Effects Of Trace Minerals Research Articles

The effect of trace minerals on the stability of retinol acetate, cholecalciferol and selenomethionine stability within premixes

This study compared the effect of an organic proteinate mineral source and an inorganic sulphate mineral source in relation to their effect on the stability of retinol acetate and cholecalciferol within simulated premixes, while comparing the stability of two different selenomethionine (SeMet) sources (selenium enriched yeast (SeYeast) and the chemically synthesised L-SeMet) in the presence of inorganic sulphate mineral sources within simulated premixes. Four vitamin-trace mineral premixes, two containing organic trace mineral sources in the form of proteinates and two containing inorganic trace mineral sources in the form of sulphates, were formulated so that, when added to a complete broiler feed at the appropriate inclusion rates, they contained the same amount of retinol acetate and cholecalciferol and varying levels of trace minerals (National Research Council recommended level, commonly used industry level or a reduced inclusion level). The two SeMet-trace mineral premixes were formulated to contain commonly used industry levels of vitamins and trace minerals. The two SeMet-trace mineral premixes differed in the source of SeMet. One premix contained chemically synthesised L-SeMet while the other contained SeYeast. The vitamin content of the four vitamin-trace mineral premixes was analysed after 14 and 84 days in storage by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and the amount present within each of the premixes was compared to the quantity determined prior to storage. In general, the premixes formulated with the sulphate trace mineral source were found to have higher losses of retinol acetate and cholecalciferol than those formulated with the proteinate trace mineral source. The inclusion of the proteinate minerals at both National Research Council and reduced inclusion levels significantly (P≤0.05) increased the stability of both the vitamins when compared to the inorganic sulphate mineral sources included at commonly used industry levels. The SeMet content of the two SeMet-trace mineral premixes was analysed after 49 days in storage by high performance liquid chromatography – inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and the amount of SeMet present within each of the samples was compared to the quantity determined prior to storage. SeMet present within the SeYeast was found to be significantly more stable (P≤0.05) than the chemically synthesised L-SeMet.

387 Effect of trace minerals (25-hydroxycholecalciferol, Zinc and Manganese) supplementation on the immune responses of livestock

Abstract Micronutrients such as 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, zinc and manganese are included in livestock feed to achieve optimal growth and improved immune function. Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) modulates immune responses. The effect of Vitamin D on immune cells depends on the subtype of immune cells. Monocytes and macrophages constitutively express Vitamin D receptor and hence 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol increases maturation and the microbicidal activity of macrophages by increasing the production of nitric oxide, antimicrobial proteins and inflammatory cytokines and eventually acts to stimulate the innate immune system. On the other hand, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol suppresses the action of adaptive immune responses by inducing T regulatory cells and increasing the production of IL-10. Superoxide dismutases (SOD) catalyzes conversion of superoxide radicals to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide and is considered a major antioxidant defense system in livestock. SOD is a metalloenzyme with zinc, copper, and manganese as a cofactor. Though trace minerals have traditionally been supplemented in animal diets as inorganic salts such as zinc sulfate and manganese sulfate, other forms of trace minerals have recently been promoted owing to better stability, bioavailability and absorption. Feeding layer diets marginally deficient in zinc and manganese as sulfates decreased the SOD activity, spleen, IL-1 and cathelicidin relative mRNA levels and supplementing zinc and manganese as hydroxychloride (OHCl) reversed the decrease in SOD activity, spleen IL-1 and cathelicidin relative mRNA levels. Feeding broiler diets low in zinc and manganese as sulfates decreased SOD activity, while supplementing the feed with ZnOHCl reversed the decrease in SOD. Increasing the MnOHCl in birds fed higher amounts of ZnOHCl further increased the SOD activity suggesting synergistic effects between ZnOHCl and MnOHCl on SOD activity and IL-1 production. In conclusion, micronutrients act to modify the immune response in livestock, and the form of micronutrients fed can increase the bioavailability of the micronutrients to improve the immune response.

Effect of Trace Minerals and B Vitamins on the Proliferation/Cytotoxicity and Mineralization of a Gilthead Seabream Bone-Derived Cell Line.

Trace minerals and vitamins are known modulators of bone metabolism, and dietary optimization of these components may improve skeletal development and reduce the occurrence of skeleton deformities in farmed fish. As for larval stages, mineral and water-soluble vitamin nutrition requirementsare lacking in research efforts and knowledge is scarce. An in vitro cell system developed from gilthead seabream vertebra and capable of mineralization was used to assess the effect of B vitamins (thiamin and pyridoxine) and trace minerals (copper, manganese, and zinc in a sulfated and chelated form) on cell proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization. Dependent on dose, inhibition of cellular proliferation and/or cytotoxic effects was observed for all nutrients tested and LD50 valueswere determined: copper, 67.4-69.5 ppm; manganese, 20.9-29.8 ppm; zinc, 37.1-42.8 ppmin sulfated and chelated formrespectively; thiamin, 6273 ppm; pyridoxine, 14226 ppm. ECM mineralization was enhanced by mineral (dose and form dependent) and vitamin (dose dependent) supplementation, at non-toxic concentrationsbelow the determined LD50s. This in vitro work confirmed the mineralogenic action of trace minerals and water-soluble vitamins and provided valuable insights for subsequent in vivo nutritional trials.

