Efficacy Of Topical Tranexamic Acid Research Articles

Efficacy of topical tranexamic acid soaked absorbable gelfoam in relieving post-extraction pain in warfarin patients: a randomized, triple-blinded, split-mouth, active-controlled clinical trial

BackgroundWarfarin patients who need dental extraction face the problem of bleeding and no sufficient hemostasis results in dry socket and postoperative pain. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of the topical application of tranexamic acid-soaked absorbable Gelfoam (TXA-Gel) and saline-soaked absorbable Gelfoam (saline-Gel) in relieving postoperative pain following bilateral simple extraction of permanent mandibular molars in warfarin patients.MethodsThis was a randomized, triple-blinded, split-mouth, active-controlled clinical trial. It was performed at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, between November 2021 and October 2023. 60 bilateral permanent mandibular molars, which were indicated for simple extraction in 30 warfarin patients randomly assigned into two groups according to the topical hemostatic agents after extraction used: Group 1: control group, saline-Gel (n = 30). Group 2: TXA-Gel (n = 30). A simple randomization method was performed by flipping a coin. The primary outcome measure was the visual analogue scale (VAS). The intensity of pain was evaluated at the baseline (t0), and on the 1st (t1), 2nd (t2), 3rd (t3), 4th (t4), 5th (t5), 6th (t6), and 7th (t7) days following extraction. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and the Mann-Whitney U test were performed. The level of significance was set at 0.05 (p < 0.05).ResultsThe mean vas scores was 4.17 ± 1.76 at t1 and decreased to 0.73 ± 0.78 at t7 in the TXA-Gel group. However, in the Gelfoam group, the mean vas scores was 4.83 ± 2.18 at t1 and decreased to 1.80 ± 1.00 at t7. The results of the Mann-Whitney U test showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups at t1 (p = 0.236) and t2 (p = 0.155). However, there was a statistically significance difference at the rest time points (p < 0.05).ConclusionsTXA-Gel played a prominent role in alleviating post-extraction pain in warfarin patients.Trial registrationThe trail was retrospectively registered at the ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN71901901).

D149. Efficacy of Topical Tranexamic Acid in Gender-Affirming Mastectomy

D149. Efficacy of Topical Tranexamic Acid in Gender-Affirming Mastectomy

Comparison of The Efficacy of Topical Tranexamic Acid and Oxymetazoline Following Q-Switched 1064 Nm Nd: YAG Laser for The Treatment of Post Acne Erythema: A Split-Face, Controlled Trial

Comparison of The Efficacy of Topical Tranexamic Acid and Oxymetazoline Following Q-Switched 1064 Nm Nd: YAG Laser for The Treatment of Post Acne Erythema: A Split-Face, Controlled Trial

The Efficacy of Topical Tranexamic Acid in Breast Surgery Evaluating the Drain Output and Complications Reduction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction : The topical administration of Tranexamic Acid (TXA) has gained significant attention for its potential advantages in various plastic surgery procedures. This study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on the use of topical TXA in breast surgery, analysing its impact on postoperative drain output and complications. Method : PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched to identify relevant studies. The data synthesis utilized random-effects models and the findings were presented as a mean difference and weighted odds ratio along with the corresponding 95% confidence interval. Results : Seven studies including four RCTs and three observational studies, comprising 1,553 breasts undergoing surgery were included. The average age of participants was 46 years; mean body mass index (BMI) was 26.1 kg/mm2. Of the breasts studied, 764 (49%) received topical TXA and 789 (51%) received normal saline as placebo. Overall, topical TXA was associated with a lower drain output in the first 24 hours postoperative (MD -25.87; p=0.00001) and a lower cumulative drain output (MD -59.72; p&lt;0.00001). The rate of hematoma is significantly lower in the topical TXA group compared to the control group (OR 0.19; p=0.0009). There were no significant differences in rates of seroma, infection, thromboembolic events and time to drain removal between groups. Conclusion: Evidence of this study suggests that administration of topical TXA significantly reduces the drain output production and hematoma in breast surgery. The use of topical TXA not significantly affecting rates of seroma, infection and postoperative duration with drain.

Letter to editor regarding "The Efficacy and Safety of Topical Saline Irrigation with Tranexamic Acid on Perioperative Blood Loss in Patients Treated with PELD".

