the conversion efficiency and the optimal domain dimensions decrease.

Resonant Sum Frequency Generation with Time-Energy Entangled Photons

We describe a technique for enhancing the efficiency of sum frequency generation using entangled signal and idler photons. By resonating the sum frequency field, we observe that the generated power varies linearly with input power and is increased by a factor of 12.

Complete conversion of sum-frequency generation enhanced by controllable linear gratings induced by an electro-optic effect in a periodic optical superlattice

It is always expected that the conversion efficiency is as high as possible for nonlinear interactions at any pump intensity. We present a method of controlling the conversion efficiency of sum-frequency generation in the periodic optical superlattices with different duty cycles, which is based on the controllable linear gratings induced by electro-optic effect here. The calculated results verify that this method is feasible and very efficient in attaining the complete transfer between the pump and sum-frequency waves at any given pump intensity. In addition, we demonstrate the electric-optic control is better than temperature control.

Waveguide quasi-phase-matched sum-frequency generation device for high-efficiency optical sampling

A LiNbO/sub 3/ waveguide quasi-phase-matched sum-frequency generation (SFG) device using a fan out domain-inverted grating for picosecond optical sampling was designed and fabricated. Sampling of signal waves at 1.5-/spl mu/m wavelength by 25-ps sampling pulses generated by a gain-switched laser diode is demonstrated in a device of 5 mm length with a normalized SFG efficiency as high as 43%/W.

Sum frequency generation at 365 nm by two diode lasers applied to the detection of mercury

365 nm laser light is produced by sum frequency generation in a LiIO 3 crystal using two continuous-wave single mode diode lasers. The efficiency of sum frequency generation as well as the applicability as a radiation source for the detection of mercury are discussed.