Efficacy Of Emamectin Benzoate Research Articles

Efficacy of Emamectin benzoate, Spinosad and Tolfenpyrad on Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) infesting a tomato crop under geothermal greenhouses in Southern Tunisia

The tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is considered one of the most devastating pests of tomato crops in geothermal greenhouses. It leads to crop losses reaching 100% among farmers and major tomato exporters. In this research, three insecticides, Emamectin benzoate, Spinosad and Tolfenpyrad were evaluated for their efficacy in the control of T. absoluta larvae in heated greenhouses. These three treatments resulted in a significant reduction in the number of T. absoluta larvae compared to an untreated control. The Emamectin Benzoate, Spinosad and Tolfenpyrad used were effective in controlling this leafminer with efficacy percentages above 60% against young larvae and above 50% against old larvae.

Efficacy of emamectin benzoate in controlling natural infestations of ectoparasites in economically important fish species of India

Efficacy of in-feed administration of emamectin benzoate (EMB) was evaluated in commercial culture farms of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer), grey mullet (Mugil cephalus), pearlspot (Etroplus suratensis), Indian major carp (Labeo rohita), goldfish (Carassius auratus) and koi carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) in different parts of India. Fish naturally infested with Caligus minimus, Argulus quadristriatus, Argulus siamensis, Lernanthropsis mugilii and Lernaea cyprinacea were administered medicated feed for 7–10 consecutive days (@ 50 μg kg−1 body weight day−1). Efficacy of the treatment was monitored by recording the parasitic intensity (PI). The study revealed PI was zero on head and gills within four days while parasites remained on trunk and fins till six days both in seabass and pearlspot. However, zero PI was achieved on 6th day on head and gills, and on 8th day on trunk and fins in seabass and Indian major carp. Treatment with EMB for seven days was effective against C. minimus, A. quadristriatus, A. siamensis and L. mugilii in E. suratensis, L. calcarifer, L. rohita and M. cephalus, respectively while L. cyprinacea infestation in seabass, goldfish and koi carp needed an extended treatment up to 10 days. In all the cases no recurrence was observed for 60 days post medication. Study revealed that there is a need for integrated pest management (IPM) program for effective prevention and control of parasitic infestation in commercially important food and ornamental fish cultures.

Tolerance and Efficacy of Emamectin Benzoate and Ivermectin for the Treatment of Pseudocapillaria tomentosa in Laboratory Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Tolerance of adult zebrafish and efficacy of emamectin benzoate and ivermectin in eliminating Pseudocapillaria tomentosa infection were evaluated. In the tolerance study, behavioral changes, fecundity, histopathology, and mortality were evaluated for in-feed administration of emamectin (0.05, 0.10, and 0.25 mg/kg) and ivermectin (0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg). All doses of emamectin were well tolerated. Ivermectin 0.05 mg/kg administration resulted in mild behavioral changes and a transient decrease in fecundity. Ivermectin 0.10 mg/kg administration resulted in severe behavioral changes and some mortality. In the efficacy study, emamectin (0.05 and 0.25 mg/kg) and ivermectin (0.05 mg/kg) were evaluated for their efficacy in eliminating P. tomentosa infection. Emamectin reduced parasite burden in infected zebrafish, and ivermectin eliminated intestinal nematode infections. Despite a small margin of safety, ivermectin 0.05 mg/kg was effective at eliminating P. tomentosa infection in adult zebrafish. Higher doses or a longer course of treatment may be needed for complete elimination of P. tomentosa infection using emamectin. In this study, we propose two possible treatments for intestinal nematode infections in zebrafish.