Letter: We have read the recent article published by Zhang et al titled "The Efficacy and Safety of Topical Saline Irrigation with Tranexamic Acid on Perioperative Blood Loss in Patients Treated with Percutaneous Endoscopic Interlaminar Diskectomy: A Retrospective Study". In this retrospective study, authors performed interlaminar endoscopic lumbar discectomy (IELD) for L5-S1 disc herniations, categorizing patients into two groups. One group underwent IELD with saline irrigation fluid containing 0.33 gm of tranexamic acid (TXA) per 1L of saline, while the other group received only saline irrigation fluid. We appreciate the authors' efforts in shedding light on the use of TXA in irrigation fluid, which currently has limited literature available. However, we wish to highlight several points of concern that, in our view, warrant further discussion. Upon reviewing the manuscript, our initial concern centers on the reported amount of blood loss, a crucial outcome in this study. The blood loss figures presented in this study appear significantly higher compared to the existing literature. In both study groups, the authors indicate total blood loss (TBL) exceeding 300 ml and intraoperative blood loss (IBL) surpassing 40 ml. In contrast, a systematic review and meta-analysis by Jitpakdee et al. (1) reported a range of blood loss from 10.9 ml to 23.35 ml for interlaminar endoscopic discectomy without any systemic or local use of tranexamic acid. Accurately assessing blood loss in endoscopic spine surgery poses a challenge, and the accuracy of indirect calculation methods is questionable, particularly when bleeding is minimal. Endoscopic discectomy has been proven benefits by minimal tissue damage and negligible blood loss. Another significant concern we would like to address is related to the safety and efficacy of topical tranexamic acid (TXA) use in endoscopic spine surgery. The existing literature generally accepts the safety profile and efficacy of use of intravenous TXA in open spine surgery where the blood loss incurred is substantial (2, 3). However, when it comes to the safety of topical TXA, it is important to note that TXA is known to have neurotoxic and epileptogenic properties when applied to central nervous system (CNS) tissue (5, 6). This is due to its interference with central GABAA receptors and glycine receptors (7). In endoscopic spine surgeries, small dural tears can sometimes go unnoticed due to continuous irrigation fluid pressure. In such cases, the potential CNS side effects associated with topical TXA could pose a real danger. Furthermore, even when dural tears are identified during surgery, it can be challenging to completely washout all the irrigation fluid containing TXA from the surgical field. The accumulation of excessive epidural or intrathecal TXA, especially after a dural tear, can lead to life-threatening conditions such as seizures or arrhythmias, significantly increasing morbidity and mortality in what is often intended as a day-care procedure. Moreover, the authors have not mentioned any exclusion criteria for patients with conditions that are suspected to elevate risk of developing TXA-related side effects, such as a history of thromboembolic events and/or coagulopathy, convulsive disorders and dural disruption. Lastly, in terms of the efficacy of TXA, there are limited studies demonstrating the use of local TXA in spine surgeries to reduce blood loss. For example, Krohn et al(4) used topical TXA irrigation in open instrumented spinal fusion surgery before wound closure. Their study showed a reduction in postoperative blood loss, with drain output decreasing from 525 ml in the non-TXA group to 252 ml in the TXA group. However, it had no significant effect on intraoperative blood loss. We would like to raise a pertinent question regarding endoscopic discectomy procedures, which are characterized by minimal blood loss and are often conducted as day-care surgeries. It becomes a matter of concern whether the potential advantages of using topical TXA in reducing blood loss outweigh the associated risks of neurological damage to the central nervous system (CNS) and other potentially life-threatening complications.

Translated article] The efficacy of topical tranexamic acid in reverse shoulder arthroplasty

IntroductionTopical tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to decrease blood loss in knee and hip arthroplasty. Despite there is evidence about its effectiveness when administered intravenous, its effectiveness and optimal dose when used topically have not been established. We hypothesised that the use of 1.5g (30mL) of topical TXA could decrease the amount of blood loss in patients after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). Material and methodsOne hundred and seventy-seven patients receiving a RSTA for arthropathy or fracture were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative-to-postoperative change in haemoglobin (ΔHb) and hematocrit (ΔHct) level drain volume output, length of stay and complications were evaluated for each patient. ResultsPatients receiving TXA has significant less drain output in both for arthropathy (ARSA) (104 vs. 195mL, p=0.004) and fracture (FRSA) (47 vs. 79mL, p=0.01). Systemic blood loss was slightly lower in TXA group, but this was not statistically significant (ARSA, ΔHb 1.67 vs. 1.90mg/dL, FRSA 2.61 vs. 2.7mg/dL, p=0.79). This was also observed in hospital length of stay (ARSA 2.0 vs. 2.3 days, p=0.34; 2.3 vs. 2.5, p=0.56) and need of transfusion (0% AIHE; AIHF 5% vs. 7%, p=0.66). Patients operated for a fracture had a higher rate of complications (7% vs. 15.6%, p=0.04). There were no adverse events related to TXA administration. ConclusionTopical use of 1.5g of TXA decreases blood loss, especially on the surgical site without associated complications. Thus, haematoma decrease could avoid the systematic use of postoperative drains after reverse shoulder arthroplasty.

