Efficiency Of Public Resources Research Articles

ДЕРЖАВНА ДОПОМОГА І ВИМОГИ НАЛЕЖНОГО ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ УГОДИ ПРО АСОЦІАЦІЮ УКРАЇНИ

The current concept of the EU internal market is considered more broadly and holistically. It includes not only economic integration but also consumer safety, labor policy, protection of social rights, and the environment. An important element of the effective functioning of the internal market is also the institution of state aid to economic entities, which provides for the possibility of attracting public investment and control over the efficiency of public resources. The provisions of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU provide for the possibility of implementing, in the national legislation of Ukraine, the institution of state aid to economic entities on the model of the EU and contains specific requirements for Ukraine to transform this institution. The article considers the state of the state aid institute in the context of the implementation of the provisions of the Association Agreement. A general analysis of the concept of "state aid", the problems that most often arise and lead to distortions of competition in the market. The provisions of the legal institute of state aid and the compliance of the provisions of the Law of Ukraine "State Aid to Business Entities" with the provisions of the Association Agreement are determined. The compliance of subsidies with forms of state aid in the context of compatibility of state aid with the requirements of proper functioning of the Association Agreement and the possible impact of this institution on trade between the parties to the Agreement are analyzed. It is concluded that the implementation of EU rules on state aid in domestic legislation will promote competition and create a level playing field for businesses. At the same time, the introduction of a subsidy mechanism as a form of state aid provided to companies may be incompatible with the state aid institution and the requirements for the proper functioning of the Agreement and may adversely affect the development of trade with the EU.

EIB Working Papers 2019/01 - Blockchain, FinTechs and their relevance for international financial institutions (Volume 2019/1)

The purpose of this working paper is to provide a primer on financial technology and on Blockchain, while shading light on the impact they may have on the financial industry. FinTechs, the financial technology and innovation that competes with traditional financial methods in the delivery of financial services, has the potential to improve the reach of financial services to the broader public and facilitate the creation of a credit record, especially in the developing world. Some Blockchain applications like cryptocurrencies, could be problematic as cryptocurrencies cannot substitute traditional money due to the high risk of debasement, luck of trust and high inefficiencies relating to the high cost in electricity and human effort required to clear cryptocurrency transactions. Cryptocurrencies' high volatility renders it a poor means of payment and store of value, while resembling a fraudulent investment operation. Yet, other Blockchain applications, like Blockchain securities, could facilitate the functioning of an International Financial Institutions (IFI) due to the volume of securities they issue as Blockchain securities enable an almost instantaneous trade confirmation, affirmation, allocation and settlement and reconciliations are superfluous releasing collateral to be used for other purposes in the market. IFIs could promote awareness and understanding about Blockchain technology among different IFI services and launch Blockchain labs in order to pilot projects that can improve governance and social outcomes in the developing world. Financial inclusion, at the core of IFI's mandate, could be enhanced by investing into FinTechs who facilitate access to payment systems. IFIs could also ponder the development of Blockchain software aimed at improving transparency and efficiency in public resources that finance development projects. IFIs could promote Blockchain applications in several sectors like agricultural lending where Blockchain technology is used in the supply chain in order to improve transparency and efficiency in agricultural and commodity production. Other sectors include transport and logistics and even energy distribution. IFIs could benefit by utilizing FinTechs' knowhow in the analysis of big data in order to understand better the investment gaps and the financing needs of prospective clients. Finally, FinTechs' knowhow could be used by IFIs in order to streamline their internal processes concerning credit underwriting and risk management.

Scientometric Instruments of Research Funding

The issues related to funding of public research organizations are explored. The history of scientometric information systems is outlined. The advantages and disadvantages of a bibliometric approach to financing of research organizations are analyzed. The link between the assessment of the scientific and technological potential of an institution and the optimal allocation of funds is investigated. Recommendations on how to improve the efficiency of public resources allocated for scientific research are presented.

Gender Analysis of Public Expenditures for Education, Health Care and Social Insurance in the Republic of Moldova

Gender equality represents the engine for economic, social and democratic development. In the majority of developed and developing countries, resources allocated by government are limited. The lack of financial resources for covering the existent social needs lead to such a problem like ineffective allocation and distribution of resources within society.Gender analysis of public expenditures refers to the analysis of the impact of actual government expenditure and revenue on women and girls as compared to men and boys. The final goal of gender analysis of public expenditures is informing policy by helping our government decides how policies need to be adjusted, and where resources need to be reallocated, to address poverty and gender inequalities. Policy instruments, government expenditures, and revenue collection have different impacts on women and men. That is why it is important to examine the allocation, effectiveness, and efficiency of public resources to achieve gender equity and reduce poverty.In the context of radical social transformations at international and national levels, there is a necessity in the Republic of Moldova to adopt the National Strategy on Gender Equality. The necessity to adopt such a document is based both on national needs for practical gender equality and on the country’s international commitments. In fact, gender analysis is still considered a new domain that need yet a lot of analysis and work on. Ensuring equality between women and men is considered integral part of the process of building a real, conscious, gender sensitive democracy, with a prerequisite of ensuring participation of all the society members, women and men, in all the fields of life. Gender equality and promotion of the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for everyone are essential to advance in development, peace and security.The investigated object consists in gender analysis of national public expenses, and more precisely to be – expenses on education, health care and social insurance. It is well known the fact that not all pubic expenses could be analyzed by gender, first of all because we do not dispose of such statistics. The discrepancies regarding men and women could be more clearly observed in such domains like education, health care and social insurance.