Separation Efficiency Research Articles

Review on Superhydrophobic Polymer Composite Coating Materials and its Coating Technology for Advanced Applications

ABSTRACT Researchers all over the world are working to produce improved polymeric materials suitable for cutting-edge advanced applications that will eventually replace traditional materials. Polymeric materials that display super hydrophobic characteristics are quite valuable and interesting when it comes to the development of things with lotus leaf surface effects. In recent decades, super hydrophobic surfaces (SHS) have been considered as key parameter, and superhydrophobic coatings are vital to achieve materials with hydrophobic surface. The most crucial criteria influencing super hydrophobic surfaces are low surface free energy and higher surface roughness. Explorations on superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) are very interesting because of their importance in varied nature of industrial, engineering and bio-medical applications. Superhydrophobic membranes have made a lot of curiosity recently, especially for efficient oil-water separation application. A major exploitation of these SHS is to increase the corrosion resistance of surfaces exposed to corrosive environments as well as their long-term chemical stability and maintaining the superhydrophobic characteristics. The other major important sectors utilize these materials to achieve ultra-superhydrophobic behavior are space and aerospace, defense, automotive, marine, water-oil separation, biomedical-engineering, and sensors. Superhydrophobic surfaces repel water primarily due to their surface texture and physicochemical properties. The present article deals with the basic and fundamental principles, importance and applications of superhydrophobic behavior of materials, including different analytical and fabrication techniques used to study and to ascertain the super hydrophobic properties of the materials.

Regulating the Positive Localized Electric Field in Mixed Matrix Membranes by Charge Reversal of ILs‐COF for Boosting CO2 Separation

AbstractCovalent organic frameworks (COFs), characterized by their high porosity and stability, hold great potential for applications in gas separations. However, achieving precise size sieving without hindering the gas diffusion rate is challenging. This study presents a novel approach to establishing tunable localized electric fields in COF channels to achieve efficient CO2 separation in Pebax‐based mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). Different charge densities of the localized electric field are achieved by the host–guest interaction between COF and varying charged ionic liquids (ILs). Remarkably, the MMM with a positive localized electric field attains the optimal CO2/CH4 separation performance with a significantly enhanced permeability (≈38%) and selectivity (≈99%), surpassing the Robeson upper bound. Through density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the enhanced CO2/CH4 selectivity of MMM is due to the “sieving effect” of a positive localized electric field on CO2 over CH4. Specifically, the negatively charged O atom in CO2 exhibits stronger electrostatic interaction than the positively charged H atom of CH4. Therefore, the strategy of regulating the localized electric field can be employed as an efficient design for CO2 separation in MMMs.

Combined Reaction System for NH3 Decomposition and CO2 Methanation Using Hydrogen Permeable Membrane Reactor in 1D Model Analysis

In a previous study, we developed an integrated reaction system combining NH3 decomposition and CO2 methanation within a membrane reactor, significantly enhancing reactor performance through efficient H2 separation. Ru/Ba/γ-Al2O3 and Ru/ZrO2 were employed as catalysts for each reaction. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of our results, they were validated through 1D models using FlexPDE Professional Version 7.21/W64 software. Key parameters such as reactor arrangement, catalyst bed positioning, overall heat transfer coefficient, rate constants, and H2 permeance were investigated to optimize system efficiency. The study revealed that positioning the NH3 decomposition on the shell side and CO2 methanation on the tube side resulted in a better performance. Additionally, shifting the methanation catalyst bed downward by approximately one-eighth (10 mm from 80 mm) achieves the highest CO2 conversion. A sensitivity analysis identified the rate constant of the NH3 decomposition catalyst and the H2 permeance of the membrane as the most influential factors in enhancing CO2 conversion. This highlights the priority of improving membrane H2 permeance and catalytic activity for NH3 decomposition to maximize system efficiency.