Efficacy of topical tranexamic acid in bilateral cementless total knee arthroplasty

Efficacy of topical tranexamic acid in bilateral cementless total knee arthroplasty

A comparative study of 20% azelaic acid cream versus 5% tranexamic acid solution for the treatment of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in patients with acne vulgaris: A single-blinded randomized clinical trial.

There is a lack of evidence on the therapeutic efficacy of topical tranexamic acid (TA) for the treatment of acne-related postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). The current study aimed to assess the efficacy of twice-daily administration of 20% azelaic acid (AZA) cream versus 5% TA solution for the treatment of PIH in patients with acne vulgaris. Patients in the present single-blinded randomized clinical trial were randomized into AZA or TA groups for 12 weeks. The rate of healing was assessed by scoring recorded photographs based on postacne hyperpigmentation index (PAHI) at baseline, 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks. The frequency of side effects was examined and recorded at each study time point. Thirty volunteers in each treatment group completed the intervention. PAHI score in both AZA and TA groups improved during the study course (Ptime < 0.001, for both groups). However, mean PAHI scores were comparable in the two groups (Pgroup = 0.05). No significant interaction was also found between time and treatments in terms of PAHI score (Ptime × group = 0.66). The frequency of treatment-related side effects was significantly higher in the AZA group compared to the TA group at week 4 of treatment (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in the frequency of reported side effects at weeks 8 and 12 of the treatment (P > 0.05). Topical administration of 20% AZA cream and 5% TA solution was comparably efficient in the treatment of acne-related PIH with a significantly better safety profile of TA in the 1st month of the treatment.

Safety and efficacy of topical tranexamic acid over intravenous tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss and transfusion rates in hip and knee arthroplasty

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; Tranexamic acid (TXA) is increasingly used in orthopedic surgery to reduce blood loss. Hence the present study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of topical TXA and intravenous (IV) TXA in reducing blood loss and transfusion rate in primary total hip and total knee arthroplasty.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Total of 31 cases undergoing either primary THA (23 cases) or TKA (8 cases) during a study period from June were enrolled. Outcome measures were drained output, transfusion rate, drop in haemoglobin (Hb) and blood loss measured by Nadler et al formula.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; In THR group, 12 (52.17%) cases and in TKA group, 3 (37.5%) cases were managed using IV TXA whereas 11 (47.82%) and 5 (62.5%) cases were managed using topical TXA in THR and TKR group respectively. The mean drain output was greater among IV TKR group (261.66±129.60 ml) as compared to topical TKR group (210±129.49 ml). In THR drain output in IV group was 216±104.08 ml. In both the groups, mean blood loss was lower in cases where IV TXA was administered as compared to topical TXA, (p&amp;gt;0.05). The mean drop in Hb was greater after topical administration of TXA in both the groups as compared to IV administered TXA. In THR group, 9 (39.13%) patients required blood transfusion. In sickle cell disease patients, we found more blood loss and drain output as compared to non-sickle cell disease (SCD) patients.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; Both IV and topical TXA are clinically effective and safe in decreasing calculated blood loss, Hb drop after THA and TKA.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of topical tranexamic acid, epinephrine, and lidocaine in stopping bleeding in non-traumatic epistaxis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study.

Nasal packing is used to stop bleeding in cases of epistaxis. Different topical drugs are preferred to these packs in the emergency department. In this study, we aimed to compare the efficacy of lidocaine, epinephrine and tranexamic acid (TXA) in stopping bleeding in patients with epistaxis. Patients with non-traumatic epistaxis were evaluated in three treatment groups as topical lidocaine, epinephrine, and TXA. These treatments were applied prospectively in a double-blind manner and randomized manner. The bleeding stop times of the patients were recorded with bleeding time parameters. A total of 108 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 55.7±17.7 years. When the bleeding stop times were compared between the groups, there was no statistically significant difference (lidocaine vs. epinephrine, p=0.870; lidocaine vs. TXA, p=0.502; and epinephrine vs. TXA, p=0.242). The systolic blood pressure value statistically significantly differed between the lidocaine and epinephrine groups (p=0.034) and between the epinephrine and TXA groups (p=0.003). There was also a statistically significant difference between the diastolic blood pressure values of the epinephrine and TXA groups (p=0.020). We found that nasal packing with lidocaine, epinephrine and TXA was not superior to each other in terms of stopping bleeding time.

