Efficacy Of Different Drugs Research Articles

Modeling transmission mechanism to infer treatment efficacy of different drugs and combination therapy against Trichuris trichiura

Trichuris trichiura is one of four soil-transmitted helminth species that, collectively, are responsible for a considerable public health burden. The World Health Organization recommends preventive chemotherapy as the main intervention to eliminate soil-transmitted helminthiasis as a public health problem. Clinical trials estimated the efficacy of different drugs and treatment regimen against T. trichiura and other soil-transmitted helminth species, whilst meta-analyses and modeling efforts were conducted to determine the most efficacious drugs and drug combinations. Of note, the diagnostic error was often neglected, and hence, cure rates (CRs) might be overestimated. We developed a Bayesian model, which estimates drug efficacy against T. trichiura, taking into account the transmission mechanism and the diagnostic error. The model was fitted to individual-level egg count data from an ensemble of seven trials with 29 treatments. We estimated the ‘true’ CRs, which were consistently lower than those reported in the literature. In our analysis, the treatment with the highest CR was combination therapy of albendazole plus pyrantel pamoate plus oxantel pamoate with a CR of 79% and an egg reduction rate (ERR) of 91%. Albendazole plus oxantel pamoate showed the highest ERR of 97% and a CR of 69%. Additionally, we estimated the intensity-dependent sensitivity of the Kato-Katz technique. For 24 eggs per gram of stool, the sensitivity was around 50% for a single Kato-Katz thick smear and increased to almost 70% for duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears. Combination therapies against soil-transmitted helminthiasis should be considered and the evaluation of infection intensity in low transmission settings via multiple Kato-Katz thick smears is recommended.

Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for liver fibrosis need "partner": Results based on a meta-analysis of preclinical studies.

The efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in treating liver fibrosis has been demonstrated in several clinical studies. However, their low survival and liver implantation rates remain problematic. In recent years, a large number of studies in animal models of liver fibrosis have shown that MSCs combined with drugs can improve the efficacy of MSCs in the treatment of liver fibrosis alone and inhibit its progression to end-stage liver disease. This has inspired new ways of thinking about treating liver fibrosis. To investigate the effectiveness and mechanisms of MSCs combined with drugs in treating liver fibrosis. Data sources included four electronic databases and were constructed until January 2024. The subjects, interventions, comparators, outcomes, and study design principle were used to screen the literature, and the quality of the literature was evaluated to assess the risk of bias. Relevant randomised controlled trials were selected, and the final 13 studies were included in the final study. A total of 13 studies were included after screening. Pooled analysis showed that MSCs combined with drug therapy significantly improved liver function, promoted the repair of damaged liver tissues, reduced the level of liver fibrosis-related indexes, and effectively ameliorated hepatic fibrosis by modulating the hepatic inflammatory microenvironment, promoting the homing of MSCs, and regulating the relevant signaling pathways, and the treatment efficacy was superior to MSCs alone. However, the combined treatment statistics showed no ame-lioration in serum albumin levels (standardized mean difference = 0.77, 95% confidence interval: -0.13 to 1.68, P = 0.09). In conclusion, MSCs combined with drugs for treating liver fibrosis effectively make up for the shortcomings of MSCs in their therapeutic effects. However, due to the different drugs, the treatment mechanism and effect also differ. Therefore, more randomized controlled trials are needed to compare the therapeutic efficacy of different drugs in combination with MSCs, aiming to select the "best companion" of MSCs in treating hepatic fibrosis.

Effects of different drugs in combination with PKP/PVP on postoperative pain in patients with osteoporotic compression fractures: a network meta-analysis.

This study was designed to evaluate the postoperative pain effect and clinical efficacy of different drugs combined with PKP or PVP in treating osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs) through a systematic review and network meta-analysis. We searched five electronic databases, namely, MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials online, for the treatment of OVCFs through March 2023 with keywords zoledronic acid (ZOL), teriparatide (TPTD or PTH 1-34), and calcitonin (CT) combined with PKP/PVP. The visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were the primary outcomes of the network meta-analysis, and the secondary outcome was the diagnostic marker bone mineral density (BMD). Eighteen studies involving 2,374 patients were included in this study. The network meta-analysis revealed that, in terms of reducing VAS scores, compared with PVP surgery alone, PVP combined with TPTD was most likely to be the treatment associated with the greatest pain relief [MD = -4.99, 95% CI = (-7.45, -2.52)]. In terms of reducing the ODI dysfunction score, compared with PKP combined with Cal, PKP combined with ZOL had the highest probability of being the best treatment option [MD = -9.11, 95% CI = (-14.27, -3.95)]. In terms of protecting against bone density loss, compared with PKP surgery alone, treatment with PKP combined with ZOL had the best effect [MD = 0.39, 95% CI = (0.13,0.65)]. Based on the network meta-analysis and SUCRA rankings, this study concluded that adding teriparatide has the advantage of reducing VAS pain scores compared with PVP alone and that adding zoledronate is a more effective treatment for reducing ODI scores compared with PKP combined with Cal and preserving BMD compared with PKP alone. However, additional high-quality studies are needed to verify our findings. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=358445, identifier CRD42022358445.

