Effectiveness Of Various Programs Research Articles

APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT EXERCISE PROGRAMS IN THE PREVENTION OF FALLS IN PEOPLE OF THE THIRD AGE

Introduction: Various exercise programs have a positive effect on reducing the risk of falls in elderly people. Consequences of falls include fractures and injuries, reduced quality of life, fear of falling, loss of selfconfidence, and self-limited activity leading to reduced physical function and social interactions. Activity limitation impairs physical capacity and increases the risk of further falls. Falls are the primary cause of injury of the elderly, which can result in serious consequences such as fractures, head injuries, and even death, placing a significant burden on the public health system. Annually, between 28 and 35% of individuals aged 65 and over experience a fall worldwide, with rates reaching 32% - 42% among those aged 70 and over. Therefore, preventing falls has become a key global goal for the older adult population. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of different exercise programs in preventing falls in people of the third age. Methods: The search included an overview of the relevant databases: Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, Research Gate. The systematic literature review included 12 different types of research. Results: Through a scientific review of the literature, the results of the significance and effectiveness of various programs of Otago exercises, Tai Chi, and Frenkle exercises in the prevention of falls in people of the third age are presented. The greatest effect is realized in the improvement of static and dynamic balance and the fear of falling. Conclusion: These studies show that different exercise programs have a huge and significant impact on reducing the risk of falls in older people. It is a long-term and continuous method of reducing the risk of falls in the elderly through exercise. Physical exercise is effective in improving components of balance, lower extremity strength, mobility, and reducing falls and fall-related injuries.

Development of the institutional accounting for the needs of financial regulation: experience in the agricultural sector of Ukraine

The study of the accounting environment was conducted and proposals for improving its theory for the needs of the macro-level of management from the standpoint of institutional theories were formed. A working hypothesis is proposed on the dependence of data collection methods for financial regulation, the formation of a development strategy for the industry, the selection of the Structure of programs of state support for goods and services, and it is tested on examples of budgetary financial regulation of the agricultural sector of Ukraine. For this, the existing scientific approach and practice of information support of financial support were analysed using examples of budget programs in the agricultural sector of the economy, determination of the state and ambushes of its further development in relation to the financial condition of agricultural enterprises, the level of their accounting and financial reporting, and, accordingly, the awareness of managers concerning participation in budget programs, submission of applications that takes budget support and its effective use. The analysis of indicators in the effectiveness of budget programs is carried out in order to disclose the relationship between accounting and macroeconomic indicators in the development of the agricultural sector of Ukraine. The methodological approach to determining the effectiveness of budgetary support for the development of the agro-industrial complex is generalized, a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of various programs of state financial support for agricultural commodities and production sites is carried out and statistical material on the state of agriculture is processed the Impact of budgetary support on the formation of financial indicators in the agricultural sector was determined. Proposals were provided for the concentration of state financial resources on the Key Program of Budgetary Support for the development of the agricultural sector and improvement of the organizational mechanism functioning of the system of budgetary subsidies for agricultural goods. The main indicators of monitoring the effectiveness of state programs to support the agricultural sector have been outlined and proposals are given for improving the information support of this process, accounting tools, financial and budgetary reporting. Recommendations are given for the concentration of state financial resources on the Key Program of Budgetary Support for the development of the agricultural sector and the improvement of the organizational mechanism of functioning of the system of budget subsidies in connection with the achieved financial indicators of activity of the commodity producers formed in the accounting and information system.

Factors affecting patient safety culture in terms of compliance with preventing bloodborne pathogens among general hospital nurses

BackgroundThe present study aims to investigate the relationship between patient safety culture and the prevention of transmitting bloodborne pathogens among nurses at a general hospital.MethodsThe participants were 284 nurses working at a general hospital located in a city, and the data were collected between April 26 and May 15, 2019. Questionnaires on patient safety culture and the prevention of bloodborne pathogens were used, and SPSS version 22.0 was used for descriptive and hierarchical regression analysis.ResultsThe results showed that the following factors affected the prevention of bloodborne pathogens: experience with needle stick and sharps injuries (β = − 0.94), teamwork (β = 0.41), knowledge and attitude toward patient safety (β = 0.34), leadership (β = 0.15), and priority of patient safety (β = 0.14). The model’s explanatory power was 53% (F = 32.26, p =< 0.001).ConclusionsTo increase the compliance of general hospital nurses with practices that promote the prevention of bloodborne pathogens, it is necessary to actively prevent needle sticks and sharps injuries. It is also necessary to prioritize patient safety and to develop and verify the effects of various programs that emphasize factors of patient safety culture, such as leadership, teamwork, knowledge, and attitude.