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The efficacy of emamectin benzoate with ultraviolet (UV) protectant at different doses was compared with the emamectin benzoate for the control of codling moth on the apple trees at EÄŸirdir/Isparta and Çivril/Denizli during 2012. The types of treatments were control (water), the highest concentration of emamectin benzoate (0.20 g L-1) and different doses (0.12, 0.15, 0.17 and 0.20 g L-1) of emamectin benzoate with UV protectant. Emamectin benzoate with UV protectant preparation showed 56.71, 79.69, 84.12 and 95.07% effects at 0.12, 0.15, 0.17 and 0.20 gL-1, respectively in EÄŸirdir/Isparta as compared to 40.50% emamectin benzoate application showed effect at 0.20 gL-1. In control plots, 15.17% damaged fruits were determined. Fruit damage in control plots was statistically significant from the treatment plots. In Çivril/Denizli, effects of emamectin benzoate with UV protectant preparation at 0.12, 0.15, 0.17 and 0.20 gL-1 concentration were observed as 69.45, 92.78, 95.34 and 96.44%, respectively. Effect of emamectin benzoate at 0.20 gL-1dose was determined as 65.97%. In control plots, 37.81% damaged fruits were determined and fruit damage in control plots was statistically significant from the treatment plots. The results of this study showed emamectin benzoate with UV protectant preparation was more effective at lower dosage than the highest concentration of emamectin benzoate preparation.   Key words: Ultraviolet (UV) protectant, emamectin benzoate, codling moth, dosage

Efficacy of emamectin benzoate in the control of Caligus rogercresseyi on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Chile from 2006 to 2007

Caligus royercresseyi (Boxshall and Bravo, 2000) has been one of the greatest challenges for the salmon farming industry in Chile since 1997. A field study was carried out in four areas of Region X in the period 2006–2007 to obtain information about the efficacy of emamectin benzoate in the control of C. rogercresseyi in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), one of the susceptible salmon species reared in Chile. The results obtained in this study show that the differences observed in the values of prevalence and abundance between the four areas in Region X were mainly caused by the oceanographic conditions and not as a consequence of the number of treatments with emamectin benzoate applied in the period of study, which on average ranged between 8 and 14 treatments by area.

Photodegradation of emamectin benzoate and its influence on efficacy against the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis

Emamectin benzoate, a novel insecticide with characteristics of translaminar movement into plant leaf tissue, was derived from the avermectin family with improved thermal stability, greater water solubility and a broader spectrum of insecticidal activity than avermectin. To quantify UV photodegradation of emamectin benzoate, HPLC analysis was conducted to quantify residues of MAB1a, the major component in emamectin benzoate, after exposure to UV light for different lengths of time. Results showed both MAB1a concentration and length of UV light exposure (0–120 h) had significant impacts on photodegradation rate. The degradation rate increased as exposure duration increased, but decreased as initial MAB1a concentration increased. Four UV protectants, kojic acid, sodium ligninsulfonate, soybean lecithin and milk, were evaluated for their effect on UV degradation. Results showed that kojic acid could effectively reduce the photodegradation of MAB1a. In addition, the photodegradation of emamectin benzoate was also examined for its influence on the efficacy against the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. The results of the bioassays were consistent with those of HPLC analysis. The initial concentration of emamectin benzoate and exposure duration to UV light both had significant influences on the efficacy against C. suppressalis. As the UV exposure time increased, the efficacy of emamectin benzoate against C. suppressalis decreased. The results indicated that UV photodegradation has a significant effect on the efficacy of emamectin benzoate against C. suppressalis and the effect is concentration-dependant. In addition to understanding the critical factor of UV exposure length, this study also showed that maintaining emamectin benzoate concentration above a certain level in the formulation and the application solution, and applying UV protectants may reduce photodegradation and increase efficacy against target pests.

The efficacy of emamectin benzoate against infestations of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in British Columbia

Journal of Fish DiseasesVolume 33, Issue 11 p. 913-917 The efficacy of emamectin benzoate against infestations of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in British Columbia S M Saksida, S M Saksida British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorD Morrison, D Morrison Marine Harvest Canada, Campbell River, BC, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorC W Revie, C W Revie University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, CanadaSearch for more papers by this author S M Saksida, S M Saksida British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorD Morrison, D Morrison Marine Harvest Canada, Campbell River, BC, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorC W Revie, C W Revie University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, CanadaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 October 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01192.xCitations: 29 S M Saksida, British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, PO Box 277 Island Highway, Campbell River, BC, Canada V9W 2P0 (e-mail: sonja.saksida@cahs-bc.ca) Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume33, Issue11November 2010Pages 913-917 RelatedInformation

The Efficacy of Emamectin Benzoate against Infestations of Lepeophtheirus salmonis on Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L) in Scotland, 2002–2006