Experimental Investigation of Magnetic Drum Separation Techniques for Dodder (Cuscuta L.) Seed Removal from Alfalfa Seed Mixtures

Thousands of species of parasitic weeds, such as dodder, pose significant threats to agricultural crops due to their ability to spread rapidly through seeds. When cultivated lands become infested with dodder, the quality of production declines, leading to substantial damage. The most effective way to limit the infestation of agricultural lands by parasitic weeds, particularly dodder, is to control the quality of seeds intended for sowing. To obtain seed material free of dodder seeds, special separation machines equipped with magnetic drums are used. These machines operate on the principle of magnetic fields acting on ferromagnetic particles, which helps differentiate the physical states of the seeds intended for separation. This paper presents experimental research on magnetic drum separation techniques for removing dodder seeds from alfalfa seed mixtures. The study examines variables such as magnetic drum speed, feed rate, amounts of iron powder, water, solution (water and glycerin), and the initial content of dodder seeds. The experimental results indicated that using a water–glycerin solution at optimal concentrations for moistening the seeds enhances the separation efficiency of dodder seeds from alfalfa seed mixtures, compared to using only water. Additionally, the numerical content of dodder seeds in the A and C sorts, which primarily contain the seeds of the main crop, decreases with each pass through the machine, resulting in higher quality seed material. The research found that using appropriate parameters—drum rotation speed (20 rpm), iron powder quantity (19 g/min), and seed feed rate (25.39 g/s)—achieved a “free” classification for dodder in alfalfa seeds. These findings are valuable for evaluating the performance of separation equipment with magnetic drums to obtain high-quality seed material. They are also beneficial for designers, machine-building units, and economic agents specializing in this field.

Recent Strategies of Oxygen Carrier Design in Chemical Looping Processes for Inherent CO2 Capture and Utilization

AbstractChemical looping processes are considered a promising pathway for the efficient production of various fuels and chemicals. Temporally or spatially separated reduction and oxidation reaction in chemical looping can offer various advantages such as enhancing energy efficiency, surpassing equilibrium limitations, and eliminating the need for separation. However, the efficiency of the chemical looping process highly depends on the performance of the oxygen carrier. Higher gas conversion can increase separation efficiency and higher solid conversion can reduce the amount of cycled oxygen carrier. The performance indicators are highly related to the thermodynamic properties of the oxygen carriers and their redox kinetics. This review introduces some key articles and recent achievements for the enhancement of such properties. The different research strategies are discussed for enhancing the performance of stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric oxygen carriers. Through the rational design of oxygen carrier material, an energy-efficient chemical looping process is possible.

Efficient Separation of Pr(III) and Nd(III) via Shear-Induced Dissociation Coupling with Ultrafiltration: Insights from Experiments and Theory

Efficient Separation of Pr(III) and Nd(III) via Shear-Induced Dissociation Coupling with Ultrafiltration: Insights from Experiments and Theory

Effect of Calcination-Induced Oxidation on the Photocatalytic H2 Production Performance of Cubic Cu2O/CuO Composite Photocatalysts

This study explores the H2 production performance of CuO/Cu2O with different morphology (nanocubes) synthesized by different methods using different sacrificial reagent (lactic acid), compared with the other three reported CuO/Cu2O photocatalysts used for H2 production. A cubic Cu2O photocatalyst was prepared using a hydrothermal method. It was then calcined at a certain temperature to form a cubic Cu2O/CuO composite photocatalyst. XRD, TEM, and XPS spectra confirmed the successful synthesis of cubic Cu2O/CuO composite photocatalysts by calcination-induced oxidation at a certain temperature. As the calcination temperature increases, the crystal phase of the photocatalyst changes from Cu2O to Cu2O/CuO and then to CuO. The effects of calcination-induced oxidation on morphology, light absorption, the separation of photoexcited carriers, and the H2 production activity of photocatalysts were studied. EPR spectra were monitored to analyze the oxygen vacancies in different samples. Mott–Schottky and Tauc plots were utilized to establish the band structure of the composite photocatalyst. Cu2O/CuO is a type II photocatalyst with a heterogeneous structure that helps to improve electron–hole separation efficiency. The H2 production efficiency of Cu2O/CuO composite photocatalyst reaches 11,888 μmol h−1g−1, 1.6 times that of Cu2O. The formation of the Cu2O/CuO heterojunction leads to enhanced light absorption, charge separation, and hydrogen production activity.