Эффективность применения подвижных игр в воде на этапах начального обучения плаванию детей младшего школьного возраста

Liliya Sheyko & Nataliia Pashchenko The article offers the results of the study of the effectiveness of various programs for teaching the swimming of children of primary school age with the use of mobile games in water. Purpose: to establish the effectiveness of various methodological approaches in the education of children of primary school age in the process of physical preparedness and swimming . Materials & Methods: analysis and generalization of the data of scientific and methodological information, analysis of the methods of teaching the swimming of children of primary school age and organization of lessons in the health groups of the basins of Kharkov, pedagogical observation, experiment, mathematical statistics . Result s: it was established that physical culture and health-improving swimming classes for children of primary school age in accordance with the training programs in the EG and CG groups contributed to mastering the swimming skill and mastering the technique of sporting methods of crawl on the chest and back. In the process of comparative pedagogical experiment it was proved that swimming by the program, providing for the use of specially selected outdoor games in water during the main part of each of 36 classes, contributed to more expressed intra-group growth of the majority of indicators of swimming preparedness in comparison with the lessons in the program, where the games were allocated only 35% of the time. Conclusions: і t is determined that the application of the program with extensive use of games in the main part of the lesson makes the classes more interesting, emotional and enables children to get rid of their uncertainty in their abilities .

Validation of a brief measure of teachers’ perceptions of school climate: relations to student achievement and suspensions

Based on theory and research on learning environments, the Delaware School Climate Survey–Teacher/Staff (DSCS–T/S) was developed to provide schools with a brief, psychometrically sound measure of teachers’ perceptions of school climate. Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses, conducted on a sample of 5,781 teachers, support staff, administrators and other staff in 132 schools, showed that a bifactor model consisting of seven specific factors best represented the data. Those factors were Teacher–Student Relations, Student–Student Relations, Teacher–Home Communication, Respect for Diversity, School Safety, Fairness of Rules, and Clarity of Expectations. Measurement invariance was found across grade levels (i.e., elementary, middle, and high schools) and subgroups of respondents (i.e., teachers, instructional support staff and noninstructional staff). As evidence of concurrent validity across grade levels, nearly all scores, aggregated at the school level and correlated significantly and negatively with suspensions/expulsion rates and positively with academic achievement. The DSCS–T/S is likely to be useful to schools interested in assessing school climate and the effects of various programs, such bullying prevention programs, that target the seven dimensions of school climate measured.

Measurement in comparative effectiveness research.

Comparative effectiveness research (CER) on preventive services can shape policy and help patients, their providers, and public health practitioners select regimens and programs for disease prevention. Patients and providers need information about the relative effectiveness of various regimens they may choose. Decision makers need information about the relative effectiveness of various programs to offer or recommend. The goal of this paper is to define and differentiate measures of relative effectiveness of regimens and programs for disease prevention. Cancer screening is used to demonstrate how these measures differ in an example of two hypothetical screening regimens and programs. Conceptually and algebraically defined measures of relative regimen and program effectiveness also are presented. The measures evaluate preventive services that range from individual tests through organized, population-wide prevention programs. Examples illustrate how effective screening regimens may not result in effective screening programs and how measures can vary across subgroups and settings. Both regimen and program relative effectiveness measures assess benefits of prevention services in real-world settings, but each addresses different scientific and policy questions. As the body of CER grows, a common lexicon for various measures of relative effectiveness becomes increasingly important to facilitate communication and shared understanding among researchers, healthcare providers, patients, and policymakers.

Are Housing First Programs Effective? A Research Note

This paper briefly reviews studies comparing the effectiveness of various programs to Continuum of Care programs for outcomes related to housing retention, substance use, and mental health. A literature search was completed entering the search term Housing First in electronic databases (PsycINFO, JSTOR, and Web of Science) to find potential studies. Of the 67 items produced by the literature search, after screening for outcome studies of programs that evaluate housing retention, substance use, and/or mental health in comparison to other programs or treatment as usual, 5 final studies were selected for inclusion in the review. Of the five studies selected, all had recruited samples of either chronically homeless individuals or homeless individuals with a mental health diagnosis, and all reported results favored programs over Continuum of Care programs for housing retention. Substance use and mental health outcomes generally stayed constant regardless of program type.While does appear to show strong promise, the methodological flaws in the studies revewied, including strong research affiliation with the agencies being evaluated, calls for more rigorous studies to be completed by more objective investigators.