A retrospective study of prognostic factors and treatment outcome in advanced-stage Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome

ABSTRACT Background: Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary Syndrome (SS) comprise over half of all Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma diagnoses. Current risk stratification is largely based on TNMB staging, few research investigated the prognostic value of clinical exams. Current systemic therapy for advanced disease includes immunomodulatory drugs, chemotherapy, and HADC inhibitors. Few clinical trials or retrospective research compared the efficacy of different drugs. Method: Here, we performed a retrospective analysis of prognostic factors and treatment outcomes of 92 patients diagnosed with MF/SS at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 2013-2023. Results: Cox regression analysis identified that age ≥ 50 years, WBC ≥ 8 × 109/L, serum LDH ≥ 250U/L, β2-MG ≥ 4.50 mg/L, and stage IV were associated with reduced overall survival, age ≥ 50 years, serum LDH ≥ 250U/L and stage IV were associated with reduced progression free survival. Kaplan-Meier analysis established that immunomodulatory therapy was associated with longer progression free survival. Conclusion: These results suggested new factors in predicting prognosis and selecting appropriate treatments in patients with advanced MF/SS.

Targeted therapy for capillary-venous malformations

Sporadic venous malformations are genetic conditions primarily caused by somatic gain-of-function mutation of PIK3CA or TEK, an endothelial transmembrane receptor signaling through PIK3CA. Venous malformations are associated with pain, bleedings, thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, esthetic deformities and, in severe cases, life-threatening situations. No authorized medical treatment exists for patients with venous malformations. Here, we created a genetic mouse model of PIK3CA-related capillary venous malformations that replicates patient phenotypes. We showed that these malformations only partially signal through AKT proteins. We compared the efficacy of different drugs, including rapamycin, a mTORC1 inhibitor, miransertib, an AKT inhibitor and alpelisib, a PI3Kα inhibitor at improving the lesions seen in the mouse model. We demonstrated the effectiveness of alpelisib in preventing vascular malformations’ occurrence, improving the already established ones, and prolonging survival. Considering these findings, we were authorized to treat 25 patients with alpelisib, including 7 children displaying PIK3CA (n = 16) or TEK (n = 9)-related capillary venous malformations resistant to usual therapies including sirolimus, debulking surgical procedures or percutaneous sclerotherapies. We assessed the volume of vascular malformations using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for each patient. Alpelisib demonstrated improvement in all 25 patients. Vascular malformations previously considered intractable were reduced and clinical symptoms were attenuated. MRI showed a decrease of 33.4% and 27.8% in the median volume of PIK3CA and TEK malformations respectively, over 6 months on alpelisib. In conclusion, this study supports PI3Kα inhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy in patients with PIK3CA or TEK-related capillary venous malformations.

Current Understanding of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder and Co-occurring Conditions: What Clinicians Should Know about Pharmacological Options.

Compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) has recently been recognized as a psychiatric disorder. Pharmacological treatments for CSBD have received little study and thus have limited empirical support. The main objective of the present work is to review existing literature on the efficacy of different drugs on the symptomatology of CSBD, including the subtype of problematic pornography use (PPU). The main pharmacological approaches to treating CSBD have included opioid antagonists (naltrexone and nalmefene), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (paroxetine, citalopram, fluoxetine, and sertraline), mood stabilizers (topiramate), tricyclic antidepressants (clomipramine), serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (nefazodone), and N-acetylcysteine. Since people with CSBD may experience different co-occurring disorders, these should be considered when choosing the best pharmacological treatment. Pharmacological therapy for CSBD/PPU has been suggested as an adjunct to psychological therapies, which, for the moment, have the most empirical evidence. However, to evaluate the efficacy of most of the drugs presented in this narrative review, data to date have only been available from case studies. Thus, empirical support is scant and generalizability of results is limited, highlighting the need for more research in this area.