Synergistic Integration of a Ru(bda)‐Based Catalyst in a Covalent Organic Framework for Enhanced Photocatalytic Water Oxidation

AbstractTo address the urgent need for sustainable energy processes, there is a growing demand for multifunctional materials that mimic natural photosynthetic enzyme functions, specifically light‐harvesting, efficient photoinduced charge separation, and integration of molecularly defined catalysts, synergistically interacting within these structures. Herein, the successful synthesis of an innovative Covalent Organic Framework (COF‐TFPT‐IsoQ) constructed from optically active triazine (TFPT) and isoquinoline units (IsoQ) as building blocks is reported. Post‐synthetic incorporation of a Ru(bda)‐based water oxidation catalyst (WOC) is achieved through the IsoQ moieties acting as coordinating sites. Leveraging the synthetic flexibility of the designed COF architecture featuring binding sites on its pore walls, various Ru@COF‐TFPT‐IsoQ systems at different Ru:COF ratios are synthesized and tested in the photoinduced (λ > 400 nm) oxygen evolution reaction (OER) under sacrificial conditions. All synthesized Ru@COF‐TFPT‐IsoQ systems demonstrate efficiency in the photocatalytic OER, with the highest turnover number (TON) of 9.1 observed for the system where the Ru‐based WOC is incorporated every fourth COF‐TFPT‐IsoQ unit cell. This work provides valuable insights into the structural integration and catalytic behavior of Ru‐based complexes within COF architectures, highlighting the potential of Ru@COF‐TFPT‐IsoQ as a robust, efficient, and synthetically flexible multifunctional material for light‐induced water oxidation catalysis.

Synthesis and Characterization of MgO-Fe₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃ Nanocomposites: Enhanced Photocatalytic Efficiency and Selective Anticancer Properties

In the present work, we achieved the fabrication of MgO-Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 NCs using a deposition–coprecipitation process. XRD, TEM, and SEM with EDX, XPS, FTIR, and PL spectroscopy were applied to examine the physicochemical properties of the samples. XRD analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of γ-Al2O3, MgO, and Fe2O3 phases. TEM and SEM images indicate that the nanocomposites exhibited an agglomerated morphology with spherical shapes and particle sizes in the range of 6–12 nm. EDX and XPS spectra revealed a composition of MgO-Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 NCs. FTIR spectra identified characteristic vibrational bands corresponding to the chemical bonds present in the samples, confirming their successful synthesis. PL analysis showed the reduced recombination rate of electron–hole pairs and enhanced charge separation efficiency, which are important factors for improved photocatalytic activity. Photocatalysis results show that the MgO-Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 NCs exhibited significantly higher photocatalysis efficiencies of 87.5% for Rh B and 90.4% for MB after 140 min, compared to γ-Al2O3 NPs and Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 NPs. In addition, prepared MgO-Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 NCs demonstrated superior stability after six runs. Biochemical data showed that the MgO-Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 NCs exhibited significant toxicity toward A549 cancer cells while displaying low toxicity toward IMR90 normal cells. The IC50 values (µg/mL ± SD) for γ-Al2O3 NPs, Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 NPs, and MgO-Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 NCs were 16.54 ± 0.8 µg/mL, 14.75 ± 0.4 µg/mL, and 11.40 ± 0.6 µg/mL, respectively. These results suggest that the addition of Fe2O3 and MgO to γ-Al2O3 not only enhances photocatalytic activity but also improves biocompatibility and anticancer properties. This study highlights that the MgO-Fe2O3/γ-Al2O3 NCs warrant further exploration of their potential applications in environmental remediation and biomedicine.

Design of MnOx/TiO2 Nanostructures for Photocatalytic Removal of 2,4-D Herbicide.

The research and modification of semiconductors through different synthesis routes allow obtaining materials with optimal properties to induce new energy levels and improve charge separation efficiency. In this context, the sol-gel method was used to synthesize TiO2-based materials doped with different percentages of MnOx to evaluate their photocatalytic activity in the degradation of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in water under UV irradiation. Characterization results revealed a reduction in crystallite size to 7.2 nm. Adding MnOx enhanced the optical absorption of TiO2, resulting in a shift toward the red end of the spectrum of the forbidden energy band. The photocatalytic activity increased significantly with the percentage of MnOx, reaching a maximum degradation of 70 % in 6 hours with the 3 MnTi material. This increase was attributed to the synthesis method, which facilitated the formation of nanostructured heterojunctions mainly composed of TiO2 and MnO2, reducing the recombination of electron-hole pairs. TEM analysis confirmed these structures. A reaction mechanism for the 3 MnTi material is proposed, considering the mobility of charge carriers and the photooxidation processes of the pollutant.

