Effects Of Temporary Changes Research Articles

Team Composition: The Effect of Temporary Change and the Moderating Role of Experience

Team Composition: The Effect of Temporary Change and the Moderating Role of Experience

Covid-19, corporate survival and public policy: The role of accounting information and regulation in the wake of a systemic crisis

The economic crisis triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic prompted governments to issue several relief mechanisms to hold up companies and workers. This study analyzes how accounting information and regulation can support policymakers in the wake of a systemic crisis. Based on an accounting-based framework and readily available data from financial statements, it forecasts the impact of the crisis in terms of losses, equity depletion, and corporate defaults, absent government intervention. Next, it quantifies the costs and effects of five relief mechanisms in alleviating the risk of generalized corporate bankruptcies. The effects of the health pandemic and relief mechanisms on profitability and equity shortfalls are estimated for a sample of 586,076 privately held Italian firms. The findings indicate that the number of companies facing bankruptcy risk would increase from 65,463 (11% of the population) in 2019 to 153,681 (26%) in 2020, absent any government intervention. Altogether, these firms employ 1.4 million employees and have a total exposure to the financial industry equal to €68 billion in loans. Next, we assess the effects of relief mechanisms introduced by the Italian government to support corporations, whose aggregate costs reach €49.33 billion in 2020, and find that the interventions ‘rescue’ about 43,000 firms otherwise in default. Finally, the study adds to the debate on the role of accounting regulation in the wake of a systemic crisis by (a) discussing the effects of temporary changes to accounting rules on the informativeness and transparency of financial statements, and (b) suggesting alternative ways to modify accounting rules to safeguard corporate survival without compromising the informativeness of financial statements once the crisis reaches a halt.

COVID-19, Public Policies and Corporate Survival: The Role of Accounting Information and Regulation in the Wake of a Systemic Crisis

The economic crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic prompted governments to take immediate actions and launch a bundle of relief mechanisms to hold up companies and workers. This study analyzes the role of accounting information and regulation in supporting policy-makers in the wake of a systemic crisis in two ways: first, by clarifying how accounting information enables an in-depth appreciation of the key issues facing corporations (e.g. profitability and equity depletion, alongside liquidity), thus paving the way for the design of relief mechanisms; second, by discussing the benefits and risks of temporary changes to accounting rules perused by governments. Towards these aims, we analyze the effects of the recent health crisis on profitability and equity shortfalls for a large sample of 580,874 privately-held Italian firms; our findings suggest that the number of distressed firms - whose equity falls below legal requirements - increase from 11% in 2019 to 26% in 2020, absent any government interventions. Altogether these firms employ almost 1.4 millions of employees and have total exposure towards the financial system, net of short term assets, equal to € 65 billions. We then forecast the effects of four relief mechanisms introduced by the Italian government to mitigate losses and equity depletions and find that the interventions offer a safety net for about 24% of firms otherwise in distress. Last, the study contributes to the debate on the role of accounting information and regulation in the wake of systemic crisis by (a) highlighting and discussing the effects of temporary changes to accounting rules on the informativeness and transparency of financial statements, and (b) suggesting alternative ways to modify accounting rules to avoid large corporate losses and equity depletions yet ensuring forward looking informativeness of financial statements once the crisis tapers.

The Effect of Temporary Changes and Expectations on Individuals' Decisions: Evidence from a Tax Compliance Setting

ABSTRACTBased on prospect theory's value function, we predict how reference points adapt to influence individuals' tax evasion choices during and after experiencing temporary tax changes. Results from a multi-round experiment indicate reactions to temporary changes depend jointly on the direction of the change and expectations. Specifically, individuals experiencing a tax increase evade more while the increase is in effect. More interestingly, knowing, versus not knowing, a tax decrease is temporary prevents an increase in evasion after the temporary change expires, and may lead individuals to reduce evasion during the change. In a supplemental condition, we induce uncertainty by repeatedly extending a tax decrease. We find when uncertainty is introduced, both benefits of knowing the temporal nature of the decrease are lost. Overall results are consistent with individuals failing to adapt to a loss state and adapting quickly to a gain state unless they are certain the gain state is temporary.

Indirect consequences of hypolimnetic hypoxia on zooplankton growth in a large eutrophic lake

