Efficacy Of Chelating Agents Research Articles

A systematic review of clinical and laboratory findings of lead poisoning: lessons from case reports

Lead is one of the most toxic heavy metals in the environment. The present review aimed to highlight hazardous pollution sources, management, and review symptoms of lead poisonings in various parts of the world. The present study summarized the information available from case reports and case series studies from 2009 to March 2020 on the lead pollution sources and clinical symptoms. All are along with detoxification methods in infants, children, and adults. Our literature compilation includes results from 126 studies on lead poisoning. We found that traditional medication, occupational exposure, and substance abuse are as common as previously reported sources of lead exposure for children and adults. Ayurvedic medications and gunshot wounds have been identified as the most common source of exposure in the United States. However, opium and occupational exposure to the batteries were primarily seen in Iran and India. Furthermore, neurological, gastrointestinal, and hematological disorders were the most frequently occurring symptoms in lead-poisoned patients. As for therapeutic strategies, our findings confirm the safety and efficacy of chelating agents, even for infants. Our results suggest that treatment with chelating agents combined with the prevention of environmental exposure may be an excellent strategy to reduce the rate of lead poisoning. Besides, more clinical studies and long-term follow-ups are necessary to address all questions about lead poisoning management.

Whole-body distribution of americium in rats for different pathways of intake

Purpose: To compare data on the whole-body distribution of americium-241 (241Am) in rats following intravenous injection (IV), inhalation, and wound (intramuscular injection, IM).Material and methods: Following exposure, each rat was placed in an individual metabolism cages for the duration of the study, 28 days (d). Urine and feces were collected daily. Tissues and organs were collected and measured.Results: Liver and skeleton were the main sites of deposition for all routes of exposure but the content differed substantially. By 28 d, 241Am content in liver was similar for IV and IM administrations (12 ± 4% and 14 ± 5%, respectively), which was 3-fold higher compared to inhalation. Americium-241 content in skeleton was 27% by the end of the IV study; which was 50% higher compared to the IM study and 6-fold higher compared to inhalation. The cumulative excretion in 28 d was 54% for IV (44% by feces and 10% by urine); 38% for IM (34% by feces and 4% by urine); and 84% for inhalation (83% by feces and 1% by urine).Conclusion: Unperturbed rat models for the three routes of administration are the baseline for evaluating the efficacy of chelating agents.

Whole-body distribution of plutonium in rats for different routes of exposure

Purpose: To compare data on the whole-body distribution of plutonium-239 (239Pu4+) in rats following a single administration by intravenous injection (IV), inhalation, and wound (intramuscular injection [IM]).Material and methods: For each route of administration there were eight experimental groups, determined by the time of sacrifice following 239Pu4+ administration. The groups consisted of three male and three female F344 rats. Rats were placed in metabolism cages where urine and feces were collected daily. At sacrifice, rats underwent necropsy with tissues collected for radioactivity measurement.Results: Skeleton had the largest fraction of 239Pu4+; for IV, 50% by 1 hour (h) post exposure, and for wound 40% by 6 days (d) post exposure; both routes followed the same retention pattern; however, for inhalation 0.4% of the activity was observed at the early time-points which slowly increased with time and by 28 d, 1% remained. Liver retained the second highest content. Following IV, 20% was observed at 2 d and for IM, 6% at 4 d. Following inhalation exposure, 0.5% was found in liver by the conclusion of the study, 28 d.Conclusion: Unperturbed rat models for these three routes of administration are the baseline for evaluating the efficacy of chelating agents.

Metal Allergens of Growing Significance: Epidemiology, Immunotoxicology, Strategies for Testing and Prevention

Metal-induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is expressed in a wide range of cutaneous reactions following dermal and systemic exposure to products such as cosmetics and tattoos, detergents, jewellery and piercing, leather tanning, articular prostheses and dental implants. Apart from the well known significance of nickel in developing ACD, other metals such as aluminium, beryllium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, iridium, mercury, palladium, platinum, rhodium and titanium represented emerging causes of skin hypersensitivity. Despite the European Union directives that limit the total nickel content in jewellery alloys, the water soluble chromium (VI) in cement, and metals banned in cosmetics, the diffusion of metal-induced ACD remained quite high. On this basis, a review on the epidemiology of metal allergens, the types of exposure, the skin penetration, the immune response, and the protein interaction is motivated. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro tests for the identification and potency of skin-sensitizing metals are here reviewed in a risk assessment framework for the protection of consumer's health. Avenues for ACD prevention and therapy such as observance of maximum allowable metal levels, optimization of metallurgic characteristics, efficacy of chelating agents and personal protection are also discussed.

Acute copper toxicity following copper glycinate injection

We present a patient who developed multi-organ failure due to severe copper toxicity following attempted suicide by s.c. injection of copper glycinate. Acute copper toxicity is rare in the developed world, although it occurs more frequently in developing world countries, where it is a common mode of suicide. Acute toxicity usually results from oral ingestion and there are several local and systemic effects. Specific management can be difficult as there is little evidence regarding the efficacy of chelating agents in acute toxicity.

Relative efficacy of chelating agents as antidotes for acute gallium nitrate intoxication

Twelve chelating agents were administered to mice by IP injection to compare their relative effectiveness in preventing death after a single IP injection of gallium nitrate. Na2Ca-ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), Na3Ca-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA), dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzene-disulfonic acid (Tiron), sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), L-cysteine and sodium salicylate were not effective for acute gallium nitrate intoxication. The therapeutic indices of the effective chelators were: 25.4 (deferoxamine mesylate), 35.7 (citric acid), 42.3 (succinic acid), 52.2 (malic acid) and 111.1 (oxalic acid).