Effect Of Thiourea Research Articles

PHYSIOLOGICAL PARTICULARITIES OF MAIZE PLANTS AND THE EFFECT OF SOME ANTIOXIDANTS UNDER CONDITIONS OF MODERATE DROUGHT

Complex investigation on the effect of Thiourea, Galmet and Thiogalmet compositions on water status, intensity of photosynthesis, water use efficiency, growth and yield of ‘P458’ maize plants under conditions of natural humidity in field trials was performed. The beneficial effect of seed and foliage pre-treatment with Thiourea, Galmet and, in particular, the new chemical composition Thiogalmet on plants’ biological processes conditioning a better realisation of the physiological processes associated with plant growth and productivity was established. A significantly greater positive impact of Thiogalmet on the optimisation of hydration degree, water retention capacity, stomatal conductance for CO2/H2O, assimilation, water use efficiency, plant growth and productivity was recorded. There was an additive action of Thiourea and Galmet in the composition of the Tiogalmet preparation. Thiogalmet increased the yield per unit area and improved the commercial quality of the grain. Treating plants with Thiourea, Galmet and Thiogalmet ensured a 27.20, 52.08 and 68.20% yield increase, respectively, compared to the plants in the control variant. Therefore, a major effect was registered in the plants treated with the new composition. The obtained information demonstrates the possibility of mitigating the adverse effects of drought on the physiological response and production by applying antioxidants.

Theoretical calculations and electrochemical investigation of additives in aqueous methanesulfonic acid for lead electrodeposition

The methanesulfonate system is gradually replacing the traditional highly polluting fluoride electroplating lead （Pb） system with its eco-friendly advantage, and searching for suitable additives is crucially important to obtain uniform Pb coatings in the methanesulfonate system. In this work, a potential additive of thiourea suitable for methanesulfonate-based Pb electroplating was screened based on the theoretical calculations and cyclic voltammetry tests, and the effect of thiourea in the Pb electrodeposition was investigated. Specifically, the adsorption-coordination mechanism was proposed to explain the effect of thiourea by calculating the Bader charge density difference of thiourea on Pb surface and its interaction with Pb2+. Meanwhile, the effects of thiourea on the electrochemical behavior of lead electrodeposition were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The nucleation and growth of Pb follow 3D diffusion-controlled progressive nucleation at the low potential and high thiourea concentration but follow 3D diffusion-controlled instantaneous nucleation at the high overpotential. The appropriate concentration of thiourea could improve the surface morphology of lead coating and make the layer flat and dense. The influence of thiourea on the crystalline orientation and grain size of the coating was analyzed, which indicated that the increase of thiourea concentration favored the formation of the Pb (220) crystal plane and the decrease of grain size.

Effect of Thiourea on Lead Release from Lead-Bearing Jarosite under Freeze–Thaw Cycling

Lead is a toxic factor in jarosite residue, and it is important to study its release behavior from simulated lead jarosite residue (LSJ) to predict the stability of the jarosite residue and its impact on the environment. This study investigated the ion release behavior, leaching toxicity, stability, and ion migration of LSJ during freeze–thaw cycling with thiourea (T-FTC). The release of lead, iron, and sulfate radicals from lead jarosite via T-FTC was influenced by several factors. Under specific conditions, the amount of lead released was 6.09 mM/L, which accounted for 38.3% of the total lead. After the T-FTC treatment, the residual lead increased, and the leaching toxicity and long-term stable equilibrium concentration of lead were reduced to 42.1 mg/L and 12.4 mg/L, respectively, which decreased by 82% and 84%, respectively and led to improved environmental stability. This study provides a novel approach for the safe disposal of jarosite residue under low-temperature and mild conditions, and the results can be used to predict the stability of jarosite residue and its secondary pollution in the environment.