AB Aquatic Biology Contact the journal Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections AB 16:217-227 (2012) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00442 Indirect consequences of hypolimnetic hypoxia on zooplankton growth in a large eutrophic lake Daisuke Goto1,8,*, Kara Lindelof2,3, David L. Fanslow4, Stuart A. Ludsin4,5, Steven A. Pothoven4, James J. Roberts2,6, Henry A. Vanderploeg4, Alan E. Wilson2,7, Tomas O. Höök1,2 1Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA 2Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108, USA 3Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA 4Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108, USA 5Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA 6Colorado State University, Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA 7Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA 8School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA *Email: dgoto2@unl.edu ABSTRACT: Diel vertical migration (DVM) of some zooplankters in eutrophic lakes is often compressed during peak hypoxia. To better understand the indirect consequences of seasonal hypolimnetic hypoxia, we integrated laboratory-based experimental and field-based observational approaches to quantify how compressed DVM can affect growth of a cladoceran, Daphnia mendotae, in central Lake Erie, North America. To evaluate hypoxia tolerance of D. mendotae, we conducted a survivorship experiment with varying dissolved oxygen concentrations, which demonstrated high sensitivity of D. mendotae to hypoxia (≤2 mg O2 l−1), supporting the field observations of their behavioral avoidance of the hypoxic hypolimnion. To investigate the effect of temporary changes in habitat conditions associated with the compressed DVM, we quantified the growth of D. mendotae, using a 3 (food quantity) × 2 (temperature) factorial design laboratory experiment. Neither food quantity nor temperature affected short-term growth in body length of D. mendotae. However, D. mendotae RNA content (an index of short-term condition) decreased under starvation, indicating an immediate response of short-term feeding on condition. We further evaluated the effect of hypoxia-induced upward shifts in vertical distribution by quantifying the RNA content of D. mendotae from central Lake Erie before and during peak hypoxia. Despite high temperature and food quantity in the upper water column, RNA content in field-collected D. mendotae remained low during peak hypoxia. Furthermore, D. mendotae collected during peak hypoxia consisted of only small-bodied (<~1.25 mm) individuals, suggesting that behavioral avoidance of the hypoxic hypolimnion may also have indirect fitness costs. KEY WORDS: Anoxia · RNA:DNA ratio · Food web · Great Lakes · Eutrophication · Zooplankton ecology Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Goto D, Lindelof K, Fanslow DL, Ludsin SA and others (2012) Indirect consequences of hypolimnetic hypoxia on zooplankton growth in a large eutrophic lake. Aquat Biol 16:217-227. https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00442 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in AB Vol. 16, No. 3. Online publication date: September 05, 2012 Print ISSN: 1864-7782; Online ISSN: 1864-7790 Copyright © 2012 Inter-Research.

Visual marking: The influence of temporary changes on time-based visual selection.

The preview benefit describes the finding that participants can prioritize the selection of new stimuli by the top-down inhibition of previously presented (previewed) items already in the field (Watson & Humphreys, 1997). Previous work has shown that if the old items undergo a permanent shape change when the new are added, then the old items recompete for selection with the new-the preview benefit is abolished. This is adaptive because it would be useful to stop ignoring items which change in potentially important ways. In contrast, temporary or repeating changes might be much less behaviorally relevant than permanent changes. Accordingly, we examined the effect of temporary changes (Experiment 1) and repeating changes (Experiment 2). Overall, the results showed that temporary changes could be partially but not fully ignored, and ignoring repeating changes became more difficult as the number of repetitions increased. The findings are discussed in terms of attentional prioritization mechanisms, maintenance of inhibitory representations, and the ecological properties of time-based selection.

Effect of temporary changes in light intensity on carbon transport, partitioning and respiratory loss in young tomato seedlings raised under different light intensities

Tomato plants were grown under light intensities of 36 or 90 W m(-2) [photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)], and then the light intensity was changed to 36, 90 or 180 W m(-2) for 8 h to investigate the effect of temporary changes in light intensity on the carbon budget of photoassimilates from the third leaf using a (14)CO(2) steady-state feeding method. In the plants that were raised under 90 W m(-2), the photosynthetic rate increased when the light intensity was increased to 180 W m(-2), whereas no increase occurred in the plants that were raised under 36 W m(-2). Although the total amount of carbon fixed during the 8-h light period showed a large difference between plants grown at the two initial light intensities, the proportion of carbon exported during the light period did not differ apparently, irrespective of the change in light intensity. However, the amount of carbon exported during the time course was higher in plants that were raised under 90 W m(-2) than those raised under 36 W m(-2), irrespective of the change in light intensity. The partitioning pattern of (14)C-photoassimilates was not changed by the change in light intensity, irrespective of whether the light intensity was increased or not. However, the amount of (14)C-photoassimilates accumulated in each part differed according to the two initial light intensities. The carbon transport from a source leaf was also investigated through a quantitative analysis of carbon balance.

Using an error-correction model to test whether endogenous long-run growth exists

A major empirical interest in growth studies is whether permanent changes in economic fundamentals affect the long-run growth rate or not. However, a direct time series analysis of this hypothesis may not always be feasible because the permanence of many such changes is rather questionable. This paper explains why examining the long-run effects of temporary changes in investment share on per capita output provides indirectly the answer regarding the effects of (possibly hypothetical) permanent changes in investment share, when log per capita output and log per capita investment are cointegrated. Applying the proposed method to the post-war data of major industrial countries, it is found that a disturbance to investment share does not produce a positive long-run effect in each of the three countries – France, Japan and the United Kingdom – in which log per capita output and log per capita investment are cointegrated. The evidence is unfavorable to the class of endogenous growth models.

95 The effect of temporary change of biventricular to right ventricular pacing mode on selected markers of inflammation and NO production

95 The effect of temporary change of biventricular to right ventricular pacing mode on selected markers of inflammation and NO production

393. Experiments on milking technique: 5. Effect of temporary changes in the interval between washing and milking: 6. Comparison of established washing and milking routines

1. Cows accustomed to preparation for milking 1 min. before putting on the teat cups were on single mornings (a) milked without preparation, (b) milked 3 min. after preparation, (c) milked 6 min. after preparation.On treatment (a) ‘let-down’ was delayed but thereafter milking rate was not abnormal. Treatment (b) had no pronounced effect on milking efficiency, but treatment (c) resulted in a slightly slower rate of milking and a reduced yield of milk and butterfat.2. In a second experiment a comparison was made between two established routines, in one of which udder washing, fore-milking and concentrate feeding was done less than 1 min. before milking and in the other more than 20 min. before milking. The data suggest that milking immediately after preparation was the more efficient routine, although the differences were not very great.