Effect of trace minerals and starch on digestibility and rumen fermentation in diets for dairy heifers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different forms of trace minerals (TM) and the use of different starch levels in dairy heifer diets on rumen fermentation and digestibility. Eight rumen cannulated dairy heifers (15.4±0.8mo of age and 438.31±18.08kg of body weight) were subjected to a split-plot, 4×4 Latin square design with 19-d periods: 15d of adaptation and 4d of sampling. The whole-plot factor was type of TM; organic as proteinates (OTM) or inorganic sulfates (ITM), and the subplot was starch level (3.54, 12.95, 22.25, and 31.73%). Total collection of feces and urine was completed on d 15 to 19 to determine digestibility and TM excretion. Rumen contents were sampled on d 18 to 19 at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 22 h after feeding to measure pH and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations. Plasma samples were collected to evaluate TM concentrations and enzymatic activity for ceruloplasmin, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. Starch level affected pH, individual VFA concentrations, and nutrient excretion. Trace mineral intake was lower for OTM compared with ITM. No effect of TM form on dry matter digestibility was detected, but as level of starch increased, diet dry matter digestibility increased. Rumen pH was lower for diets with OTM, which is consistent with higher total VFA production and butyrate proportion observed for heifers fed OTM diets. These variables may be explained by the higher bioavailability of OTM and faster utilization and fermentation by rumen microorganisms. Heifers that consumed ITM had higher moisture in feces and higher urine excretion, which increased total manure production. Total excretion of TM was not different by treatment. Blood plasma mineral concentration was not different between treatments except for Mn, which was higher for OTM. Enzymatic activity was not affected by treatments. Mineral intake was reduced and blood mineral levels were not different, suggesting enhanced absorption of OTM compared with ITM. In conclusion, based on rumen pH, VFA production, and plasma TM concentration, OTM may be more ruminally bioavailable and absorbed to a greater extent than ITM. Also, TM form affected fecal moisture and urine excretion, suggesting that ITM may stimulate water intake.

Effects of pH and trace minerals on long-term starvation of Leuconostoc mesenteroides.

Laboratory experiments have definitively shown that exopolymer-producing bacteria have the potential to modify the flow of fluids in oil reservoirs to enhance oil production. Once injected into the reservoir, they will be subjected to a wide range of pH values and to starvation resulting from nutrient depletion. For successful field implementation it is necessary to have a fundamental understanding of these effects on the viability of bacteria. This paper addresses the effects of pH and trace minerals on cell viability of Leuconostoc mesenteroides during carbon source depletion. Two different carbon sources were used to grow cells before transferring the cells to starvation conditions: sucrose and a combination of glucose and fructose. These substrates were chosen because L. mesenteroides produces a significant amount of water-insoluble exopolymers (dextran) under sucrose-fed conditions, which may enhance cell survival under harsh conditions. The effects of dextran on the cell viability were tested at different pH values with and without trace minerals. The rate of cell death followed an exponential-decay law for different values of the solution pH. The optimal solution pH for survival was pH 5, whereas cells died rapidly at pH 3 and below and at pH 13 and above. The sucrose-fed cells showed a greater viability than cells fed glucose and fructose for all pH ranges tested. The results indicated that water-insoluble exopolymers help cells survive for longer periods of time under starvation conditions. The effects of trace minerals on cell culturability were tested at two pH values, 4.5 and 7. For both cases, cells showed a greater culturability (smaller decay rate constant) in the presence of trace minerals than without trace minerals. It was also found that the effects of trace minerals on cell culturability were greater for glucose-fructose-fed cells than for sucrose-fed cells. The Michaelis pH function theory was used for comparing the relationships between the cell decay rate and pH.

