Efficacy Of Salicylic Acid Research Articles

Efficacy of Salicylic Acid in Response to Plant Stress Tolerance, Growth and Productivity: A Review

Plant stress generated by various climatic and anthropogenic activities has exacerbated the degradation of agricultural systems and productivity throughout the developmental era, and it is currently recognized as the world's most significant and possibly deadly danger impacting crop plant economic output. Nonetheless, phytohormones have been found as a potent tool for minimizing the detrimental effects of stressors in agricultural plants in a sustainable manner. Salicylic acid (SA), one of the most important phytohormones, is required for the regulation of plant growth, development, ripening, and defensive responses. A lot of interest has been generated by SA's defensive mechanism. Major agricultural crops' ability to withstand stress has been said to be much improved. SA utilization is influenced by the amount of SA applied, the application method, and the state of the plants (such as their developmental stage and level of acclimation). In this review, we have focus on the efficacy of SA on mitigating various plant biotic and abiotic stress under adverse environmental conditions and its role on plant growth, development and productivity.

Efficacy of salicylic acid in modulating physiological andbiochemical mechanisms to improve postharvest longevity in cut spikes of Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur.

Postharvest losses of cut flowers is one of the considerable challenges restricting their efficient marketability. Consequently, such challenges have triggered a constant hunt for developing compatible postharvest treatments to mitigate postharvest losses. Interestingly, recent studies entrench extensive role of salicylic acid (SA) in mitigating postharvest losses in various flower systems. The current investigation focusses on role of SA in augmenting physiological and biochemical responses to mitigate postharvest senescence in cut spikes of Consolida ajacis. The cut spikes of C. ajacis were supplemented with various SA treatments viz, 2 mM, 4 mM, 6 mM. The effects of these treatments were evaluated against control set of spikes placed in distilled water. Our study indicates considerable increment in postharvest longevity of cut spikes, besides an increase in solution uptake, sugar and protein content of tepal tissues.SA augmented antioxidant system via upsurge in phenolic content and antioxidant enzymes viz, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) to forfend reactive oxygen species (ROS) related oxidative damage. SA profoundly reduced lipoxygenase (LOX) activity to preserve the membrane integrity and thus prevented seepage of solutes from tepal tissues. These results authenticate SA particularly 4 mM concentration as effective postharvest treatment to preserve the postharvest quality of C. ajacis cut spikes.

Efficacy of Salicylic Acid as a Cofactor for Ameliorating Effects of Water Stress and Enhancing Wheat Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Saline Soil

Water stress and soil salinity have detrimental effects on crop productivity, water use efficiency as well as soil properties. In attempt to elucidate whether salicylic acid (SA) could ameliorate the detrimental effects of water stress on wheat under salt affected soil, two seasons (2015/2016 and 2016/2017) of field experiments were investigated using six combinations of two salicylic acid levels (zero and 200 ppm SA) and three irrigation treatments (50, 70 and 90% depletion of the available soil moisture). Results showed that exogenously applied SA inhibited Na uptake and stimulated N, P and K uptake under stress conditions. Under water stress, the foliar application of SA effectively increased the relative water content and proline content whilst decreased stomatal conductance compared to the untreated ones. These changes resulted in increment the yield-related traits viz., number of grains spike−1, 1000-grain weight and number of spikes m−2. Water use efficiency attained the maximal values under 50% DAM plus 200 ppm SA, which was on par with 70% DAM plus 200 ppm SA. It was concluded that the potency of SA–treated wheat crop can relatively convert used water into grain yield under water stress conditions as well–watered..

Comparison of efficacy of commercially available vs. freshly prepared salicylic acid peel in treatment of acne: a randomized open-label study

BackgroundChemical peeling is increasingly used in dermatology nowadays. Salicylic acid peels have been widely used in Asian patients since long ago, but very few published literature is there focusing on the efficacy and safety of it in Asian population. This study was planned to compare the efficacy of salicylic acid (SA) peel either commercially available or freshly prepared in treatment of acne.MethodsA prospective, randomized, open-label, parallel-group study was carried out in patients with acne. A total of 126 patients were randomized to receive 30% salicylic acid peel either commercially available (group A, n = 60) or freshly prepared (group B, n = 63). Assessment of acne lesions was done at baseline and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks. Objective assessment was carried out using total acne score and subjective assessment using visual analog scale and were compared.ResultsMean age of patients was 22.4 ± 3.1 years with female predominance. After six sessions with commercially available SA peel, reduction in average number of comedones was 88.45% (P = 0.002), in inflammatory papules 89.16% (P = 0.01), in pustules 31.47% (P = 0.06), and in nodules/cyst 50% (P = 0.5). After six sessions with freshly prepared SA peel, reduction in average number of comedones was 89% (P = 0.0001), in inflammatory papules 90.36% (P = 0.0001), in pustules 28.3% % (P = 0.05), and in nodules 96% (P = 0.05). Significant reduction of both non-inflammatory and inflammatory acne was seen in both groups (P < 0.05). Both of the agents led to a highly significant (P < 0.001) improvement in the total acne score; freshly prepared SA peel showed improvement significantly earlier at 6 weeks onwards. VAS score was significantly high for the freshly prepared SA group (P = 0.05).ConclusionThis study has shown equivalence in therapeutic efficacy of both commercially available and freshly prepared SA peels both in terms of objective and subjective assessments in acne treatment with more patient satisfaction with freshly prepared peel.