BackgroundInfestations of the parasitic copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis, commonly referred to as sea lice, represent a major challenge to commercial salmon aquaculture. Dependence on a limited number of theraputants to control such infestations has led to concerns of reduced sensitivity in some sea lice populations. This study investigates trends in the efficacy of the in-feed treatment emamectin benzoate in Scotland, the active ingredient most widely used across all salmon producing regions.Methodology/Principal FindingsStudy data were drawn from over 50 commercial Atlantic salmon farms on the west coast of Scotland between 2002 and 2006. An epi-informatics approach was adopted whereby available farm records, descriptive epidemiological summaries and statistical linear modelling methods were used to identify factors that significantly affect sea lice abundance following treatment with emamectin benzoate (SLICE®, Schering Plough Animal Health). The results show that although sea lice infestations are reduced following the application of emamectin benzoate, not all treatments are effective. Specifically there is evidence of variation across geographical regions and a reduction in efficacy over time.Conclusions/SignificanceReduced sensitivity and potential resistance to currently available medicines are constant threats to maintaining control of sea lice populations on Atlantic salmon farms. There is a need for on-going monitoring of emamectin benzoate treatment efficacy together with reasons for any apparent reduction in performance. In addition, strategic rotation of medicines should be encouraged and empirical evidence for the benefit of such strategies more fully evaluated.

Efficacy of emamectin benzoate against sea lice infestations of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.: evaluation in the absence of an untreated contemporary control

The efficacy of emamectin benzoate (SLICE) against sea lice infestations of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., is typically assessed using untreated fish, or fish treated with alternative therapeutants, as controls. The State of Maine, USA, is currently under active management for the OIE-notifiable pathogen, infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV); consequently, neither control group is feasible in this region. Untreated salmon risk extensive damage from the ectoparasites, and threaten to increase vector-borne exposure or susceptibility of farms to ISAV; and the only treatment presently available in Maine is SLICE. However, because sea lice infestations are unlikely to resolve spontaneously, and response to treatment occurs within weeks, use of a pretreatment baseline is a reasonable alternative for confirmatory studies. We evaluated SLICE efficacy on Atlantic salmon farms in Cobscook Bay 2002-2005, in the absence of untreated controls, using pretreatment lice loads as a reference for calculation. Maximum efficacy ranged from 68% to 100% reduction from initial levels. Time-to-maximum efficacy ranged from 1 to 8 weeks after treatment initiation. Efficacy duration, measured between first reduction and first progressive rise in counts, ranged from 4 to 16 weeks.

The efficacy of emamectin benzoate as an oral treatment of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (KrÒyer), infestations in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

The efficacy of emamectin benzoate as an oral treatment of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (KrÒyer), infestations in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was evaluated in a dose titration study and two dose confirmation studies. Replicated groups of salmon with induced infestations of sea lice were given emamectin benzoate on pelleted feed at doses of 0, 25, 50 and 100 μg kg−1 biomass day−1 for seven consecutive days. Sea lice were counted at 7, 14 and 21 days from the start of treatment, and comparisons made with control fish given the same diet without emamectin benzoate. Total numbers of sea lice were significantly reduced at all doses in all three studies when compared to control fish. There was no significant difference between doses of 50 and 100 μg kg−1, but the 50 μg kg−1 dose resulted in significantly fewer lice than the 25 μg kg−1 dose. Emamectin benzoate was highly effective in reducing numbers of preadult and adult lice and prevented the maturation of chalimus to motile stages. The optimum therapeutic dose was selected as 50 μg kg−1 day−1 for seven days. Treatment reduced the incidence of epidermal damage by sea lice and, in one study, survival of treated fish was 48% higher than in control groups. No fish mortalities or adverse effects were attributed to treatment with emamectin benzoate at any of the doses tested.

Efficacy of emamectin Benzoate and Bacillus thuringiensis at Controlling Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Populations on Cabbage in Florida

Emamectin benzoate (MK-244; Merck & Co., Rahway, NJ), used alone and alternated with Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) ssp. aizawai (Bta), Bta alone, and B. thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki (Btk) alone, were evaluated for control of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), in head cabbage at three locations in Florida. Additional treatments unique to each location were also evaluated. Emamectin benzoate alone, Bta alone, emamectin benzoate alternated with Bta, and mevinphos were shown to be effective. Btk was less efficacious than Bta at two locations.