Elements of Integration in Winter Wheat Protection Programs

In Poland winter wheat is grown on the area of 1.600.000 ha. Most of the plant protection treatments are being done without thorough analysis of real threats from pests and diseases. The aim of the research is to develop the optimal program of wheat protection against pests and diseases based on integration of various methods of plant protection. Two programs: conventional and integrated were compared. In integrated program the eventual needs and terms of treatments were estimated on the basis of detailed observations of plant infection, pest appearance, their natural enemies and thorough analysis of weather conditions and forecasts. The role of disease resistant wheat varietes and nitrogen fertilizers was also analysed. The research took into account beneficial entomofauna and its influence on pest numbers as well as influence of chemicals used in agriculture on their species. As the result the selective pesticides, safe to beneficial organisms, were selected. The quantity and quality of winter wheat yield was analysed, including protein and gluten contents. The economic effectiveness of various programs of wheat protection against pests and diseases was assessed. The results of research are important both in practical and scientific sense.

Disease knowledge after an educational program in patients with GERD – a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPatient education has proved beneficial in several but not all chronic disease. Inconsistent findings may rely on varying educational effects of various programs and differential effects on subgroups of patients. Patients' increase in disease knowledge may serve as a feedback to the educator on how well the education program works – but may not be associated to relevant clinical outcomes like quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to investigate the effects of a group based education program for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) on disease knowledge and the association between knowledge and QoL.MethodsPatients with GERD were randomly allocated to education (102 patients) or control (109 patients). The education program was designed as a structured dialogue conveying information about pathophysiology, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of GERD, patients' rights and use of healthcare. Outcomes were a 24 item knowledge test on GERD (score 0 – 24) 2 and 12 months after the educational program and disease specific and general QoL (Digestive symptoms and disease impact, DSIQ, and General Health Questionnaire, GHQ).ResultsPatients allocated to education achieved higher knowledge test scores than controls at 2 months (17.0 vs. 13.1, p < 0.001) and at 12 months (17.1 vs. 14.0, p < 0.001) follow-up. Knowledge test score was positively associated with having completed advanced school and inversely related to psychiatric illness and poor QoL as perceived by the patients at the time of inclusion. Overall, changes in knowledge test score were not associated with change in QoL.ConclusionA group based education program for patients with GERD designed as a structured dialogue increased patients' disease knowledge, which was retained after 1 year. Changes in GERD-knowledge were not associated with change in QoL.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT0061850

Effective Educational Programs for Young Children: What We Need to Know

ABSTRACT— Policymakers and researchers have shared interests in educational programs for young children. Policymakers see these programs as a potential means of narrowing the persistent gaps in achievement evident in many children entering kindergarten. Researchers see their role as one of assessing the effectiveness of various programs so that policymakers can make informed decisions. This article provides an overview of what is currently known and what needs to be determined about the factors that contribute to positive outcomes from early education programs. New prospective longitudinal studies are needed, as well as secondary analyses of recent large‐scale longitudinal studies, which can inform issues of program design and impact. Five gaps in knowledge about effective programs are identified: program design for an increasingly ethnically diverse group of young children, including those of immigrants; connecting teaching and learning processes to child outcomes; understanding a broad range of child outcomes based on developmental science; bringing multiple disciplinary perspectives to bear on what constitutes effective early education programs; and continuing to address how research and practice can be mutually beneficial.

Studies on the bradycardia and periodic rhythm caused by veratramine in the sinoatrial node of the guinea pig

In spontaneously beating, isolated guinea pig sinus-atria, veratramine (2.44 μM) slowed the rate of spontaneous depolarization of sinoatrial node cells throughout diastole, markedly slowed the frequency, and often (especially in the presence of high extracellular Ca 2+) induced a periodic rhythm. This rhythm consisted of periods of complete inactivity (inactive phases) alternating with periods of apparently normal beating (active phases), with a rising and falling (parabolic) frequency pattern like that of neuronal burst firing. Slight mechanical deformation of the sinoatrial node markedly attenuated the effects of veratramine, and periodic rhythm could not be produced when the sinoatrial node was pinned down for immobilization. During the active phase of periodic rhythm, the rate of spontaneous diastolic depolarization (pacemaker potential) in pacemaker cells rose and fell with the frequency, while contrariwise, the maximum rate of depolarization fell and then rose. The last beat in the active phase was followed by a small transient afterdepolarization, which had the appearance of an abortive pacemaker potential that failed to reach threshold for triggering an action potential. The effects of various programs of electrical stimulation and pacing indicated that activity of the sinoatrial node, whether spontaneous or driven, has two effects on the amplitude of afterdepolarization, a short-lasting cumulative facilitory effect and a long-lasting cumulative inhibitory effect. Veratramine periodic rhythm arises from the interplay of these two effects, with abrupt cessation of beating whenever the afterdepolarization amplitude falls below the threshold for triggering an action potential. It is suggested that the inhibitory effect may be due to inactivation of the slow inward current and the facilitory effect may be due to one or more of the depolarizing currents activated by intracellular Ca 2+.