Artificial Photosynthetic Assemblies Constructed by NH2-UiO-66 Decorated with Spatially Separated Dual Cocatalysts for Enhanced Photocatalytic Uranium Reduction.

The phenomenon of rapid migration of photogenerated charges in natural photosynthetic systems has motivated the design of efficient photocatalysts capable of fast charge separation and efficient reaction kinetics for photocatalytically assisted enrichment and separation of uranium U(VI) in uranium wastewater. In this study, we developed a biomimetic photocatalytic system MnOx/NH2-UiO-66-rGO (M/UiO-rGO) with spatially separated dual cocatalysts. Among them, rGO functions to capture electrons and participates in reduction reactions, while MnOx captures holes and participates in oxidation reactions. The M/UiO-rGO catalyst exhibits excellent performance in photocatalytic reduction of uranium (reaching 91.8% in 1 h), and even under natural light conditions, it exhibits excellent uranium removal ability (80.4%). Using multispectral coupling technology, we further confirmed that enriched uranium undergoes a continuous and complex reaction process of "capture-reduction-free radical oxidation-nucleation-crystallization". This work presents a viable strategy for designing biomimetic photocatalysts with efficient charge separation and rapid reaction kinetics for environmental purification purposes.

Regulating Charge Separation Via Periodic Array Nanostructures for Plasmon-Enhanced Water Oxidation.

Plasmonic resonance intensity in metallic nanostructures plays a crucial role in charge generation and separation, directly affecting plasmon-induced photocatalytic activity. Engineering strategies to enhance plasmonic effects involve designing specific nanostructures, such as triangular nanoplates with sharp corners or dimer nanostructures with hot spots. However, these approaches often lead to a trade-off between enhanced plasmonic intensity and resonance energy, which ultimately determines local charge density and photocatalytic performance. Here, inspired by theoretical predications, it is shown that a flexibly controlled plasmonic photocatalyst, consisting of an ordered array of Au nanoparticles on a SrTiO3 surface, exhibits an enhanced surface plasmon resonance (SPR) intensity while maintaining a constant SPR resonant energy, due to the presence of surface lattice resonance. This trade-off results in improved charge separation efficiency and an increase in local charge density at catalytically active sites, as verified by theoretical simulations, surface photovoltage microscopy, and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. Moreover, the optimized periodic photocatalyst shows a 7-fold increase in water oxidation activity over disordered nanostructures. This work provides a novel approach for balancing the intensity and energy of SPR, which will contribute to optimizing photocatalytic activity on plasmonic platforms.

Directly Fused Porphyrin-Tetracyanopentacenequinone Conjugates: Role of the Cross-Conjugated, Powerful Electron Acceptor in Promoting Highly Efficient Charge Separation.

Tetracyanopentacenequinone, a powerful electron acceptor, is fused directly to the porphyrin π-system to create a new class of donor-acceptor conjugates. Owing to the direct fusion and electron-deficient property of tetracyanopentacenequinone, strong intramolecular charge transfer both in the ground and excited states was witnessed. As a control, porphyrin fused with pentacenequinone was also investigated. Upon complete spectral and electrochemical characterization, the excited state properties were initially probed by time-dependent DFT studies, and the occurrence of electron transfer from different excited states was established. Free-energy calculations revealed higher exothermic electron transfer (> 600 mV) than the control pentacenequinone-porphyrin systems. Pump-probe studies covering broad spatial and temporal regions revealed efficient excited state charge separation. This was unlike the control pentacenequinone-porphyrin system, where slow charge separation was witnessed only in the case of the zinc derivatives but not the free-base ones. The lifetimes of the charge-separated states ranged between 30-500 ps depending on the solvent and metal ion in the porphyrin cavity. The significance of cross-conjugated tetracyanopentacenequinone fused directly to the porphyrin π system in promoting highly exothermic and efficient charge separation, irrespective of its cross conjugation, is borne out from this study.

