Effects Of Water Acidification Research Articles

Effect of water acidification on growth performance of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

Effect of water acidification on growth performance of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

Effects of water acidification on immune responses of the gercacinid, Cardiosoma armatum (Herklots, 1851)

The biological response to chemical pollutants reflects the acid–base status of an aquatic ecosystem. The gercacinid, Cardiosoma armatum (75±0.1 g) was exposed to acidified waters to evaluate the effects on its immune parameters. The crabs were exposed to pH 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.8 (control) for 28 days. The hematological parameters of control crabs and crabs exposed to varied doses of acidified water indicated a marked reduction. Significant (p<0.05) higher alkaline phosphatase and albumen were obtained in pH 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 compared to control; other values were mostly similar to control. The highest superoxide dismutase (SOD) (252.61±0.06 min/mg pro) was recorded in control group, while highest CAT activity (2.08±0.16 min/mg protein) was recorded in crabs exposed to pH 4 treatment. Furthermore, the control group's SOD activity was significantly higher than the exposed groups. With a lower pH, the quantities of malondialdehyde increased substantially and were significantly different from the control group. While these findings demonstrate that changes in pH have limited impact on energy use, decreasing immune system conditions show that C. armatum is susceptible to pH variations and may be influenced in aquaculture, where a pH drop is more prominent.

Effect of Water Acidification and Sanitation on Performance, Gut Microbial Population and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chicken

Effect of Water Acidification and Sanitation on Performance, Gut Microbial Population and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chicken

Effects of Water Acidification on Senegalese Sole Solea senegalensis Health Status and Metabolic Rate: Implications for Immune Responses and Energy Use

Increasing water CO2, aquatic hypercapnia, leads to higher physiological pCO2 levels in fish, resulting in an acidosis and compensatory acid-base regulatory response. Senegalese sole is currently farmed in super-intensive recirculating water systems where significant accumulation of CO2 in the water may occur. Moreover, anthropogenic releases of CO2 into the atmosphere are linked to ocean acidification. The present study was designed to assess the effects of acute (4 and 24 h) and prolonged exposure (4 weeks) to CO2 driven acidification (i.e., pH 7.9, 7.6, and 7.3) from normocapnic seawater (pH 8.1) on the innate immune status, gill acid-base ion transporter expression and metabolic rate of juvenile Senegalese sole. The acute exposure to severe hypercapnia clearly affected gill physiology as observed by an increase of NHE3b positive ionocytes and a decrease of cell shape factor. Nonetheless only small physiological adjustments were observed at the systemic level with (1) a modulation of both plasma and skin humoral parameters and (2) an increased expression of HIF-1 expression pointing to an adjustment to the acidic environment even after a short period (i.e., hours). On the other hand, upon prolonged exposure, the expression of several pro-inflammatory and stress related genes was amplified and gill cell shape factor was aggravated with the continued increase of NHE3b positive ionocytes, ultimately impacting fish growth. While these findings indicate limited effects on energy use, deteriorating immune system conditions suggest that Senegalese sole is vulnerable to changes in CO2 and may be affected in aquaculture where a pH drop is more prominent. Further studies are required to investigate how larval and adult Senegalese sole are affected by changes in CO2.

The triple-sorbents solid-phase extraction for pharmaceuticals and estrogens determination in wastewater samples

In the presented study, the applicability of four sorbent materials (active carbon, neutral alumina, Primary and Secondary Amines (PSA), and Florosil) applied on top of a polymeric Strata-X column was tested to improve the solid-phase extraction of 15 analytes (pharmaceuticals and estrogens) from water. Deionized water and water fortified by humic acids (representatives of dissolved organic matter) were the tested matrices. The effect of water acidification was tested as well. The values of recovery show that sorbents often have different sorption features towards pharmaceuticals with acidic and basic functional groups. PSA shows sorption towards humic acids, thereby can minimize the matrix effect obtained during final quantification by chromatographic techniques coupled with mass spectrometry. The slight sorption of basic pharmaceuticals to humic acids was found out. Finally, a mixture of PSA and alumina was used, and the validated SPE-GC/MS(SIM) method was applied for raw and treated wastewater. A triple-sorbent solid-phase extraction cause lower matrix effect compared to the previous study. This small innovation in the SPE procedure (without any significant cost enhancement and extension of the duration) can have an impact on the quantification of the pharmaceuticals and estrogens, and improve the reliability of the results.

Effect of water acidification on some morphological, digestive and production traits in broiler chickens

Effect of water acidification on some morphological, digestive and production traits in broiler chickens

Effects of water acidification and pathogen exposure on innate immunity in Cuban tree frog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) tadpoles

Effects of water acidification and pathogen exposure on innate immunity in Cuban tree frog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) tadpoles

Effects of water acidification on element concentrations in natural waters of the Kola North

This study discusses the problem of evolution of water chemistry under the influence of acid loadings from copper–nickel smelters of the Kola mining and smelting company (“KGMK”). The natural waters of the Kola Peninsula are characterized by low contents of biogenic substances and mineral salts owing to low water temperatures and low mass transfer rates at high latitudes. Acid precipitation causes water acidification in regions made up by granite gneisses and sandy rocks. Unlike naturally acidic waters with high humic acid contents, these lakes have high-transparency waters. The results show that Cd, Bi, Se, and Re become involved in the transport fluxes irrespective of a natural or anthropogenic source of acidification. Acidified lakes have higher Zn, Pb, As, Bi, and Sb contents compared to neutral lakes. The high coefficient of aqueous migration of Se, Re, Bi, Sb, Cd, and Sn is indicative of the anthropogenically-induced dispersal of these elements.

