Effects Of Systemic Insecticides Research Articles

Effectiveness of insecticides against pests of white cabbage grown using seedling technology

Among the two methods of growing white cabbage, the seedling technology is more widely used in North-Western Russia. Watering seedlings in cassettes with a systemic formulation of neonicotinoid insecticide Actara, WDG (250 g/kg thiamethoxam) prior to planting has been developed to protect white cabbage from early spring pests: flea beetles of the genus of Phyllotreta and the cabbage root fly. This approach is widely used by commercial growers and its efficacy requires monitoring under current conditions because of a possibility of resistance development. Testing Actara, WDG in 2019 and 2021 at the experimental field of All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection didn’t show any significant decrease of biological effectiveness of seedling treatment. Testing biological effectiveness of systemic insecticides belonging to the chemical class of carbamates Lannate, WSP (250 g/kg metomil) and the new class isoxazolines isocycloseram was carried out in parallel. Biological effectiveness of the latter insecticide was higher compared to Actara against the flea beetles and the cabbage root fly during a 21-day period. In addition, plant infestation with diamondback moth decreased. Efficacy indices of Lannate were significantly lower. Isocycloseram shows a good potential for inclusion into the Index of Registered Formulations of the Russian Federation to protect cabbage against a complex of insect pests. Having an additional active ingredient available to farmers will be begenicial for developing rotation schemes to combat pest resistance.

Effects of systemic insecticides against emerald ash borer on ash seed resources

Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennsis, is an invasive insect that was accidentally introduced to North America from Asia. It continues to spread rapidly across North America and is responsible for the death of tens of millions of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.). All North American species of ash are susceptible to EAB infestation threatening the ash resource and diversity. Measures such as systemic insecticide treatments in urban forests and collection of ash seeds provide a means of conserving genetic resources. Understanding the effect these insecticides could have on ash seed viability is therefore important to informing conservation efforts. Another potential concern for effective conservation of ash seeds is the ash seed weevil (Lignyodes spp.) whose larvae develop in and feed on ash seeds. However, the effect of EAB insecticides on weevil infestation levels in ash seeds has not been investigated to date. Our study investigated the effect of two systemic insecticide treatments, azadirachtin and emamectin benzoate, on levels of ash seed weevil infestation, seed germination ability, and seed germination time of seeds collected from boulevard trees of green ash (F. pennsylvanica Marsh.) in cities in Minnesota from 2017 to 2019. Weevil infestation levels were similar between untreated and treated trees in 2017 and 2018. In 2019, the weevil prevalence in untreated trees was on average 17% and 30% higher than in azadirachtin and emamectin benzoate-treated trees respectively. Weevil infestation data suggests that repeated insecticide treatments at labelled rates can reduce seed weevils that target germplasm. Additionally, insecticide treatments did not affect ash seed germination rates between treatments. These results suggest that systemic insecticides may be effective at conserving the seed resource in addition to known benefits such as canopy preservation.

Effects of systemic insecticides on the population dynamics of the dragonfly Sympetrum frequens in Japan: Statistical analyses using field census data from 2009 to 2016

Since the mid-1990s, populations of the common Japanese dragonfly Sympetrum frequens in rice fields have declined severely. Application of systemic insecticides—especially fipronil—to nursery boxes of rice seedlings is suspected to be the main cause of the decline. However, until now there have been insufficient population data to test the causality. We conducted a dragonfly survey from 2009 to 2016 in four prefectures of Japan and compiled the data to enable the comparison of population growth rates along five main census routes over the years. We also estimated the use ratio of each insecticide applied to nursery boxes in rice fields (i.e., the area exposed to insecticide as a ratio of the total rice field area) by prefecture. We then statistically analyzed the effects of the insecticides on the dragonfly’s population growth rates, taking into account the potential confounding factors based on current knowledge. There was a significant negative association between the annual increase in use ratio of the sum of systemic insecticides (e.g., fipronil, imidacloprid, and chlorantraniliprole) and the annual population growth rate of S. frequens. This association suggests that systemic insecticide use affected the decrease in population density of the dragonfly, although some agronomic factors need to be further examined as potential confounders.