The Effect of Topical Tranexamic Acid on Intraoperative Blood Loss in Patients Undergoing Posterior Lumbar Laminectomy and Discectomy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial Study.

Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial study. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topical tranexamic acid (TXA) on intraoperative blood loss (IBL) in patients that have degenerative lumbar canal stenosis and undergo posterior lumbar laminectomy and discectomy. The volume of IBL is directly proportional to potential surgical complications. Recent reports have shown that the topical use of antifibrinolytic drugs, such as TXA, during surgery might decrease IBL and improve patient outcomes. A total of 104 patients with lumbar canal stenosis were enrolled in this randomized, double blinded clinical trial. Participants were randomized and divided into two groups: TXA (54 cases) and control (50 cases). In the TXA group, a TXA solution was used for washing and soaking, whereas, in the control group, irrigation of wound was with normal saline. IBL, pre- and postoperative coagulative studies, operation time, conventional hemostatic agent usage, systemic complications, and length of hospitalization were consecutively recorded. All participants were followed for an additional two months to gather data on their recovery status and time to return to work (RTW). At baseline, there was no difference in clinical or lab findings, between the groups. IBL and use of hemostatic agents were significantly decreased in TXA group, as compared to the control group (p=0.001 and p=0.011, respectively). Systemic complications, length of hospitalization, and RTW were not significantly different between groups (p=0.47, p=0.38, and p=0.08, respectively). This study showed that topical use of TXA during surgery may decrease IBL and minimize the use of hemostatic materials during posterior midline-approach laminectomy and discectomy, without increasing the potential for complications seen with intravenous TXA usage.

Efficacy and Safety of Tropical Use of Tranexamic Acid during Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: A Randomized Control Trial

Background: Postoperative mediastinal bleeding in patients undergoing cardiac surgery is still one of the most common complications.&#x0D; Objective: This study was intended to investigate the efficacy of topical tranexamic acid in reducing postoperative bleeding after post-operative cardiovascular surgery.&#x0D; Methodology: In this non-randomized, double blinded, clinical trial, patients undergoing Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass (OPCAB) surgery in NICVD, Dhaka, Bangladesh during January 2014 to December 2015 and fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited. They were assigned in two groups- 30 patients in tranexamic acid group (Group 1) and 30 patients in placebo group (Group 2). On completion of the grafting, before closure of the sternum tranexamic acid (2.5 g/25 mL) or placebo (25 mL of saline) diluted in 100 mL of warm saline (370 C) was instilled into the pericardial cavity including the mediastinal tissues and left for 5 minutes. Then it was cleared out by wall sucker and sternum was closed.&#x0D; Results: There was no significant difference in baseline demographic data, basic clinical characteristics and preoperative coagulation profile between the 2 groups (P &gt; 0.05). Total mediastinal bleeding in group 1 and group 2 patients were421.67±70.32 vs 593.33±77.38ml, p&lt;0.001. In case of, whole blood transfusion in group 1 and group 2 patients were 0.87±0.0.73 units and1.77±0.57 units respectively, p&lt;0.001.&#x0D; Conclusion: No patient required reoperation for bleeding and there was no incidence of prolonged ventilation, MI, thromboembolism, DVT or CVA in any of the patients in either group.&#x0D; Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, July 2021, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 142-146