A Community‐Based Smoking‐ Cessation Program: Self‐Care Behaviors and Success

Given the serious health consequences of smoking, nurses need to be well-informed on how to help various client populations with smoking cessation. Much recent research is focused upon effectiveness of various programs to enhance self-efficacy and self-management skills necessary to succeed in permanent smoking cessation. This study used a model based on Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory to examine specific variables of importance in smoking cessation using descriptors relevant to understanding self-care actions. The model is used to examine the outcomes of a community-based smoking-cessation program. Results indicate that 15% of the final sample quit smoking and 42% reduced smoking while participating in the program. Additional findings are helpful in describing actions taken by subjects who were and were not successful in quitting. Remedies suggested by the American Lung Association booklet "Freedom from Smoking for You and Your Family" were reported by subjects to be helpful in dealing with the most common problems experienced during smoking cessation. Results are applied to public health nursing, emphasizing that smoking cessation is "a process" in which individuals learn strategies that work for them.

Interventions for children of divorce: toward greater integration of research and action.

A number of child-, family-, and system-focused interventions have been designed to prevent or reduce the negative effects of divorce on children. This article critically evaluates these intervention efforts by examining (a) their relation to basic research on the processes proposed to mediate children's postdivorce adjustment and (b) evaluation studies assessing the effectiveness of various programs. Although interventions address some of the factors proposed to mediate children's adaptation to divorce, the interplay between interventions and basic research on children's postdivorce adaptation is limited. Moreover, some intervention efforts appear to be beneficial, but most lack empirical documentation of their efficacy. This analysis leads to several recommendations for basic and applied research and for improving the response of the mental health field to the problems experienced by many children from divorcing families.

Reducing the Risk of AIDS Through Methadone Maintenance Treatment

In a three-year field study of methadone maintenance programs in New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, treatment was found to be effective in reducing IV drug use and needle sharing among most heroin addicts. Of 388 patients who remained in treatment for one year or more, 71 percent had ceased IV use. Conversely, 82 percent of patients who left treatment relapsed rapidly to IV drug use. Marked differences in the effectiveness of various programs were observed: current IV use varied from less than 10 percent to over 57 percent of patients in particular treatment programs. This differential effectiveness was related both to length of patient's stay and to the quality of treatment provided. HIV seropositivity among high-risk drug users is related to frequency of injections and needle-sharing contacts. Effective methadone treatment can stop these practices, but a widespread impact on the AIDS epidemic will require improvement of treatment in many programs.

Separate and simultaneous effects of aerobic exercise and anxiety on myocardial damage in the rat

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of various programs of physical activity on anxiety-related myocardial damage in rats. The anxiety-producing stress consisted of randomly distributed applications of a disturbing but nonpainful electrical shock. Physical activity consisted of long-duration, low-speed running. Three hundred and seventy-five male albino rats were randomly assigned to five comparison groups. The results show that the anxiety treatment produced marked myocardial damage. Animals preconditioned by eight weeks of exercise prior to the introduction of the anxiety treatment did not suffer as much myocardial damage as did animals that were not preconditioned. However, a group in which exercise and anxiety were introduced simultaneously had the highest incidence of myocardial necrosis. We conclude that aerobic exercise can modify the effects of a subsequent or simultaneous anxiety-producing stressful situation on the myocardium of the laboratory rat. The time at which the exercise is imposed determined the nature of the effect.

Behavioral staff management in institutions: A critical review of effectiveness and acceptability

Abstract Managing the work performance of institutional direct care staff has been a serious concern among researchers in applied behavior analysis and developmental disabilities. This paper reviews the research on behavioral staff management strategies with a focus on procedural effectiveness and acceptability. Four categories of management programs are discussed; antecedent, contingency management, self-control, and multi- faceted interventions. Generally, antecedent approaches appear to be the least successful in improving staff performance whereas contingency management, particularly performance feedback systems, and multi-faceted programs appear to be the most successful. However, a number of methodological problems have plagued the staff management research, including probable reactivity of the typical performance monitoring systems used in the investigations, minimal external validation regarding the effectiveness of specific management strategies, lack of data on the longterm and generalized effects of behavioral interventions, and insufficient attention given to the acceptability of the procedures as well as the social validity of effects of various programs. In addition to remedying methodological deficiencies as just noted, future research needs are discussed in respect to the development of procedures that affect more comprehensive areas of staff responsibilities, evaluations of punishment strategies commonly used by supervisors, and analyses of the day-to-day contigencies that affect attendant performance in the usual institutional work environment.