Effect Of Soybean Meal Replacement Research Articles

Effect of soybean meal replacement with corn gluten meal on the survival, biochemical and metabolic responses, and disease resistance of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Abstract This study delves into the potential of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with corn gluten meal (CGM) in the diet of Litopaeneaus vannamei. We aimed to investigate the effects of a dietary soybean meal replacement on various aspects of shrimp, including survival, biochemical indices, digestive enzymes, metabolomics, and disease resistance against Vibrio harveyi. To conduct the study, we fed 840 juvenile Pacific shrimp seven different diets, each containing varying levels of CGM. The control group received a diet with 0% CGM; the other diets contained 3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, 12%, and 14% CGM. Each group comprised three replicates, and the shrimp were fed their diets for eight weeks. Our findings revealed that the survival rate of the shrimp ranged from 90.83% to 97.50% and did not differ significantly between the control and those fed diet treatments 2–5. Additionally, there were no significant differences in crude protein, moisture, and lipid content. However, we observed that total antioxidant capacity content increased with the dietary inclusion of CGM. Furthermore, malondialdehyde content decreased with increasing CGM levels, while superoxide dismutase increased, indicating no obvious oxidative damage was observed in CGM treatment groups. Interestingly, shrimp fed diets 2 and 3 had considerably lower alanine aminotransferase activity than shrimp in the control group. The disease resistance in shrimp was improved across all treatment groups, with a notably higher CGM inclusion having the highest level of mortality during the challenge test. Finally, we analyzed the metabolomics data and found PCA score plots clearly separated the control group and shrimp fed CGM diets. Our study revealed that a 3% substitution rate of SBM with CGM can enhance survival and immunity, regulate metabolites and improve disease resistance.

Handmade fish meal as a partial replacement of soybean meal in diets for feedlot lambs: Effects on growth performance, dietary energy and meat quality

With the aim to evaluate a handmade fishmeal (HFM) as a partial replacement of soybean meal (SBM) in finishing diets, 36 intact male Dorper × Pelibuey lambs (41.43±7.38 kg of initial weight) were used in a completely randomized block design to test the following treatments: 1) Cracked corn-based diet containing 12% SBM, 2) inclusion of 3.5% of HFM partially replacing SBM, and 3) inclusion of 7% of HFM partially replacing SBM. Urea and limestone were utilized to balance diets in CP and calcium content. The feeding trial lasted 30 days. Replacement of SBM with HFM did not modify the effects on average daily gain (ADG) and dry matter intake (DMI), but there were numerical differences in ADG; HFM inclusion linearly improved gain-to-feed ratio; dietary net energy (NE) and observed-to-expected diet NE. Hot carcass weight and dressing percentage were not affected by HFM. Except a linear increase on C22:6, the effect of SBM replacement on fatty acid profile in meat was not significant. The meat pH registered at 24 h post-mortem linearly increased with HFM inclusion, but meat colour and sensorial values were unaffected. It was concluded that inclusion of up to 7% of HFM in diet as partial replacement of soybean meal did not negatively affect DMI and ADG, but can increase feed efficiency and dietary energy utilization. The effects of HFM on carcass and meat quality were inappreciable. Due to variations in handmade processing, it is important to verify its chemical composition before HFM can be incorporated into diets.

Evaluation of rapeseed cake as a protein substitute in the feed of edible crickets: A case study using Gryllus assimilis

This paper aimed to investigate the optimization of Gryllus assimilis farming production by examining the effects of replacing soybean meal with rapeseed cake (25–100%) and supplementing it with rapeseed oil. The results reveal no adverse effects of soybean meal replacement on the feed conversion ratio and weight of the harvested crickets. However, incorporating larger quantities of rapeseed cake into the diet increased crude protein and decreased fat content. Moreover, the composition of fatty acids varied significantly, with increased levels of oleic acid and decreased levels of palmitic acid, while a high rapeseed cake content led to a decrease in the atherogenic and thrombogenic index values. The amino acid composition remained unaffected. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that rapeseed cake can serve as a viable substitute for soybean meal in the diet of Gryllus assimilis.