Efficacy of topical tranexamic acid in epistaxis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Epistaxis is a very common presentation in the emergency department (ED), accounting for approximately 1 in 200 ED visits in the United States. Currently, standard practice includes the initial use of topical anesthetics and vasoconstrictors, followed by more invasive treatments such as nasal packing, cauterization or surgical ligation for refractory cases. Over the years several studies have investigated the potential use of topical Tranexamic Acid (TXA) in the management of epistaxis. We have conducted a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of topical TXA versus other standard practices or placebo in the management of epistaxis. PubMed and Scopus databases were searched from inception to April 2021. We included randomized controlled trials and observational studies investigating the efficacy of TXA in bleeding cessation in epistaxis in adults. The primary outcome measured was the prevalence of bleeding cessation after treatment at first assessment. Other outcomes were bleeding reoccurrence between 24 and 72h and at 7-8days. A random-effects model was used to estimate odds ratio (OR) for outcomes. A total of eight studies were included in the analysis, including seven randomized trials and one retrospective study. We included a total of 1299 patients, 596 (46%) received TXA while 703 (54%) received control treatment (placebo, lidocaine plus vasoconstrictors or local anesthetics). Patients who were treated with TXA were 3.5 times (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.3-9.7) more likely to achieve bleeding cessation at the first assessment. Patients treated with TXA had 63% (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.20-0.66) less likelihood of returning due to rebleeding at 24-72h. Topical TXA is associated with better bleeding cessation rates after treatment compared to the standard practices.

Antifibrinolytics reduces blood loss in thoracic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy of antifibrinolytics in non-cardiac thoracic surgery. We searched for all randomized controlled trials on this topic. A set of strict inclusion and exclusion criteria was developed. Six studies were meta-analysed together then in subgroups of topical tranexamic acid and intravenous aprotinin. We compared postoperative chest drain output, transfusions requirements and duration of hospital stay where available to determine the efficacy of topical tranexamic acid or intravenous aprotinin in reducing blood loss. The use of antifibrinolytics reduces 24-h chest drain output (-290.21 mL [-524.75, -55.66], P= 0.02, I2 = 98%), red blood cell transfusion requirements (-1.27 units [-2.24, -0.30], P= 0.01, I2 = 100%) and shortened duration of hospital stay (-1.81 days [-3.25, -0.36], P= 0.01, I2 = 96%). The subgroup analysis also supported this trend. We conclude that the use of antifibrinolytics appears to reduce postoperative blood loss by reducing chest drain output, transfusion requirements and length of stay after thoracic surgery.

Efficacy of Topical Tranexamic Acid in Reducing Blood Loss after Laminectomy and Posterolateral Fusion of the Spine: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Background: Multi-level spine surgeries are associated with high bleeding during and after surgery. A majority of studies have previously evaluated the effect of tranexamic acid (TXA) in reducing bleeding with a focus on intravenous (IV) administration. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of topical TXA in decreasing bleeding after laminectomy and spinal fusion. Methods: In this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 80 patients were enrolled from January 2017 to January 2019. The patients were eligible for laminectomy (2 or more levels) and posterolateral fusion with a pedicle screw. Patients were randomly divided into two equal groups; single-dose TXA (1 g/50 ml) and normal saline. Intergroup comparison was performed for the amount of bleeding during and after surgery, received packed cells, and the number of hospitalization days. Results: The mean age of the patients was 55.51 ± 10.27 years, and 50 of them were women. 18 and 20 patients in control and TXA groups had intraoperative bleeding more than 400 ml, respectively (P ˃ 0.05). The only significant difference was observed in the first and second 12 hours, and total bleeding after surgery in patients who had bleeding above 400 ml (P = 0.011, P = 0.039, P = 0.015, respectively). Conclusion: The application of topical TXA was effective in patients with high amount of hemorrhage during spine surgery for reducing the bleeding rate in the first and second 12 hours, as well as the mean total bleeding rate after surgery. It had no significant effect on total intraoperative hemorrhage, total packed cells, and total hospitalization length.

Dermoscopic evaluation of tranexamic acid versus Vitamin C, with microneedling in the treatment of melasma: a comparative, split-face, single-blinded study

Background Melasma is a complex pigmentary disorder with challenging management. Objectives Evaluation of efficacy of topical tranexamic acid (TXA) versus Vitamin C (Vit C) with microneedling (MN) in melasma therapy. Materials and methods In 30 females with melasma, after 4 weeks of using Modified Kligman’s formula, the right side of the face was treated with MN + TXA and the left with MN + Vit C for five biweekly sessions. Wood’s light, dermoscopy, Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI), MASI malar right and malar left (MASIMR and MASIML), Visual Analogue Score (VAS), and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) were evaluated at weeks 0, 4, 12, and 16. Results Both MASIMR and MASIML decreased significantly (p < .001). Both sides exhibited significant diminution in dark fine granules (p-value < .001), homogeneous pigmentation (p-value = .005) and pseudoreticular brown network (p-value = .028). However, telangiectasia significantly improved only on the TXA treated side (p = .002). DLQI improved significantly on both sides (p < .001). In some patients transformation of mixed to dermal melasma was depicted. Conclusion MN followed by Vit C or TXA is successful in melasma management, the latter being advantageous vis-a-vis dermal vascularity and epidermal pigmentation. Dermoscopic evaluation appears crucial in choosing optimum treatment in each patient.