Bimetallic PdPt nanoparticle-incorporated PEDOT:PSS/guar gum-blended membranes for enhanced CO2 separation.

To address the escalating demand for efficient CO2 separation technologies, we introduce novel membranes utilizing natural polymer guar gum (GG), conjugate polymer (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate)) PEDOT:PSS, and bimetallic PdPt nanoparticles. Bimetallic PdPt nanoparticles were synthesized using the wet chemical method and characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The morphologies, chemical bonds, functional groups, and mechanical properties of the fabricated membranes were characterized using various techniques. Through meticulous fabrication and characterization, the binary blended membranes demonstrated enhanced homogeneity and smoothness in their structure, attributed to the interaction between the polymers, and superior CO2 permeability due to the amphiphilic nature of the PEDOT:PSS polymer. Gas separation experiments performed using H2, N2, and CO2 gases confirmed that the 20% PEDOT:PSS/GG blended membranes showed the best performance with sufficient mechanical properties. Moreover, the results demonstrated an increase of 172% in CO2 permeability and 138% in CO2/H2 selectivity, respectively. Furthermore, integrating bimetallic PdPt nanoparticles provided an additional 197% increase in CO2/H2 selectivity, owing to the unique catalytic activities of noble metal nanoparticles. The study not only underscores the transformative potential of polymer blending and noble metal engineering, but also highlights the significance of using natural polymers for sustainable environmental solutions.

Optimized separation of astaxanthin stereoisomers from microbial sources using chiral HPLC.

Astaxanthin (AST) is a high-value antioxidant, and its efficient isolation and utilization are challenging owing to the presence of different stereoisomers from various sources. In the present study, a semi-preparative HPLC method for the efficient separation of AST stereoisomers using a Chiralpak IC chiral column with good loading capacity and chiral recognition ability was successfully developed. The mobile phase was methanol-methyl tert-butyl ether (90 : 10, v/v), with a flow rate of 3.06 mL min-1 and a maximum injection volume of 0.32 mg. The results indicated that the purity of all-trans AST was 97.9% for Haematococcus pluvialis and 97.5% for Phaffia rhodozyma. Additionally, molecular weights and fragmentation patterns analyzed using mass spectrometry were consistent with those of all-trans AST. Linearity validation and reproducibility experiments revealed that all calibration curves had coefficients of determination (R2) greater than 0.999 and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of <3.8%. This is because all-trans AST stereoisomers could undergo specific rotations or spins due to π-π interactions, hydrogen bonding, and inclusion interactions. This process allowed the successful separation of the three all-trans AST optical isomers and provides a theoretical basis for large-scale preparation of all-trans AST stereoisomers from different sources.

Engineered oxygen vacancies in NiCo2O4/BiOI heterostructures for enhanced photocatalytic pollutant degradation.

To address the bottleneck issue of poor carrier separation and transfer efficiency in NiCo2O4 photocatalyst, a novel 1D/2D-rod-on-rose-like NiCO2O4/BiOI nanohybrid with abundant OV's was successfully synthesized using a single-step hydrothermal method and employed to the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB). The study revealed that the optimized NiCo2O4-OV/BiOI hybrid could possess superior photocatalytic degradation efficiency towards RhB degradation under visible light with a rate constant that was 3.8 and 3.03 times greater than that of BiOI and NiCo2O4-OV. Experimental findings indicated that the formation of NiCo2CO4-OV/BiOI heterojunction significantly improved the charge separation efficiency and facilitated the formation of surface OV's. These OVs enhanced photogenerated e--h+ separation and increased catalytic efficiency. Quenching experiments results confirmed that both holes and superoxide radicals are playing crucial roles in the degradation process. Thus, an oxygen vacancy and engineering NiCo2CO4-OV/BiOI heterojunction-enhanced degradation mechanism was proposed, offering insights for the integration of advanced oxidation technologies and the development of catalytic materials to enhance pollutant degradation efficiency.

