Efficiency Of Categories Research Articles

CONCEPTUAL APPROACH TO EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTEGRATED COMMODITY MARKET

In the article author allocated four approaches to the interpretation of category �efficiency�, namely: (1) target (qualitative); (2) resource; (3) resultant; (4) degree of implementation of planned indicators. Grounded allocation two categories of efficiency of functioning systems and subsystems � of market and sector. Proposed author's definition categories �efficiency of integrated commodity market�, namely: productivity the usage and the balance of intersectored movement of material, financial, labor and information resources for reproduction development of market system and increasing its integration level with ensuring the priority of interests the state and society. This definition develops of a resource-targeted approach to category �efficiency�. Efficiency of sector the integrated market can be interpreted in context of the resultant approach as a ratio of result to costs, which ensured its receipt. Defined three types of integration links between subjects of different sectors and markets: (1) sectored links; (2) inter-sectored links; (3) inter-market links � internal and external. Identified four stages of formation of integration links in multi-level of market systems: (1) establishment of links between elements of system; (2) strengthening links; (3) increasing the number of links; (4) emergence of new relationships, new integrative properties of the system. Substantiated the integration function of commodity market in macro system. The author proposed a conceptual approach to evaluating the effectiveness of integrated commodity market based on convergence of reproduction, logistics, integration and regulatory approaches, what forms the foundation of methodical assessment basis.

Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy and Efficiency of Categories 4 and 5 of the Second Edition of the BI-RADS Ultrasound Lexicon in Diagnosing Breast Lesions

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and efficiency of categories 4 and 5 of the second edition of the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) ultrasound (US) lexicon in diagnosing breast lesions. In our retrospective study, 579 lesions in 544 patients were assessed by US as the preliminary diagnosis and classified in subcategories 4a–4c and category 5 based on the second edition of the BI-RADS US lexicon with some obvious changes, such as the redefined margin, new calcification type, associated features and some special cases. Inter-observer agreement was determined. Ultrasound results were compared with the pathologic results for confirmation. Positive predictive values (PPVs) of subcategories 4a–4c were compared with theoretical values using the χ2 test; the binomial test was used for category 5 lesions. Of the 579 lesions, 212 were confirmed as benign (36.61%), and the remaining 367 lesions were confirmed as borderline/malignant (63.39%). Inter-observer agreement was moderate for subcategories 4a–4c (κ = 0.52), moderate for subcategories 4a–4c and category 5 (κ = 0.56) and substantial for categories 4 and 5 (κ = 0.67). The PPVs for subcategories 4a–4c were 23.74%, 70.67% and 81.25%, respectively. In addition, the total PPV for category 4 was 46.92% (183/390), and the total PPV for category 5 was 97.35% (184/189). Statistical results revealed that the PPVs of subcategories 4a and 4b differed significantly from the theoretical values (p < 0.05); the PPVs of subcategory 4c and category 5 were significantly correlated with the theoretical PPVs (p > 0.05). In conclusion, subcategories 4a and 4b have lower diagnostic efficiency than subcategory 4c and category 5. Inter-observer agreement for subcategories 4a–4c remains to be improved. The most common features of subcategories 4a–4c differ, but overlap. It is recommended that inexperienced doctors in primary hospitals not classify lesions into subcategories in clinical practice.