The efficacy and safety of topical tranexamic acid (liposomal or lotion with microneedling) versus conventional hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma.

Robust evidence regarding the efficacy of topical tranexamic acid (TA) on melasma in Chinese population is lacking. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 1.8% liposomal TA and microneedling with 5% TA solution on melasma. Sixty melasma patients were enrolled and randomized to receive 1.8% liposomal TA twice daily, microneedling with 5% TA solution weekly or 2% hydroquinone every night. Objective and subjective assessments were obtained at baseline, 4, 8, and 12weeks. 27.8% of patients of liposomal TA group, 33.3% of microneedling with TA solution group, and 30.0% of hydroquinone group were recognized as "more than 50% improvement." At the endpoint, the melanin index (MI) in all treatment groups was significantly decreased, while the improvement of MI in microneedling with TA solution group and hydroquinone group is higher than liposomal TA group. The erythema index (EI) was significantly diminished in liposomal TA group and microneedling with TA solution group. Dermatoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy revealed decreased brown granules in all groups and reduced telangiectasia in liposomal TA group and microneedling with TA solution group. 1.8% liposomal TA and microneedling with 5% TA solution are both effective and safe on melasma.

Efficacy of Topical Tranexamic Acid (Cyclokapron) in "Wet" Field Infiltration with Dilute Local Anaesthetic Solutions in Plastic Surgery.

Surgical bleeding may lead to the need for blood transfusion and minimizing blood loss has been a basic principle followed by surgeons for generations. Antifibrinolytic agents are widely used to reduce perioperative haemorrhage. The present study sought to assess the efficacy of directly infiltrated tranexamic acid in ameliorating bruising in participants undergoing cosmetic plastic surgery (liposuction). The study employed a blinded, prospective, randomized, case control design. Thirty-three patients were studied. Tranexamic acid free infiltration tumescent solution (saline, bupivacaine lignocaine and adrenalin) was infiltrated to one flank of patients undergoing liposuction of flanks. The other flank was infiltrated with the same tumescent solution (saline, bupivacaine lignocaine and adrenalin) mixed with tranexamic acid (0.1%). Bruises were photographed one and seven days after surgery and measured for size. The surface area of the bruises was calculated using ImageJ software. We compared the bruised surface are between the tranexamic acid infiltrated flank and non-tranexamic acid infiltrated flank in the same patient. The model employed involved measuring the bruises on each flank of the same patient, with surgery by a single surgeon using the same infiltration and surgical techniques for both sides. The only variable was the difference in tranexamic acid concentration between study and control flanks. We found that use of tranexamic acid consistently resulted in a smaller bruise area on days one and seven after liposuction of flanks. Results were statistically significant. This is the first study examining addition of tranexamic acid to a tumescent infiltration solution-to produce a predictable local concentration of tranexamic acid-in order to maximize surgical site effect and minimize systemic effect. The authors recommend incorporation of tranexamic acid as a routine component along with adrenaline and local anaesthetics in tumescent field infiltration solution 10-15min before commencement of the cosmetic surgery. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Comparative Study of the Efficacy of Topical Tranexamic Acid with Nasal Tampon in Management of Epistaxis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Comparative Study of the Efficacy of Topical Tranexamic Acid with Nasal Tampon in Management of Epistaxis: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Clinical Efficacy of Topical Tranexamic Acid With Microneedling in Melasma.

Melasma is a common, recurrent, and refractory cause of facial pigmentation resulting in cosmetic disfigurement. Tranexamic acid (TA) has been used systemically and locally for clearance of pigmentation. To assess the clinical efficacy of topical TA (10%) with microneedling in melasma. A split face, prospective, randomized, open-label study with a sample size of 40. Left or right side of the face was chosen randomly and microneedling was done on both the sides, followed by 10% TA solution application on one side of the face (test side) and distilled water on the other side of face (control). The procedure was done at 2 weekly intervals (0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks). Clinical images were taken at each visit including modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (mMASI) scoring of each half of the face to assess the clinical response along with patient satisfaction scores and side effects. On the test side, there was 65.92% improvement in the mean mMASI score compared with 20.75% on the control side of the face at the end of 8 weeks. Tranexamic acid may be a promising therapeutic agent in melasma and the topical solution along with microneedling seems to be efficacious.