Engineering the band structure of type-II MoSe2/WSe2 van der Waals heterostructure by electric field and twist angle: a first principles perspective

Type-II heterostructures composed of transition-metal dichalcogenides have attracted enormous attention due to their facilitation in efficient electron-hole separation. In this work, we performed density-functional theory calculations to systematically investigate the atomic and electronic structures of MoSe2/WSe2van der Waals heterostructure. Its six high-symmetry configurations with different interlayer coupling under external electric field and twist angle were addressed. Our results reveal that all the configurations exhibit type-II band alignment and their band gaps can be effectively modulated by the electric field. Notably, the direct to indirect band gap transition only occurs in the configurations with strong interlayer coupling. Moreover, twist-induced symmetry breaking weakens the interlayer interactions, thus decreasing interlayer charge transfer. Owing to large interlayer distance and weak interlayer coupling, the band structure of the heterostructure remained unchanged for the twist angles ranging from 13.2° to 46.8°. These findings demonstrate the great potential of the MoSe2/WSe2heterostructure for applications in optoelectronic and nanoelectronic devices.

Effect of the Cross-Sectional Geometry of the Mixed Particle Zone on the Spiral Separation Process and Its Structural Optimization

Cross-sectional geometry is of significance in determining the flow characteristics and the particles separation in spiral concentrators. The effects of the cross-sectional geometry within the mixed particle zone on the secondary flow and the separation process of hematite and quartz particles with a size of 89.5 μm were investigated via a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. The optimization of the line segment slopes was conducted using response surface methodology (RSM). The results indicate that the peak radial fluxes and average radial velocities of the secondary flow are positively correlated with the corresponding line segment slope. The independent adjustment of line slopes in regions Ⅰ and Ⅱ, and the interaction of line slopes in regions Ⅰ and Ⅲ, influence the separation efficiency of hematite and quartz particles significantly. The separation performance of the experimental spiral concentrator with a cross-sectional profile of the optimized line segments for a feed of hematite and quartz with a size range of -100+75 μm is remarkably improved by nearly 5%. This study provides insights for the cross-section design of spiral concentrators for the effective separation of coarse-grained hematite and quartz.

Bottom‐Up Strategy to Enhance Long‐Range Order of Poly(Heptazine Imide) Nanorods for Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Methanation

AbstractPoly(heptazine imide) (PHI), one of the crystalline or long‐range ordered allotropes of polymeric carbon nitride, is a promising polymeric photocatalyst; however, preparation of highly crystalline PHI remains a challenge. Herein, through a bottom‐up strategy involving repair of structural defects and increase of specific surface area of melon precursor, we prepared PHI nanorods with dramatically improved long‐range order. The resulting PHI exhibited a shift of product selectivity in CO2 photoreduction from CO to CH4 with a high methanation activity in contrast to the pristine PHI with relatively low long‐range order. The improvement of long‐range order for PHI remarkably enhanced the separation efficiency and transfer kinetics of photogenerated charges as well as the adsorption for *CO intermediate. This study revealed the relationship between the precursor structure and PHI crystal growth in ionothermal synthesis, and also showcased the great potential of highly crystalline PHI in artificial photosynthesis.

Boosted Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Performance with a Quaternary Heterostructure: CoFe2O4/MWCNT-Doped MIL-100(Fe)/TiO2

Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) combined with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is an outstanding material regarding photoelectrochemical water oxidation (PEC-WO) because of its excellent catalytic properties and stability. On the other hand, surface imperfections in CoFe2O4 can cause band bending and surface Fermi level pinning, significantly reducing its PEC conversion efficiency. Heterostructure engineering is essential for achieving increased light-gathering capacity and charge separation efficiency for PEC-WO. In this study, a quaternary heterostructure of CoFe2O4/MWCNT-doped Metal–Organic Framework-100 (Iron), MIL-100(Fe)/Titanium Oxide (TiO2) was synthesized by using a combination of hydrothermal, solvothermal, and “dip and dry” techniques. Characterization results confirmed the formation of a structural network of MIL-100(Fe) on TiO2 surfaces, enhanced by the incorporation of MWCNTs during the hydrothermal reaction. Under 1 sun irradiation, the resultant quaternary heterostructure displayed a photocurrent density (Jph) of 3.70 mA cm−2 under free bias voltage, which is around 3.08 times more than that of pristine TiO2 photoanodes (Jph = 1.20 mA cm−2). This investigation highlights the advantages of the MIL-100(Fe) network in improving the solar PEC-WO performance of TiO2 photoanodes.