Comparative Efficacy of Different Drugs for the Treatment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.

At present, the therapies of dilated cardiomyopathy concentrated on the symptoms of heart failure and related complications. The study is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a combination of various conventional and adjuvant drugs in treating dilated cardiomyopathy via network meta-analysis. The study was reported according to the PRISMA 2020 statement. From inception through 27 June 2022, the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, and Web of Science databases were searched for randomized controlled trials on medicines for treating dilated cardiomyopathy. The quality of the included studies was evaluated according to the Cochrane risk of bias assessment. R4.1.3 and Revman5.3 software were used for analysis. There were 52 randomized controlled trials in this study, with a total of 25 medications and a sample size of 3048 cases. The network meta-analysis found that carvedilol, verapamil, and trimetazidine were the top three medicines for improving left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Ivabradine, bucindolol, and verapamil were the top 3 drugs for improving left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD). Ivabradine, L-thyroxine, and atorvastatin were the top 3 drugs for improving left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD). Trimetazidine, pentoxifylline, and bucindolol were the top 3 drugs for improving the New York Heart Association classification (NYHA) cardiac function score. Ivabradine, carvedilol, and bucindolol were the top 3 drugs for reducing heart rate (HR). A combination of different medications and conventional therapy may increase the clinical effectiveness of treating dilated cardiomyopathy. Beta-blockers, especially carvedilol, can improve ventricular remodeling, cardiac function, and clinical efficacy in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Hence, they can be used if patients tolerate them. If LVEF and HR do not meet the standard, ivabradine can also be used in combination with other treatments. However, since the quality and number of studies in our research were limited, large sample size, multi-center, and high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to corroborate our findings.

Investigation of the effectiveness of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in experimental colorectal peritoneal metastasis model.

In our study, we aimed to (1) create a peritoneal metastasis (PM) model in nude mice, administer intraperitoneal chemotherapy using the peritoneal infusion pump we developed in this model, and (2) compare the efficacy of intraperitoneal chemotherapy using various drugs at different temperatures. The peritoneal metastasis model was established in nude mice using the CC531 colon carcinoma cell line. Models with peritoneal metastasis (PM) were randomized into four groups of seven animals each: Group 1, control group (n=7); Group 2, normothermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (NIPEC) with mitomycin C(MMC) (n=7); Group 3, hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) with mitomycin C (n=7), and Group 4, NIPEC with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Tumor development was achieved in all animals. While the tumor burden decreased significantly in the treatment Group 3 (p=0.034), no significant difference was found in the other groups. In the PM mouse model, hyperthermic intraperitoneal administration of MMC had the highest tumoricidal effect. Our PM model provided a good opportunity to examine the efficacy of HIPEC and intraperitoneal infusion pump (IPIP). In future studies, we plan to evaluate efficacies of different drugs in the PM models we have created.

Neuroprotective agents in acute ischemic stroke

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is the leading cause of disability and one of the top causes of mortality worldwide. The current standard of care is reperfusion therapy including intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and thrombectomy. However, these treatments have limitations as they have a limited therapeutic window. Hence, there is a vital need to develop neuroprotective agents to prevent brain injury, extend the reperfusion window, improve mortality, and reduce disability in AIS patients. Neuroprotective agents work by counteracting the detrimental biochemical and molecular events that result in irreversible ischemic damage. Numerous preclinical studies and clinical trials have been done on different agents. Thus far, all have been definitively unsuccessful in large trials. Currently, there are several challenges in translation from animal studies to human trials. It is important to understand the current evidence as well as past challenges in the development of neuroprotective strategies in AIS in order for a more strategic selection of agents to be studied, improve study designs and thus contribute to the development of effective neuroprotective agents. Newer agents have shown promise in neuroprotection, and human trials are ongoing. In this review, the mechanisms of action of different families of neuroprotective agents were discussed. The evidence for the efficacy of different drugs in each family of neuroprotective agents was also evaluated and the current research landscape in neuroprotection for AIS was summarized. The past challenges and limitations in clinical trials and proposed possible ways to address these issues were highlighted.