Digestive function and serum biochemical parameters of juvenile Cyprinus carpio in response to substitution of dietary soybean meal with sesame seed (Sesamum indicum) cake

A feeding trial was designed to evaluate effects of soybean meal replacement (SBM) with sesame seed cake (SSC) at 0 (SSC0), 25 (SSC25), 50 (SSC50), 75 (SSC75), and 100 (SSC100) % in isoproteic (30%) and isolipidic (8%) diets on the growth performance, digestive function and serum and hematological parameters in Cyprinus carpio. Four hundred and fifty common carp juveniles (83.09 g) were randomly distributed into 15 tanks with a flow-through system. Triplicate groups of fish were hand-fed one of the diets to visual satiation thrice daily for 90 days. The survival rate, growth performance and somatic indices did not show significant differences between treatments. Among feed utilization indicators, nitrogen retention efficiency was significantly higher in SSC25 than in other treatments. Lipid retention efficiency significantly increased from SSC50 to SSC100. The number of white blood cells was significantly higher in SSC0 than other treatments. Significantly higher hemoglobin was observed in SSC75 as compared to SS0 and SSC25. Serum biochemical parameters did not significantly differ between dietary treatments. Dietary SSC resulted in significant increase in calcium ADC and activity of digestive trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, α-amylase, and alkaline phosphatase. Significantly higher villi height and intestinal muscle layer width were observed in fish fed the SSC75 diet. The villi width in SSC25 and SSC50 was significantly less than in SSC0. Comparable growth performance, feed utilization, apparent digestibility, digestive function, hematological and serum factors indicated the possibility of 75–100% substitution of SBM by SSC in the diet of juvenile C. carpio.

Effect of soybean meal replacement by slow-release urea on ruminal parameter, blood metabolites, and microbial protein synthesis in Zel ram

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soybean meal replacement by slow-release urea on feed intake, ruminal parameters, blood metabolites, dry matter, nutrients digestion, and microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in ram. Rams were used for four 21-day periods. The experimental design was a 4×4 Latin square design. The experiment has consisted of the following four rations: 1) basic diet with soybean meal as a protein source, 2) basic diet with soybean meal plus 0.5 % of DM slow-release urea (SRU), 3) basic diet with soybean meal plus 1 % of DM SRU, and 4) basic diet with soybean meal plus 1.5 % of SRU, respectively. Soybean meal replacement by SRU decreased ruminal ammonia and blood urea. SRU increase in diets significantly increased acetic acid 3 hours after morning feeding, blood glucose, total purine, uric acid excretion, microbial nitrogen, and microbial protein. The results showed that soybean meal replacement by SRU sources had no negative effect on rams performance.

Distillers' dried grains with soluble in diets for Pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus juveniles: Growth performance, feed utilization, economic viability, and phosphorus release

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate corn distillers' dried grains with soluble (DDGS) digestibility and the effects of soybean meal replacement by corn DDGS in diets for P. mesopotamicus on growth performance, feed utilization, economic viability, and phosphorus release. In experiment 1, six replicates of fish (13 ± 0.3 g mean weight) were fed the referential and test diets to evaluate DDGS apparent digestibility for dry matter, protein, energy, lipids, and phosphorus. In experiment 2, four replicates of fish (21 ± 0.2 g mean weight) were fed experimental diets (0, 100, 200, 300, or 400 g/kg of DDGS inclusion) for 100 days. In experiment 3, five replicates of fish (27 ± 1.4 g mean weight) were fed the experimental diets to measure DDGS phosphorus release in the water. Corn DDGS presented a low apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) for dry matter and energy, and high ADC for protein, lipids, and phosphorus. The feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio were positively affected by DDGS inclusion. Dietary costs of weight gain were reduced by 26 % with soybean meal replacement by DDGS. Total phosphorus release in the water decreased with increasing levels of DDGS in the diets. Thus, the results indicate that the inclusion of 400 g/kg of corn DDGS as a plant protein source in diets for P. mesopotamicus in total replacement of soybean meal improved fish production and reduced the environmental impact.

Replacement of Soybean Meal With Soybean Cake Reduces Methane Emissions in Dairy Cows and an Assessment of a Face-Mask Technique for Methane Measurement.