Phlebotomine mortality effect of systemic insecticides administered to dogs

BackgroundZoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is an important disease in humans and dogs. Different mammal species are reservoirs but dogs are considered to be the main one. Phlebotomine sand flies are the proven vector. Four systemic insecticides approved for their use in dogs were previously selected based on their potential to be used in endemic countries as part of the control programs of ZVL. These insecticides are proved to be safe and effective against the on-label insects and parasites, but there is no information about their activity against phlebotomine sand flies.MethodsThe phlebotomine mortality of four systemic insecticides in dogs was evaluated using two randomized clinical trials. For the first trial, thirty dogs were randomly allocated into five groups: four treatments and one control, of equal size. The treatments evaluated were: Guardian®SR, Elanco (moxidectin); Comfortis®, Elanco (spinosad); Bravecto®, Merck Animal Health (fluralaner); and NexGard®, Merial (afoxolaner). Blood from dogs was taken at days 2, 4, 21 and 31 post-treatment (trial 1). The compound that showed the highest efficacy was selected for a second trial (trial 2) with 20 dogs sampled at days 0, 2, 4, 7, 14, 18, 32, 39, 51 and 84 post-treatment. Membrane feeding bioassays with Phlebotomus papatasi were used to evaluate the phlebotomine mortality efficacy of the different treatments. Phlebotomine mortality was observed every 24 h following the membrane feeding during 5 days. A mixed model for a negative binomial logistic regression, and a Cox proportional hazard mixed model were used to estimate phlebotomine mortality due to different treatments.ResultsFluralaner was the only compound that showed significant phlebotomine mortality. Fluralaner maintained the phlebotomine mortality between 60–80% for 30 days after treatment. In trial 1 we found that fluralaner increased the risk of death by 1.9 times (95% CI: 1.02–3.6) and 1.7 times (95% CI: 1.09–2.6) at days 2 and 4 after treatment. The Cox model resulted in an increase of 1.47 (95% CI: 1.1–1.96) times in hazard risk at day 2 and 1.89 (95% CI: 1.35–2.45) at day 4 after treatment.In trial 2 we found that fluralaner increased the risk of death by 1.64 times (95% CI: 1.16–2.54) and 1.97 times (95% CI: 1.23–3.17) at days 14 and 32. The hazard risk was also increased by 1.92 (95% CI: 1.4–2.64) times at day 14 after treatment. Phlebotomine survival including all experimental days was significantly lower in the fluralaner group in both trials.ConclusionsA single oral treatment of fluralaner in dogs induces phlebotomine mortality. Systemic insecticides in dogs should be considered as a potential preventive measure of ZVL.

Control of Bagworms (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) Using Contact and Soil-Applied Systemic Insecticides

The current study evaluated the effect of different classes of insecticides against bagworms (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) on arborvitae by using a laboratory bioassay that allowed us to simultaneously evaluate the feeding rate, growth, and mortality of larvae. Soil application of the systemic insecticides dinotefuran and (to a lesser extent) chlothianidin increased larval mortality and reduced the feeding rate and growth of larvae, up to 50 d posttreatment. The effectiveness of systemic insecticides against bagworms makes them well suited to control bagworms on tall trees heavily infested in the upper canopy. Chlorantranilipole and indoxacarb were as effective in controlling bagworms as other contact insecticides commercially available (spinosad and bifenthrin). Chlorantraniliprole had a residual effect 10 d posttreatment and may therefore provide an effective tool to protect the foliage of arborvitae against bagworms over a sustained period.

Effects of systemic insecticides on potato growth and their interaction with metribuzin

Effects of the soil systemic insecticides aldicarb, phorate, and disulfoton on potato growth were measured from 1984–1986 on the cultivars Russet Burbank and Centennial. In all seasons, aldicarb was observed to cause a significant promotion of flowering and in one season also caused increased haulm growth. Phorate caused a reduction in these growth parameters in one season. Temporary effects on early season yields were observed from the aldicarb treatment in one year but final yields were never significantly affected by insecticide use alone. During 1985–1986 additional treatments were investigated involving insecticide combinations with the herbicide metribuzin to determine possible insecticide-herbicide interactions. Phorate-metribuzin combinations caused synergistic metribuzin injury symptoms, decreased haulm growth and yield in 1986. Metribuzin also decreased yields of aldicarb treated potatoes in 1986 and disulfoton treated potatoes in 1985. Disulfoton-metribuzin combinations decreased flowering in 1985. These data suggest that soil systemic insecticides can have direct effects on potato growth, independent of effects on pest suppression, and that they may interact with other crop protection chemicals.

Tobacco Flea Beetle Control with Soil Insecticides, 1986

Abstract Five tests were conducted on commercially grown tobacco to evaluate the effect of systemic insecticides on insect numbers and net return. Only flea beetles were present in large enough numbers for control evaluation prior to scheduled foliar sprays. Plots were 0.025 acre, 4 rows wide and were separated laterally by vacant fifth rows and at the ends by turn alleys of at least 16 ft. Treatments were distributed in a randomized complete block with 3 replications. Spray treatments were made using a tractor mounted sprayer delivering 20-24 gpa at 25 psi through 8004 flat-fan nozzles. Granular materials were broadcast using a tractor mounted Noble� granular application. Applications were made 7, 14, 15, 13, and 5 days prior to transplanting (Tests I-V, respectively). Materials were incorporated by discing and forming beds. Transplant water treatments were made using the farmers’ tractor drawn setters delivering 250, 172, 210, 290 and 350 gpa (Tests I-V, respectively). Soils were Norfolk sandy loam (Tests I and II), Cecil fine sandy loam (Tests III and V) and Aycock very fine sandy loam (Test IV). Soil moisture during the evaluation period was dry to very dry in Tests II-IV and moderate in Tests I and V. Flea beetle holes were counted on 5 plants in each of the middle two rows of each plot from a random start. Data were transformed to × + 0.5 prior to analysis.