Effect of trace minerals on the stability of vitamin E in swine grower diets

The stability of alpha-tocopheryl acetate and inherent tocopherols in swine grower diets containing high levels of trace minerals was studied in a 12-wk experiment. Corn-soybean meal diets with either 0 or 1% crude soybean oil and without trace minerals added (NOTM) were supplemented with a standard trace mineral mix (TM), TM + 250 ppm of Cu, TM + 1,000 ppm of Fe, TM + 1,000 ppm of Zn, or TM + 100 ppm of Mn. Alpha-tocopheryl acetate decreased linearly (P less than .0001) during 12 wk of storage in diets containing NOTM, TM, Zn, or Mn at a rate of .015 mg/d. Addition of Fe (P less than .005) or Cu (P less than .05) increased the rate of alpha-tocopheryl acetate loss. The addition of soybean oil had no effect (P greater than .1) on the rate of alpha-tocopheryl acetate loss. The alpha-tocopherol levels of the NOTM diet decreased (P less than .01) by approximately 50% during the 12-wk storage period. Addition of TM alone in diets that did not contain soybean oil had no effect P greater than .1) on the rate of alpha-tocopherol loss. The addition of Cu, Fe, Zn, or Mn (P less than .05) to diets that did not contain soybean oil increased the rate of alpha-tocopherol loss in comparison with NOTM and TM diets. Addition of Cu decreased alpha-tocopherol below 10% of initial levels in approximately 10 d. The addition of soybean oil to the diets containing TM, Fe, Zn (P less than .005), or Mn (P less than .05) further increased the rate of alpha-tocopherol loss.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Extraction of periplasmic hydrogenase fromDesulfovibrio vulgaris(Hildenborough)

Periplasmic hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough) was extracted according to the method of van der Westen [8] and the effect of trace minerals on the extractability of this enzyme was investigated. The final growth yields in the presence or absence of trace minerals were the same; however, the growth was much faster and the amount of periplasmic hydrogenase extracted was significantly lower in the presence of trace minerals. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the presence of 2 hydrogenases in D. vulgaris, one soluble and the other possibly membrane-bound.

Effects of Trace Minerals, Aureomycin, and other Supplements on Certain Hematologic Values and Organ Weights of Dairy Calves

Effects of Trace Minerals, Aureomycin, and other Supplements on Certain Hematologic Values and Organ Weights of Dairy Calves

The Stability of Vitamin A in Mixed Feeds and Premixes

ANTIOXIDANTS and synergists which retard the destruction of vitamin A have been used with varying degrees of success in stabilizing oils (Buxton, 1947). Wall and Kelley (1951) reported that temperature, concentration, type of carrier and the source of vitamin A had a marked effect on the stability of a number of carotene and vitamin A concentrates. Burns and Quackenbush (1951) studied the effect of several feed ingredients on the stability of vitamin A supplied by several types of commercial concentrates, and reported that stability was enhanced by mixing with soybean oil meal and to a lesser degree by corn meal, while the addition of the concentrate to glucose (cerelose) diminished the stability of vitamin A. Miller et al. (1942), Halpern et al. (1949), and Halverson and Hart (1950) have demonstrated the destructive effect of trace minerals upon the vitamin A of cod liver oil in mixed feeds. Holder and Ford …

Effect of Trace Minerals and Other Dietary Ingredients upon Vitamin A Stability in Stored Poultry Diets

THE problem of vitamin A stability in stored poultry feeds continues to cause concern, especially with the increased trend to add the free trace minerals to commercial mixed diets. The new vitamin A preparations which are being widely used also complicate interpretation of losses from previous data and make reappraisal with new studies essential.Previous researchers on vitamin A stability with cod liver oil or feeding oil in poultry feeds have obtained considerable variation in losses during normal storage conditions. However, most of the data show that the added vitamin A is lost at a slow to moderate rate during normal storage (Bethke et al., 1939; Holder and Ford, 1939; Halpern et al., 1949; Halverson and Hart, 1950; and Siedler and Schweigert, 1954). A few investigators have shown that certain feed ingredients, including trace minerals, have a definite effect upon vitamin A stability in mixed feeds. Bethke et al. (1939) …

The Effect of Trace Minerals on Growth Performance and Vitamin B12 Synthesis of Steers

The Effect of Trace Minerals on Growth Performance and Vitamin B12 Synthesis of Steers

Effect of Trace Minerals and Other Dietary Ingredients Upon Carotene Stability in Stored Poultry Diets

IT HAS become a common practice to add certain trace minerals and vitamin A to mixed feeds of poultry and livestock. Whether or not this procedure has practical merit depends in part upon the stability of carotene or vitamin A in the presence of free trace minerals and other dietary ingredients.Miller et al. (1942), Halpern et al. (1949), Halverson and Hart (1950) and other investigators have demonstrated the destructive effect of free trace minerals upon vitamin A of cod liver oil in mixed feeds. Studies by Holder and Ford (1939) and Bethke et al. (1939) also indicated a destructive effect of meat scraps upon vitamin A of cod liver oil in mixed feeds. Studies by Fraps and Kemmerer (1937) found alfalfa meal a slightly more stable source of vitamin A in stored feeds than cod liver oil. Bethke et al. (1939) in a similar study could not differentiate between .

Effect of trace minerals on growth and fattening of swine.

Effect of trace minerals on growth and fattening of swine.