The effects of water acidification, temperature and salinity on the regenerative capacity of the polychaete Diopatra neapolitana

Changes in seawater pH, temperature and salinity are expected to occur in the near future, which can be a threat to aquatic systems, mainly for marine coastal areas, and their inhabiting species. Hence, the present study proposes to evaluate the effects of temperature shifts, pH decrease and salinity changes in the tissue's regenerative capacity of the polychaete Diopatra neapolitana. This study evidenced that D. neapolitana individuals exposed to lower pH exhibited a significantly lower capacity to regenerate their body, while with the increase of temperature individuals showed a higher capacity to regenerate their tissues. Furthermore, the present work demonstrated that individuals exposed to salinities 28 and 35 did not present significant differences between them, while salinities 21 and 42 negatively influenced the regenerative capacity of D. neapolitana. At the end of regeneration, comparing all conditions, high salinity (42) seemed to have a greater impact on the regenerative capacity of individuals than the other factors, since under this condition individuals took longer to completely regenerate. Overall, this study demonstrated that variations in abiotic factors can strongly affect D. neapolitana's performance.

Effect of water acidification on performance, carcass characteristic and some variables of intermediary metabolism in chicks

The effect of water acidification on performance and some biochemical parameters was studied in 100 one day old broiler chicks (Ross 308) divided into control and treatment groups (n = 50) supplied with drinking water supplemented with acidifier (blend of acids) in a concentration of 0.2 % during the whole experimental period. Final body weight, hot carcass yield, abdominal fat pad and metabolic variables in the blood serum except for aspartate aminotranspherase (AST) level which was significantly lower on 35th day (p<0.01), were not affected by the acidifier. Higher weight gain in the treated group due to better feed efficiency was observed in the first phase. Higher feed intake in the third phase of the trial caused higher final feed conversion ratio (p<0.01). Use of the acidifier positively affected bird health status (zero mortality) which was reflected in higher EEI values observed in the treated group on the 35th, as well as 42nd day of the trial.

Effect of Water Acidification on the Calcium and Magnesium Concentrations in Caddis Fly Larvae

Data on small lakes in the Finnish Laplandia are used to examine the dependence of Ca and Mg concentrations in caddis fly larvae (Polycentropodidae family) on the concentrations of these elements in water, pH, and the extent of water humification. The concentration of Ca is shown to be virtually independent of its concentration in water, and Mg concentrations are found to be inversely related. The coefficients of accumulation demonstrate a strong inverse dependence on the concentrations of these cations in water, as well as on water pH. The decrease in Ca and Mg concentration in the larvae caused by an increase in pH is shown to be slower than that in water, which is an indirect indication to the presence of mechanisms that maintain the macroelement concentrations in the living organisms at the level required for their normal functioning under the conditions of anthropogenic acidification of water bodies.

Effects of Water Acidification on the Dynamics of Population Growth of Brachionus bidentata

A study was carried to investigate the effects of precipitation-acidified water of Donghu Lake on the survival and reproduction of Brachionus bidentata under the condition of individual culture. The experiment was conducted at 28t in a photoperial (L: D = 18: 6) with light intensity about 500 lx. The rotifers were fed with Chlorella Pyronoidosa at a density of 6. 0 × 10_6cells mL~(-1) and the mediums were exchanged once twelve hours. The results show that when the rotifers were cultured in unacidified water (pH8. 4) of Donghu lake, the percentage of mictic females and the mean number of amictic eggs were 8. 33 % and 13. 909, respectively; The intrinsic rate of the population was 0. 076015 h~(-1). Compared with the above results, when the media was acidified to PH 6. 5, 5. 5 or 4. 5, the numbers of amictic eggs increased to 18. 778, 18. 167 and 15. 5 md., respectively; but decreased to 12. 083 md. at pH 3. 5. The intrinsic rates of the populations at PH 5. 5 and 3. 5 increased to 0. 08901 and 0. 079684 h~(-l), and no mictic females appeared, respectively. At pH 6. 5 and 4. 5, the intrinsic rates decreased to 0. 069258 and 0. 07354 h~(-1), but the percentages of mictic females increased to 25 % and 16. 67 %, respectively. Between pH 6. 5 and pH 3. 5, Brachionus bidentata was acid tolerant.

Effects of water acidification on the decomposition of Juncus bulbosus L.