Pharmacotherapy for improving postoperative sleep quality: a protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis

IntroductionImproving the quality of sleep may promote enhanced recovery in surgical patients. In addition to controversial or conflicting study conclusions, the current clinical studies on pharmacotherapy for improving postoperative sleep...

Evaluating the pharmacodynamic effects of padsevonil in healthy volunteers using simultaneous [11C]-UCB-J PET and MR Arterial Spin Labeling measurements

IntroductionIntegrated PET-MR scanners can measure simultaneously tracer binding, downstream cerebral blood flow (CBF) and neuronal activation. An integrated GE Signa PET-MR system was used to combine [11C]-UCB-J PET scanning with MR Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) measurements to evaluate the effects of padsevonil (PSL) on SV2A occupancy and CBF simultaneously. MethodsPET-MR scanning was performed in 10 healthy controls (8M/2F; 27.6 ​± ​10.0 ​yrs) at baseline, and at two timepoints (post1: 2−24h and post2: 6−30h) after administration of a single PSL dose (6.2−100 ​mg). Dynamic [11C]-UCB-J PET scanning with arterial blood sampling was performed to estimate distribution volumes and corresponding SV2A occupancies. Simultaneously, MR ASL data were acquired and spatially normalized to Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) space for voxel wise analysis while brain Volume-Of-Interest (VOI) were defined using a simplified Hammers atlas. ResultsPET measurements showed a SV2A occupancy range of 57–98% and 16−63% and a corresponding PSL plasma concentration range of 3.6–189.23 ​ng/mL and 1.3–9.8 ​ng/mL for post1 and post2, respectively. When comparing post1 to baseline ASL measurements, a VOI-based analysis detected a significant CBF decrease in thalamus, insula, cerebellum, posterior cingulate cortex, and brain stem, which was confirmed by a voxel-wise analysis comparing baseline and post1 ASL measurements and identifying significantly different clusters covering the same brain regions. In addition, we demonstrated CBF recovery in these brain regions for the post2 ASL measurements compared to baseline measurements. For the thalamus, a VOI-based correlation analysis detected a significant correlation between PSL plasma concentration and CBF decrease relative to baseline conditions. DiscussionA pattern of local and dose dependent CBF decrease was demonstrated following PSL administration. More generally, these findings present the potential of simultaneous PET and ASL measurements to follow the time course of drug effects and to differentiate between the efficacy of different drugs in patient groups.

A molecular docking-based comparative assessment of various anticholinergic drugs as antidotes to different nerve agent poisoning

Nerve agent poisoning is still a threat to civilization. Nerve agents function by binding with the enzyme acetylcholinesterase irreversibly. Accumulation of acetylcholine in the synapse causes over-stimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors. Thus miosis, glandular hyper secretion, bronchoconstriction, vomiting, diarrhea and bradycardia occurs (by M1-M5 receptors stimulation); whereas convulsion and seizures occur due to the nicotinic receptors. Atropine is a non-selective muscarinic antagonists but no nicotinic antagonists are known. Seizures are controlled by diazepam. Enzyme aging occurs without treatment which causes the enzyme resistant to oxime therapy. Though numerous wet-lab based works has carried out, however, recent time there is an over-growing trend to make comparative assessment of drugs and toxicants. Here we made a molecular docking based comparative assessments between nerve agents toxicity and efficacy of different drugs to prevent this toxicity. Our results suggest that VX is the most harmful organophosphate nerve agents and HI-6 is the best drug followed by Obidoxime and Pralidoxime to free acetylcholinestarase. Docking results correspond the data trend of different in vivo experiments for the assessment of severity of different nerve agents and/or effectiveness of different antidote drugs. Our study reinforces the utility of pretreatment of the enzyme with a carbamic acid derivative like Pyridostigmine bromide which inhibits the enzyme reversibly to a smaller extent and thus, prevent the enzyme from aging and the nerve agent binding. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Curcumin Extract Loaded with Chitosan Nanocomposite for Cancer Treatment

Cancer has become the root of problems in this era especially during this modern medicine time and because of that anticancer treatment had been developed to cure the patient suffering from this disease and for that an adoption of curcumin extract becomes a great deal of interest because of its anticancer properties. A recent study had been done aimed at determining the potential anticancer properties by chitosan in nanoparticle form. Furthermore, curcumin's weak water solubility enables it to accumulate in high concentrations, lowering its permeability to the cell. Curcumin is reduced via a variety of methods. With improving medicinal and research capabilities, nowadays the nano-pharmaceutics became an important field of science to develop an improve efficacy of different drugs specifically that target cancer diseases. In the present review, we focus on the plant extract of curcumin from Curcuma Longa plant and chitosan which derived from chitin in the exoskeletons of crustaceans which then be encapsulated into a nanocarrier formulation that can overcome this cancer. Thus, curcumin's potential preventative and therapeutic applications, as well as several forms of bio-nanocarriers that can be employed to effectively deliver curcumin to various target areas, will be reviewed.