Induction of superoxide dismutase, malate dehydrogenase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase during enhancing resistance of common bean against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli by exogenous salicylic acid

Bacterial blight of common bean caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap) is one of the most devastating diseases and causes serious yield losses worldwide. To extend our understanding for the efficacy of salicylic acid (SA) as a therapeutic agent against bacterial diseases, we have studied the impact of exogenous SA treatment on disease incidence and development during the course of Xap infection. In this study, an enhanced resistance response induced by SA was detected in common bean infected with Xap. On the other hand, SA did not have direct antibacterial effect in vitro. Additionally, we examined the effects of SA on expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). SA-pretreated leaves had higher expression of MDH after Xap infection when compared with their counterparts pretreated with water (control). SA/Xap treatments showed more expression of SOD at 24, 48 and 72 h post-pathogen inoculation (hpi) compared to water/Xap samples, whereas PAL expression was significantly different only at 24 hpi. The results showed the contribution of SA as an effective resistance activator and may provide an additional approach in bacterial blight integrated diseases management programs.

Antifungal activity of salicylic acid against Penicillium expansum and its possible mechanisms of action

Apple is a fruit widely produced and consumed around the world. Blue mold (Penicillium expansum) is one of the main postharvest diseases in apples, leading to a wide use of fungicides and the search for alternative products. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of salicylic acid (SA) against P. expansum, elucidating its mechanisms of action. The antimicrobial effect was determined by exposing conidia to a 2.5mM SA solution for 0 to 120min, followed by incubation. The effect of pH on the efficacy of SA against P. expansum was assessed both in vitro and in situ. The action mechanisms were investigated through fluorescence assays, measurement of protein leakage, lipid damage, and transmission electronic microscopy. SA was capable of inhibiting 90% of the fungal germination after 30min, causing damage to the conidial plasma membrane and leading to protein leakage up to 3.2μg of soluble protein per g of mycelium. The pH of the SA solution affected the antimicrobial activity of this secondary metabolite, which inhibited the germination of P. expansum and the blue mold incidence in apples in solutions with pH≤3 by 100%, gradually losing its activity at higher pH.

Salicylic acid: old and new implications for the treatment of type 2 diabetes?

Efficacy of salicylic acid as a treatment for diabetes was first established well over a century ago. Antihyperglycaemic effects are thought to include improved peripheral insulin sensitivity and suppression of hepatic glucose production. For most of this period, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects have been poorly understood and these are still a focus of considerable research, which is reviewed here. Antihyperglycaemic effects are observed only at much higher concentrations than analgesic, antipyretic and antithrombotic properties, suggesting that different targets underlie the antidiabetic aspects of salicylate pharmacology. In the 1950s, antihyperglycaemic responses were linked to mitochondrial uncoupling effects of the drug. Then at the beginning of this century, antihyperglycaemic effects were linked to anti-inflammatory effects of the drug on NF-κB signalling. More recently, new work suggests that direct activation of AMPK may contribute to antihyperglycaemic/antihyperlipidemic actions of salicylates. Better understanding of the mechanism of salicylate’s anthyperglycaemic effects may ultimately accelerate the development of new drugs for human use.

Effect of compound flumetasone ointment on transepidermal water loss and its clinical application in patients with atopic dermatitis