The effect of systemic insecticides and nitrogen on oil‐filling in developing seeds of toria (Brassica campestris cv. toria)

AbstractThe systemic insecticides Metasystox and Temik reduced the oil content and increased the free fatty acid and phospholipid contents of the oil of toria seeds at early stages of their development. The oil level was, however, restored when the seeds were sown in soil supplied with nitrogen. At a later developmental stage (30 days after fertilisation), Temik increased, and Metasystox decreased the triacylglycerol content in the oil. Both insecticides increased the relative proportion of erucic acid in the oil, however this increase levelled off in the developing seeds when the toria crop was supplied with nitrogen fertiliser. In in‐vivo studies, Metasystox at 10 μg ml−1 was sufficient to lower the rate of [1‐14C]acetate incorporation into lipids of developing seeds. The effect of Temik on lipid biosynthesis was not as pronounced as that of Metasystox.

Effect of Systemic Insecticides on Cowpea Banding Mosaic Virus and Its Transmission by Aphis craccivora Koch

Summary Systemic insecticides, disulfoton, thimet, and temik, did not provide appreciable protection of cowpea plants to infection with cowpea banding mosaic virus through Aphis craccivora, though the symptom development was delayed by 9, 7, and 4 days, respectively, but only one week after treatment. Disulfoton and temik, when mixed with the virus extract, inhibited the virus from 35.7 to 71.4%. Higher inhibition was recorded at higher concentrations. Per cent mortality of A. craccivora was more than 50 % up to 46 days after insecticidal treatment at all the dosages, except carbofuran. After 73 days of insecticidal application, maximum aphid mortality was recorded in temik, followed by disulfoton and thimet.

Tomatoes: Effect of Systemic Insecticides - Potting Soil Mix on Germination in the Greenhouse, 1977

Abstract Tomato seed was combined with Jiffy Mix potting soil at the rate of 1 gm seed/200 gms dry mix. Insecticides were then blended in using a contrarotating mixer for 10 min. One-fourth cup of treated mix was placed in 8 oz wax cups, watered uniformly and examined for germination and phytotoxicity.

Influence of Soil Moisture Conditions on Effectiveness of Systemic Insecticides in American Elm and Red Pine

Oxydemetonmethyl and disufoton were applied as concentrates to stems or as dilute emulsions to the foliage of red pine seedlings grown in the greenhouse under 2 soil moisture regimes. The greatest mortality of pine needle scales, Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), occurred on those plants grown under the drier conditions. Analysis of parent compound and metabolite of oxydemetonmethyl showed that the plants growing under dry conditions retained the insecticide at higher levels for longer periods than those growing under moist conditions, somewhat different results were obtained with the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urlicae Koch, on American elm. Suggested reasons for the different responses are given.

Granular Systemic Insecticides Applied to Spinach, Turnips, and Cabbage for Insect Control

The use of granulated systemic insecticides applied to vegetable crops at planting or transplanting is receiving increasing attention. The long period of effective insect control obtained with these compounds, and the possibility of extending their use as primary or supplementary insect control methods prompts further studies. Some data concerning the use of granulated systemic insecticides in South Texas have been presented by Harding (1959, 1962a, b) and Harding and Wolfenbarger (1963). The purpose of the tests reported here was to further examine insect control, to attempt to evaluate the effect of systemic insecticides on the plant itself, and to compare the effectiveness of various systemic insecticides during the 1962-1963 growing season at Crystal City and Weslaco. Data were obtained on the spotted cucumber beetle, Ditabrotica undecimpunctatat howwardi Barb., attacking spinach; the western flea beetle, Phyllotreta pusilla Horn, attacking turnips; and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hub., and cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicace Linn., attacking cabbage.

Effect of Systemic Insecticides on Green Peach Aphid Populations on Potatoes1

Effect of Systemic Insecticides on Green Peach Aphid Populations on Potatoes1

Effect of Systemic Insecticides upon Certain Peanut Insects and upon Peanuts

Effect of Systemic Insecticides upon Certain Peanut Insects and upon Peanuts