EXOGENOUS OPTIMIZATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION CAPACITY OF PLANTS IN MODERATE DROUGHT CONDITIONS

The effect of Thiourea, Galmet and Thiogalmet on the antioxidant protection capacity of plants in moderate drought conditions was studied. Thiogalmet is a new chemical composition that contains Thiourea (Tu) and Galmet - a preparation that consists of a mixture of potassium, ammonium, magnesium gallates, and potassium molybdate and ammonium paramolybdate. Biological tests were performed in the vegetation complex of the Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection. As subjects of investigations served the plants Glycine max (Merr) L Nadejda variety and Zeya mays LP458 cultivar, grown in the Mitcherlih vegetation pots with 40 kg soil and exposed to the drought stress at the critical stages for water. It has been established that pre-treatment of plants with Thiourea, Galmet and, in particular, with Thiogalmet increases the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbateperoxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GLR) and glutathione peroxidase (GLPX). The high activity of antioxidant enzymes is associated with a decrease in the content of malonic di-aldehyde (MDA). The increase in antioxidant protection capacity of plants pre-treated with Thiogalmet was recorded both in optimal conditions and in conditions of oxidative stress induced by drought. Thiogalmet has been shown to be one of the new biologically active chemicals that can be used in agriculture to reduce the negative impact of oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Design of Robust Self-Healing Silicone Elastomers Based on Multiple H-Bonding and Dynamic Covalent Bond.

A room-temperature self-healing silicone elastomer was prepared based on the synergistic effect of multiple H-bonding and dynamic covalent bond. The multiple bonds constructed by inserting thiourea into the polyurea network can inhibit the crystallization of hard urea H-bonds segments and activate the diffusion movement of polymer chains. Dynamic imine endows materials with a strong connection for the fracture interface by imine metathesis. The effect of thiourea on urea H-bonds was confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared spectrum, which showed obvious changes of H-bond density according to peak revolution of C═O and N-H. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated the transition from the crystalline to amorphous state after the introduction of thiourea. Tensile tests and scratch-healing tests showed that this design method can improve the self-healing property without sacrificing the mechanical strength. Finally, the optimized self-healing process was analyzed from the perspectives of the contact process, the interpenetration diffusion of the polymer chain, and rebuilding of crosslinking points between the two interfaces, which would build an avenue for constructing a fast, self-healing, and tough material.

Effect of Thiourea on Copper Cathode from Simulated Leachate of Copper and Cadmium Residues by Cyclone Electrowinning Technology

Effect of Thiourea on Copper Cathode from Simulated Leachate of Copper and Cadmium Residues by Cyclone Electrowinning Technology

Reaction between tetravalent cerium ion and chloride ion and effect of thiourea using cyclic voltammetry

To monitor the reaction between Ce4+ ion and Cl– ion at the electron level, an electrochemical experiment was designed in this work. Herein, the intermediate and final products that may be produced during the redox reaction are directly tracked by using cyclic voltammetry, and the influences of Ce4+ ion concentration, temperature and F– ion on the reduction peak potential of Ce4+ ion were investigated. The results show that Ce4+ ion reacts with Cl– ion through an irreversible reaction without any intermediate products, and the rate-determining step of the reaction is diffusion during the electrode reaction. The effects of temperature (20–40 °C) and Ce4+ ion concentration (0.04–0.12 mol/L) on the reduction peak potential of Ce4+ ion can be ignored, but the higher the molar ratio of F– to Ce4+ (0–3 mol/mol), the more easily the reduction of Ce4+ ion to Ce3+ ion occurs. Additionally, the Ce4+ ions are preferentially reduced by thiourea when thiourea is added in the HCl solution, and thiourea inhibits the oxidation of Cl– ions to Cl2 by forming a complex with Cl– ions. This work provides a theoretical basis for the role of thiourea in inhibiting Cl2 production and offers a new way to find new reductants.

Effects of thiourea on the skull of Triturus newts during ontogeny.

BackgroundIn amphibians, thyroid hormone (TH) has a profound role in cranial development, especially in ossification of the late-appearing bones and remodeling of the skull. In the present study, we explored the influence of TH deficiency on bone ossification and resulting skull shape during the ontogeny of Triturus newt hybrid larvae obtained from interspecific crosses between T. ivanbureschi and T. macedonicus.MethodsLarvae were treated with two concentrations of thiourea (an endocrine disruptor that chemically inhibits synthesis of TH) during the midlarval and late larval periods. Morphological differences of the cranium were assessed at the end of the midlarval period (ontogenetic stage 62) and the metamorphic stage after treatment during the late larval period.ResultsThere was no difference in the ossification level and shape of the skull between the experimental groups (control and two treatment concentrations) at stage 62. During the late larval period and metamorphosis, TH deficit had a significant impact on the level of bone ossification and skull shape with no differences between the two treatment concentrations of thiourea. The most pronounced differences in bone development were: the palatopterygoid failed to disintegrate into the palatal and pterygoid portions, retardation was observed in development of the maxilla, nasal and prefrontal bones and larval organization of the vomer was retained in thiourea-treated larvae.ConclusionsThis implies that deficiency of TH caused retardation in development and arrested metamorphic cranium skeletal reorganization, which resulted in divergent cranial shape compared to the control group. Our results confirmed that skull remodeling and ossification of late-appearing bones is TH–dependent, as in other studied Urodela species. Also, our results indicate that TH plays an important role in the establishment of skull shape during the ontogeny of Triturus newts, especially during the late larval period and metamorphosis, when TH concentrations reach their maximum.