Objective To evaluate the effect of salicylic acid on skin barrier function and the efficacy of salicylic acid combined with flumetasone ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD).Methods Sixtyfour patients with AD (including 31 males and 33 females) aged 18 to 58 years were recruited into the present study.Four lesional areas of similar size and severity were selected at the similar body sites of both sides of each patient,and randomly classified into four groups to be topically treated with compound flumetasone ointment (containing 0.02％ flumetasone and 3％ salicylic acid,compound flumetasone group),flumetasone 0.02％ ointment (flumetasone group),salicylic acid 3％ ointment (salicylic acid group) and vehicle (control group),respectively;two normal skin areas were chosen from apparently normal skin on the similar body sites of both sides of each patient and topically treated with salicylic acid 3％ ointment (salicylic acid group) and vehicle (control group) respectively.All of these preparations were applied twice a day for 3 weeks.Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured by a Tewameter MPA580 (Courage & Khazaka,Germany) at the baseline as well as on week 1,2 and 3 after initiation of treatment.Symptom and sign scores were evaluated before and after the treatment.Meanwhile,two normal skin areas were selected on bilateral forearm of 30 healthy controls and treated with 3％ salicylic acid ointment (salicylic acid group) and vehicle (control group) respectively twice a day for 3 weeks,and TEWL was measured before treatment as well as on week 1 and 3 after initiation of treatment.Results In the healthy controls,TEWL value showed no significant difference between the salicylic acid group and control group at any of these time points.As far as the lesional skin was concerned,no statistical difference was observed in TEWL value at the baseline between the four groups ((34.26 ± 20.82) vs.(33.02 ±16.71) vs.(34.16 ± 18.03) vs.(33.81 ± 17.11) g· m-2· h-1,P ＞ 0.05),but significant difference was noted after treatment (repeated measurement data analysis of variance,F =39.57,P ＜0.01),with the TEWL value being (22.38 ± 16.16),(17.04 ± 12.74),and (15.34 ± 13.13) g·m-2·h-1 respectively in the compound flumetasone group on week 1,2 and 3,(24.63 ± 17.08),(20.37 ± 9.53),(19.06 ± 9.17) g·m-2·h-1 respectively in the flumetasone group,(26.49 ± 8.59),(21.91 ± 8.46),(21.20 ± 9.38) g·m-2·h-1 respectively in the salicylic acid group,and (29.80 ± 12.48),(26.16 ± 8.31),(25.52 ± 6.05) g·m-2·h-1 respectively in the control group.In detail,the decrease in TEWL value was stronger in the compound flumetasone group than in the flumetasone group on week 1,2,and 3 (all P ＜0.05),in the salicylic acid group than in the control group (P ＜0.05 or 0.01),but similar between the flumetasone group and salicylic acid group.In non-lesional skin,the salicylic acid group showed a more intense decrease in TEWL value compared with the control group on week 2 and 3 (both P ＜0.05).Both the cure rate and response rate were significantly higher in the compound flumetasone group than in the flumetasone group (53.1％ vs.34.4％,x2 =4.57,P＜0.05;83.1％ vs.64.1％,x2 =6.90,P＜0.01).Conclusions The salicylic acid 3％ ointment shows a reparative effect on skin barrier in patients with AD,and the compound flumetasone ointment is superior to the flumetasone ointment in the treatment of AD. Key words: Dermatitis, atopic; Skin barrier; Salicylic acid; Flumethasone

Effect of Salicylic Acid on Growth and Seed Filling in Indian Mustard (Brassica junceaL.) under High Temperature Stress.

Field studies were conducted on an assembly of 25 Indian mustard genotypes to test the efficacy of salicylic acid (SA) on yield attributes, seed filling and seed yield and further to visualize the extent of genotypic variations in mitigating the yield losses with SA due to terminal heat stress under late sown conditions. Foliar application of SA improved growth parameters and yield attributes particularly number of siliqua on main shoot and siliqua length. Total number of seeds per siliqua improved by 3.2% and fully developed seeds by 2.5% over the unsprayed control. The impact of SA was significant on seed filling. Genotypic variations existed for shriveled seeds, seed weight and seed yield. Percentage of shriveled seeds declined and fully developed seeds increased in RGN-145 and RH-0116 increasing seed yield and HI, indicating effective assimilate partitioning. Salicylic acid improved biomass in 10 genotypes, seed yield in 8 genotypes and seed weight in 5 genotypes of Indian mustard. SA spray increased 1000 seed weight in NRCDR-2, Varuna and RH-10 than the others genotypes. RB-10 and NPJ-93 followed by CS-1900-2 registered higher seed yield with SA during the two years of study.

Aspirin versus the non-acetylated salicylates

Bitter im Mund, gesund im Korper German proverb (Strauss, 1968) Historically, it was salicylate--as the acid, sodium salt, aldehyde alcohol or glucoside--that found application in the treatment of rheumatic conditions (for review see Rainsford, 1984). These forms were present in plant-derived extracts which were employed from ancient times until the middle of the last century. With the development of organic chemistry in Germany and France at that time came first the purified compounds, then later synthetic methods (chiefly the Kolbe and Lautermann procedure) for the synthesis of salicylic acid. While no clinical trials of the type and standard employed today were then undertaken to establish the efficacy of salicylic acid or its salts (collectively salicylates) in the relief of pain and soft tissue swelling in various rheumatic conditions, the mere fact that salicylates found such wide use and acceptance in the treatment of rheumatic fever, gout and other arthritides in the latter part of the last century is evidence of a kind for their efficacy. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) really only came into popular use through (a) recognition of the need to obtain a drug which was more palatable and less upsetting to the gastrointestinal tract than sodium salicylate, (b) the powerful competitive forces operating at the time, and (c) clever marketing approaches (Rainsford, 1984). Evidence supporting claims for the reduced gastric irritancy of aspirin over salicylate were initially based on a series of cleverly contrived experiments notably featuring a model of epithelial injury in fish tails immersed into acidic solutions of the two drugs (Rainsford, 1984). The biological relevance of this model with respect to mucosal injury in the gastrointestinal tract must be considered remote, let alone the deductive reasoning for the lack of injury from aspirin (Rainsford, 1984). These and other earlier studies were the basis upon which the marketing of aspirin and especially its claims for superiority over salicylate were based. In contrast, it was less than a decade after aspirin was introduced that the first reports of gastric ulceration in dogs appeared (Chistoni and Lapresa, 1909). This was followed in 1912 by reports of 'gastralgia' from aspirin in