Efficacy of Different Drugs Used in COVID Patients in Bangladesh

Background: COVID 19 era is continuing globally even one and half years of turning out and claiming lives and startled with newly emerged variants. Many studies regarding COVID 19 treatment were published but some options were beneficiary in early stage and later were contradictory to apply it, making clinicians to dim. So this study was carried out reveal potential efficacy of commonly prescribed regimen in COVID unit. Materials and methods: This observational study conducted in three dedicated COVID hospital in Chattogram, Bangladesh. Total 209 cases with RT-PCR positive and symptomatic cases with RT-PCR negative subjects were enrolled in this study. Results: Half of the patients 53% (n=111) who got antiviral remdisivir, 53.6% n=103 were improved, 46.7% n=7 was died and p value < 0.01,comparing to 28.2% (n=59) got favipiravir in whom, 27.6% n=53 were improved, 40% n=6 was died. 16.3% (n=34) patient got Tocilizumab, in whom 73.52% n=25 were improved, 23.52% n=8 was died. 8.6% (n=18) got convalescent plasma in whom 6.3% n=12 was improved, 40% n=6 was died and p value was significant. Those who were given both Tocilizumab and Remdisivir, 76.9% n=20 were improved and 19.2% n=5 were died in comparison to patient treated with Remdisivir only 97.6% n=83 were improved and 2.3% n-2 were died. Conclusion: Even after 18 months of starting COVID, only established treatment options are oxygen and dexamethasone. As data about efficacy of antiviral and others are so changing according to COVID variants and different country. So emphasize should be about prevention and avoiding injudicious use of anti COVID medications. IAHS Medical Journal Vol 5(1), June 2022; 56-59

Modeling the efficacy of different anti-angiogenic drugs on treatment of solid tumors using 3D computational modeling and machine learning

Accurate simulation of tumor growth during chemotherapy has significant potential to alleviate the risk of unknown side effects and optimize clinical trials. In this study, a 3D simulation model encompassing angiogenesis and tumor growth was developed to identify the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration and visualize the formation of a microvascular network. Accordingly, three anti-angiogenic drugs (Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab, and Brolucizumab) at different concentrations were evaluated in terms of their efficacy. Moreover, comprehensive mechanisms of tumor cell proliferation and endothelial cell angiogenesis are proposed to provide accurate predictions for optimizing drug treatments. The evaluation of simulation output data can extract additional features such as tumor volume, tumor cell number, and the length of new vessels using machine learning (ML) techniques. These were investigated to examine the different stages of tumor growth and the efficacy of different drugs. The results indicate that brolucizuman has the best efficacy by decreasing the length of sprouting new vessels by up to 16%. The optimal concentration was obtained at 10 mol m−3 with an effectiveness percentage of 42% at 20 days post-treatment. Furthermore, by performing comparative analysis, the best ML method (matching the performance of the reference simulations) was identified as reinforcement learning with a 3.3% mean absolute error (MAE) and an average accuracy of 94.3%.

Intercountry and intracountry variations in opinions of palliative care specialist physicians in Germany, Italy, Japan and UK about continuous use of sedatives: an international cross-sectional survey

ObjectivesTo explore intercountry and intracountry differences in physician opinions about continuous use of sedatives (CUS), and factors associated with their approval of CUS.SettingsSecondary analysis of a questionnaire study.ParticipantsPalliative care physicians...

Comparative Efficacy of Different Drugs for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis.