Several field and laboratory experiments were performed to study the impact of acidification on the decomposition of Juncus bulbosus L. The breakdown of coarse detritus of this aquatic macrophyte appeared to be very slow. After 7 weeks of incubation in an acidified and a circumneutral moorland pool the remaining fraction of Juncus leaves varied between 46 and 75% of the original organic weight. Differences in decay patterns were observed among both systems. Furthermore, the breakdown rates were highly dependent on the season. Highest weight loss rates were recorded at high pH during the summer period. In acidified water and during the winter period the breakdown rates were reduced. Nutrient dynamics of detritus in the circumneutral soft water and the acidified system differed remarkably. In litter bags laid down on the bottom surface of the acidified moorland pool the density and diversity of macroinvertebrate assemblages was generally lower than in the bags immersed in the non-acidified body of water. In particular, the abundance of detritivores and herbivores at low pH was strongly reduced. However, in winter qualitative and quantitative differences in the macrofauna in the litter bags did not significantly affect decay rates of detritus. Laboratory studies revealed that the pH, bicarbonate concentration and aluminium content of the water particularly influenced the rate of decomposition of the pre-dried Juncus material. The extent of leaching and autolysis and the relative importance of fungi and bacteria in the decomposition of fresh Juncus leaves were studied using antifungal and antibacterial agents. In the laboratory leaching and autolysis accounted for 28–32% of the organic weight loss of coarse detritus. Leaching and autolysis caused the highest weight loss in the strongly acid medium. After 37 days of incubation in control media with pH 3.5 and 5.6 total organic weight loss was 55 and 59%, respectively. At pH 3.5 and 5.6 microbial decomposition accounted for organic weight losses of 23 and 31%, respectively. At low pH microbial decomposition was dominated by fungi, whereas, at pH 5.6 both fungi and bacteria played an important role in the breakdown processes. The contribution of macroinvertebrates to the breakdown of Juncus detritus seemed to be of minor importance.

Larval development of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., in acidic water

Laboratory experiments measuring survival and growth at various pH levels and two temperatures indicate that the threshold of pH of water below which larval development of carp is stopped is 5.0–5.2, the development of some individuals being stopped within the pH range 5.0–5.5. Inhibition of development is due to the inability of a larva to fill its swimbladder with air, this preventing swimming and leading to death from starvation. In water of pH 5.5–6.0 the development may be undisturbed, though slower. The effect of water acidification is reflected in slower growth rate and prolongation of the larval stages of development.

Effect of water pH and salinity on the survival of eggs and larvae of the euryhaline teleost, Gasterosteus aculeatus L.

The effect of water acidification and salinity on the survival of the eggs and larvae of the euryhaline teleost, Gasterosteus aculeatus, was studied using tap water that was low in calcium and high in total aluminium as the basic medium. The survival of eggs from fertilisation to hatching increased with an increase in pH from 4·5 to 6·5. Survival was higher at a given pH at higher salinities (equivalent to 5% and 10% seawater) than in tap water. The salinity experienced by the female prior to spawning also had an effect on egg survival. Survival for 7 days after hatching was high except at the lowest pH levels. The salinity experienced by the female had no significant effect on larval survival.

Impact of acidification on phytoplankton and zooplankton communities

Literature concerning the impacts of acidification on the phytoplankton and zooplankton composition has been reviewed. Available data on the species richness and composition of phytoplankton, attached algae and zooplankton of acidifying systems have been summarized. The effects of water acidification on the primary productivity and biomass of zooplankton have been discussed.

Effects of water acidification on the distribution pattern and the reproductive success of amphibians

Nine amphibian species were encountered in poorly buffered waters of The Netherlands (alkalinity ≦1 meq·l−1). These soft water systems are highly sensitive to acidifying precipitation. The number of species as well as the percentage of waters which harbour amphibian populations are strongly reduced in the extremely acid pH-class\((\bar pH< 4.0)\). The reproductive success of amphibians is negatively affected by low pH. The eggs become heavily infested with fungi (Saprolegniaceae). In acidifying systems many physico-chemical parameters are significantly correlated with the pH of the water. Strongly acidified waters are characterized by low alkalinity, conductivity and ionic content but high acidity and high concentrations of (heavy) metals and ammonium and a high relative sulphate concentration. Culture experiments with eggs and larvae ofRana arvalis. Rana ‘esculenta’, Rana temporaria andBufo bufo show that apart from the pH, elevated aluminium, cadmium and ammonium contents may also affect the reproductive success of amphibians.

Water acidification by air pollutants in the Federal Republic of Germany

In the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), airborne pollutants are leading to an increased rate of acidification of aquatic systems. In particular, the upper reaches of rivers and obligotrophic lakes in low-carbonate areas are affected. These areas are a minority of the total number of waterways, but are of great importance for environmental protection. Water acidification cannot be viewed as an isolated issue. In forested areas, it is associated with damage to the entire ecosystem. In lakes and streams, one of the most significant effects of water acidification is fish mortality; several bodies of water in which fish were once plentiful are now devoid of fish. With increasing acidification of the ground water, drinking-water supply problems may also be expected. All measures which can be taken to prevent the entry of pollutants into aquatic systems are preferred to those which merely treat the symptoms of acidified aquatic systems (e.g. addition of lime). The Federal Environmental Agency therefore considers the reduction of air pollutants to be the most effective solution to the problem of acidified of aquatic systems.