Effects of Thiourea and Allyl Thioura on the Electrodeposition and Microstructures of Copper from Methanesulfonic Acid Baths

This work mainly focuses on the effects of two additives, thiourea (TU) and allyl thioura (ATU), on the electrodeposition behavior and microstructure development of copper deposits plated from the methane-sulfonic acid (MSA) bath. Three variables, including additive types, additive concentration, and current density, have been investigated in order to observe the variation in the crystallographic texture of Cu deposits. From the polarization behavior through the rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) voltammograms and chronopotentiometric (CP) steady state electrode potential analyses, TU and ATU show the suppression ability of Cu deposition and the interaction strength between Cu2+ and ATU is weaker than that between Cu2+ and TU. The operating current density range of the preferential (111) Cu deposition becomes wider with the introduction of TU and ATU additives in the plating bath. The influences of TU and ATU on the nucleation and growth of Cu grains are significantly different, leading to the very different surface morphologies and surface roughness of resultant Cu films although both additives are of the similar molecular structures and show a suppression ability on Cu deposition.

Effect of thiourea on structure, morphology and optical properties of spray deposited CZTS thin films for solar cell applications

<p>Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) films of different Thiorea (SC (NH2)2) molarity were deposited by using simple chemical spray technique at substrate temperature 275°C. Analytical reagent Grade Copper chloride (CuCl2), Zinc chloride (ZnCl2), Tin chloride (SnCl4.5H2O) were used as Cu+ , Zn+ , and Sn+ ion sources respectively and thiourea (SC(NH2)2) (0.02, 0.04 0.06 0.08, and 0.1 M) was used as a Sion source. A set of five CZTS films was deposited using five different molarity of thiourea. The structure, Morphology, Elemental analysis and optical properties of these films were studied using X-ray diffratometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) and UV-Visible spectroscopy techniques respectively. The XRD spectra showed that all films are polycrystalline tetragonal structure with preferential orientation along (112) plane. The calculated crystallite size was increased with increase in thiourea concentration. Variations of optical band gap with thiourea molarity have been investigated using Tauc plots. SEM micrographs exhibits CZTS spherical granules regularly arranged with some void spaces. Purity of deposited films was investigated using EDX analysis. All the CZTS films exhibits higher absorption coefficient (𝛼 > 104) cm-1 and band gap in the reported range (1.2-1.53 eV) can be used as an absorber layer in solar cells.</p>

Effect of Thiourea on Electrodeposited Co–Mg–Nd Alloy Coating in Deep Eutectic Solvents

Potentiostatic technique was used to investigate the effect of additive thiourea on the deposition mechanism of Co2+ in choline chloride–urea eutectic solvent system. The Co–Mg–Nd ternary alloy coating was prepared by linear scanning technique which was used to study the electrochemical behavior of Co2+, Mg2+ and Nd3+ in the system and the corrosion resistance of alloy coatings. The results show that Co2+ follows the growth mechanism of three-dimensional continuous nucleation in choline chloride–urea eutectic system. When the amount of thiourea added exceeds 300 mg, the nucleation mode of Co2+ approaches the three-dimensional instantaneous nucleation. The cathodic polarization curves of Co2+, Mg2+, and Nd3+ in the choline chloride–urea system shows a trend of weakening first and then increasing with the increase of thiourea content. At the addition of 100 mg, the cathodic polarization of the films was the strongest, which was conducive to deposite. According to the Ecorr and Icorr obtained by tafel curve, it is found that adding thiourea in the plating solution system could change the corrosion resistance of the coating. When the content was less than 100 mg, the corrosion resistance of the coating is the best. With the thiourea content increasing, the corrosion resistance of the coating is gradually weakening. It is found that the plating solution with 100 mg thiourea added can prepare Co–Mg–Nd ternary alloy coating with excellent coating morphology, high rare earth content and stable compound, by SEM, EDX and XRD analysis.