Background: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are common in middle-aged and elderly men. The current drugs for treating this disease include α1-adrenoceptor antagonists (ABs), muscarinic receptor antagonists (MRAs), phosphodiesterase five inhibitors (PDE5-Is), and β3-adrenoceptor agonists (B3As). However, direct comparative studies analyzing different therapies are limited; therefore, we conducted a network meta-analysis (NMA) to evaluate the efficacy of different drug regimens for treating BPH/LUTS. Methods: The PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of different drug treatments for BPH/LUTS from January 2000 to April 2021. The NMA was performed using R 4.1 software. Results: Fifty-five RCTs were included among a total of 1639 trials. ① ABs + PDE5-Is, ABs + B3As, ABs + MRAs, ABs, and PDE5-IS were superior to the placebo in improving the total International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), IPSS-Voiding, and IPSS-storage. ② For increasing the maximum flow rate (Qmax), ABs + PDE5-Is, ABs + MRAs, and ABs were more effective than the placebo. ③ Regarding reducing post-void residual urine (PVR), none of the six treatment plans had significant effects. Conclusion: Combination therapy showed greater efficacy than monotherapy, and ABs + PDE5-Is was the most successful treatment for improving the overall IPSS score. ABs are a primary therapeutic measure to increase Qmax, and ABs + PDE5-I may be a more suitable choice for enhancing Qmax. The combination of MRA and AB+ MRA may lead to an increase in PVR. Systematic Review Registration: [website], identifier [registration number].

Different interventions for preventing postoperative catheter-related bladder discomfort: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) is a common complication of intraoperative urinary catheterization. Various studies have evaluated the efficacy of different interventions in postoperative CRBD. The present review was performed to assess the efficacy of these interventions. PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) databases were systematically searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the efficacy of different drugs for the prevention of postoperative CRBD. This review evaluated the incidence and severity of CRBD after different interventions at 0, 1, 2, and 6h postoperatively. Forty-five studies including 31 different drugs were analyzed. Eleven drugs were investigated in more than two RCTs, of which dexmedetomidine, gabapentin, tolterodine, tramadol, ketamine, nefopam, oxybutynin, pregabalin, and pudendal nerve block (PNB) generally showed significantly higher efficacy than controls postoperatively. Solifenacin only showed significant efficacy compared with the control at 0h, and intravenous lidocaine only showed significant efficacy compared with the control at 6h. There were insufficient trials to draw conclusions regarding atropine, butylscopolamine, chlorpheniramine, clonidine, darifenacin, diphenhydramine, glycopyrrolate, intravesical bupivacaine, ketamine-haloperidol, pethidine-haloperidol, ketorolac, lidocaine-prilocaine cream, magnesium, hyoscine n-butyl bromide, oxycodone, paracetamol, parecoxib, trospium, resiniferatoxin, or amikacin. However, all but pethidine-haloperidol and chlorpheniramine showed some efficacy at various time points compared with controls. This review suggests that dexmedetomidine, gabapentin, tolterodine, tramadol, ketamine, nefopam, oxybutynin, pregabalin, and PNB are effective in preventing postoperative CRBD. Considering the efficacy and adverse effects of all drugs, dexmedetomidine and gabapentin were ranked best.

Comparative efficacy of various methods of infertility treatment in patients with external genital endometriosis

With the aim of comparative examination of efficacy of different drugs and methods of endoscopic surgery in treatment of infertile women with genital endometriosis 548 patients were examined. Distinct advantages of combined treatment were revealed: surgical destruction of endometrial foci at the first stage and administration of antigonadotrophic preparations at the second stage. Maximum frequency of impregnation after such therapy was observed during first 6-8 months. By 11-12 months the index decreased to its minimum. So, it is reasonable to give up passive supervision after 12 months

A Review on the Effectivity of the Current COVID-19 Drugs and Vaccines: Are They Really Working Against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Variants?

Purpose of ReviewIn order to eradicate the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists around the world have been working very hard for a year or more with the motto of designing effective drugs and vaccines against the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Along with the positive results with the antiviral drugs and a few commercialized vaccines, the unresponsiveness as well as some side effects of such therapies have also been noticed, possibly due to the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 variants. Therefore, current review summarized the actual effectiveness of the antivirals and vaccines which are in current use for the treatment of the COVID-19 patients.Recent FindingsSo far, some drugs have been found with hopeful results among which remdesivir and arbidol are with momentous clinical progress. Besides drug designing, vaccine development has been a major effort whereby the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccines showed the required efficacy and have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA).SummaryWhile a number of existing/repurposed/repositioned or new drugs and the currently used commercial vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 apparently seem to be effective against COVID-19 mitigation, the new variants of the virus as well as the recently increased cases raised the doubt about the usefulness of these agents. Current review figured out the efficacy of different drugs and vaccines in terms of their action potential against SARS-CoV-2 and further recommended some useful measures which may be useful for future remedies.