Effect of thiourea on the growth, optical, thermal, mechanical and dielectric properties of potassium hydrogen phthalate crystal

Pure and 1 mol% thiourea doped potassium hydrogen phthalate single crystals were grown by slow evaporation method. Single crystal XRD confirms the crystalline perfection of the crystal. FTIR studies confirm the presence of functional group. UV–Vis studies reveal the good optical transparency of the crystal. The thermal stability of the crystal was confirmed by thermal studies. The strength of the crystal was determined by Vickers micro hardness studies. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss at various temperatures was determined. The nonlinear optical efficiency of 1 mol% thiourea doped KHP and pure KHP crystal was identified by SHG studies.

Photocatalytic performances of cobalt sulfides prepared by solution combustion synthesis using mixed fuels

Cobalt sulfide powders (CoS, Co9S8 and CoS1.97) were synthesized by solution combustion method using conventional and microwave heating routes. The powders were obtained using cobalt nitrate as both cobalt source and oxidizer together with proper amounts of thiourea as sulfidizing agent and glycine as an auxiliary reductant. Effects of thiourea and glycine amounts in conjunction with the type of combustion route, on the phase constituents, microstructure and optical properties were studied using infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, X-ray diffractometry, electron microscopy and diffuse reflectance spectrometry techniques. The results revealed that single phase cobalt sulfides can be delivered by precise adjustment of thiourea and glycine amounts and a proper heating (conventional or microwave) route. Co9S8 single phase was obtained using equal amounts of thiourea and glycine by both microwave and conventional heating modes. Using thiourea/glycine ratio of 1.5, leads to the formation of CoS1.97 single phase by conventional heating, while CoS was obtained when microwave heating was applied. Increasing the amount of thiourea caused particle size increment. Maximum photocatalytic degradation efficiency (89 and 89.5%) of methylene blue was obtained at pH = 9 for microwave combusted samples. Quenching tests in the presence of •OH− radical scavenger (isopropyl alcohol) showed that the major oxidizing species were • OH− radicals.

Effect of thiourea on electrocrystallization of Cu–Sn alloys from sulphate electrolytes

In this work, the effect of thiourea on the initial stages of the Cu–Sn electrodeposition in the potential range of the underpotential deposition (UPD) of tin from the sulphate electrolyte was studied by linear sweep voltammetry. The mechanism of Cu–Sn alloy nucleation and growth was proposed based on the results of chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, and scanning electron microscopy. Thiourea in the concentrations of 0.001–0.010 g/L showed a significant inhibitory effect on the reduction of copper ions. Analysis of the current-time dependencies revealed that Cu–Sn deposition in the UPD region of tin from thiourea-containing solutions proceeds through 3D diffusion-controlled growth of copper clusters. The nucleation type and the main nucleation parameters were calculated based on the Scharifker and Hills theoretical model. Galvanostatic experiments proved that the UPD of tin occurs on the surface of initially formed copper clusters. Surface characterization of Cu–Sn coatings deposited in the presence of thiourea showed a good correlation with electrochemical experiments.

Study on the Effect of the Thiourea on Nano-Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of the Electroformed Thin Ni-P Foil

The effect of thiourea on the nano-mechanical and chemical properties of Ni-P foil was studied to develop a high performance Ni-P deposit for automobile and machinery parts. The Ni-P deposit was prepared by electroforming in a modified sulphate bath with different amounts of thiourea. Chemical analysis of the electrodeposited Ni-P foils by energy dispersive spectroscopy showed that phosphorous in the foil was reduced with thiourea. Structural analysis by X-ray diffractometry revealed that the (111) plane of the Ni-P deposits grew preferentially with increasing crystallinity. Surface analysis by atomic force microscopy and fieldemission scanning electron microscopy showed that the surfaces of the Ni-P electrodeposited with 0 and 0.01 g/L thiourea were relatively smooth and clean showing no nodules, whereas, the cauliflower-like nodules were observed on the surfaces of the deposits prepared with 0.03, 0.05, 0.07 and 0.1 g/L thiourea. The surface roughness (RRMS) of the deposits increased by addition of 0.1 ppm of thiourea from 6 to 54 nm. Nanomechanical properties of the Ni-P foil such as elastic modulus, hardness and stiffness determined by tribonano- indenter were tended to increase by addition of 0.1 ppm of thiourea from 77 to 156 GPa, 6.6 to 8.9 GPa and 109.6 to 186.6 μN/nm, respectively. (Received September 16, 2019; Accepted November 30, 2019)

S-doped activated mesoporous carbon derived from the Borassus flabellifer flower as active electrodes for supercapacitors

A successful transformation of Borassus flabellifer flower into activated carbon (AC) with the highest intakes of sulfur (S) contents in the S-doped AC process turned the materials to be a potential candidate for supercapacitor applications. The suitable proportion of KOH during activation and the effect of thiourea as a precursor were other major factors in the transformation process. Many experiments have left the possibility of the effects of the high S content of the materials unnoticed; this attempt explored the result of the high content S-doped mesoporous AC via hydrothermal method. Moreover, doping sulfur and oxygen functionalities on its carbon matrix helps to improve its electrochemical properties. HRSEM/EDX with elemental mapping evidenced the porous sheetlike morphologies. XRD, Raman spectra and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherm analysis were studied. The reported specific surface area of the AC (PM6) is found to be 474.99 m2/g with the highest 10 wt% of S at an activation temperature of 600 °C for 1 h with 30 wt% of KOH. This S-doped AC exhibits high specific capacitance of 275 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. The symmetric supercapacitors cell (SSC) exhibited specific capacitance of 137.7 F/g at 1 A/g, with enhanced superior cycling stability with 95.4% retention after 3000 cycles at 1 A/g. The SSC delivers energy density of 9.345 Wh/kg and power density of 687 W/kg.

Effect of Thiourea on Migratory Activity of Climbing Perch Anabas testudineus and Food Consumption

The effect of thiourea (exposure to 0.05% solution) on the migratory activity of the climbing perch Anabas testudineus has been studied. It is established that thiourea simultaneously affects two components of the migratory behavior of climbing perch: rheoreaction and frequency of jumps out of water. Thiourea stimulates (by 27%) movement of specimens against the current and increases (by 31%) the frequency of jumps out of water. The effect of the substance is manifested on the fifth day of exposure, while specimens almost completely stop feeding on the twelfth day. Starvation caused by thiourea may play a crucial role in the effect of thiourea on the migratory activity of climbing perch.

Effect of Thiourea as a Doping for Nanotitania

Sulphur-doped TiO2 samples were prepared by sol gel method using thiourea as sulphur source. The amount of thiourea solutions are 0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2 ml, respectively. Sulphur-doped TiO2 was calcinated at 450°C. Sulphur-doped TiO2 and pure TiO2 were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Photo catalyst tests were carried out under sunlight and UV lamp. Based on XRD characterization, the samples are anatase phase. Furthermore, particle size was calculated using Scherrer equation and results of 8.94 and 12.98 nm, respectively for TBT-1.5 and TBT-0.5. TEM characterization showed that particle size of sulphur-doped TiO2 and pure TiO2 are 8.6 and 12.5 nm. Compared to TiO2 without doping, sulphur-doped TiO2 has a better photo catalyst activity for degradation of remazol golden yellow under visible light.

Effect of Thiourea on the Nanocrystalline-Copper Coating Prepared by Jet Electrodeposition

Effect of Thiourea on the Nanocrystalline-Copper Coating Prepared by Jet Electrodeposition

Effect of Thiourea and Starvation on the Physiological and Biochemical State and the Reproductive System of Climbing Perch Anabas testudineus

The effects of thiourea (keeping of fish for 32 days in 0.05% solution of thiourea) and of starvation (during 12 days) on the physiological and biochemical state and on the reproductive system of mature males of climbing perch Anabas testudineus are investigated. Combination of these two factors results in a decrease in the level of sex steroid hormones (testosterone and estradiol-17β) in blood, in changes in synthesis of thyroxine, in its conversion to triiodothyronine, and in acceleration of spermatogenesis.