The objective of this study was to (a) evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with soybean cake (SBC) on feeding behavior, rumen fermentation, milk production, nutrient digestibility and CH4 emissions and (b) investigate whether a face-mask technique could be used to predict daily methane (CH4) emissions in dairy cattle. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design, with 32 crossbred Holstein × Gyr cows (days in milk (DIM): 112 ± 25.1) randomly assigned to the following treatments (n = 8/group) for 75 days: (1) 0% SBC, (2) 6% SBC, (3) 14% SBC, and (4) 23% SBC, in place of SBM on a dry matter (DM) basis. Across the final 4 weeks of the study, CH4 production was estimated using the proposed face-mask technique subsequent to a respiration chamber measurement for an evaluation of treatment efficacy and face-mask accuracy. There was no effect of SBM replacement by SBC on intake, feeding or drinking behavior (P > 0.21). Total VFA concentration, the individual proportions of VFA and blood metabolites were not altered (P > 0.17) by SBC, however there was a tendency for decreased (P = 0.08) lactate and plasma urea nitrogen (P = 0.07) concentration associated with SBC addition. Fat-corrected milk yield (FCM4%) and composition was not affected (P > 0.27) by SBC; however, there was a tendency for decreased total milk solids (P = 0.07) and milk fat (P = 0.08) associated with 23% SBC treatment. There was no treatment × technique interaction (P > 0.05) effect on gas measurements. A maximum reduction (P = 0.01) in CH4 yield (g/kg DM) and intensity (g/kg milk) of 11 and 20%, respectively, was observed for the 14% SBC inclusion. Compared to the week of mask measurements, chambers decreased (P = 0.01) intake (kg/d, %BW) and increased (P = 0.05) FCM4%. The face-mask method over estimated O2 consumption by 5%. The face-mask method accurately predicted daily CH4 emissions when compared to the chamber at the same time-point. However, there was a linear bias of CH4 outputs so further evaluation of the calculation of total CH4 from a spot measurement is required.

Replacing Soybean Meal with Sesame Meal in the Diets of Lactating Awassi Ewes Suckling Single Lambs: Nutrient Digestibility, Milk Production, and Lamb Growth.

Simple SummaryAlternative feeds are agricultural or industrial by-products (rich in nutrient content) that can be used to replace part of the conventional ingredients in animal rations. These by-products are typically much lower in cost than conventional feeds and reduce the dependence on conventional feeds, which would increase the benefits and profitability of raising livestock. Another objective of this kind of experiments is to utilize agro-industrial by-products, such as sesame meal, which, in turn, would reduce their waste disposal and the associated pollution issues. Sesame meal can replace soybean meal at levels of 0%, 7.5%, and 15%. Milk production increased in SM-containing diets more than the control. Lamb growth improved in sesame meal-containing diets.Two experiments were conducted to assess the influence of sesame meal (SM) feeding on nutrient digestibility, N balance, milk production and composition, ewes’ body weight change, and growth performance of lambs. In experiment 1, 18 ewe lambs were randomly distributed into three diets to evaluate the effects of soybean meal replacement with SM on nutrient intake, digestibility, and N balance. Treatments were no SM (SM0), 7.5% SM (SM7.5), or 15% SM (SM15) of the dietary dry matter (DM). Aside from intake and digestibility of ether extract (EE), which was greater in the SM-containing diets compared with SM0, intake and digestibility of the remaining nutrients was similar among dietary treatments. In experiment 2, 30 ewes suckling single lambs were randomly assigned to the same diets used in experiment 1. Intakes of DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were unaffected by treatment. Milk yield was greater in SM diets than in the SM0 diet. Cost/kg of milk production decreased while feed efficiency improved in the SM-diets compared to the SM0 diet. In conclusion, results of the current studies demonstrate the possibility of replacing soybean meal with sesame meal in diets of lactating Awassi ewes.

Effects of soybean meal replacement with fermented soybean meal on growth, serum biochemistry and morphological condition of liver and distal intestine of Florida pompanoTrachinotus carolinus

This study evaluated the suitability of commercially produced fermented soybean meal (FSBM) known as PepSoyGen™, in a plant-based diet for Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus fingerlings. An 8-week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing 0, 206, 309 and 410 g/kg FSBM, replacing approximately 0%, 50%, 75% and 100% SBM (designated as Basal, FSBM 50, FSBM 75 and FSBM 100, respectively) on growth performance, body composition, serum biochemistry and morphological condition of liver and distal intestine of Florida pompano. There were no significant differences in final mean weight, percentage weight gain, thermal unit growth coefficient and feed conversion ratio in all treatments. For serum biochemistry analysis, there were no significant differences in total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, bile acids, plasma alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in all treatments. Cellular infiltration, presence of goblet cells and the width of lamina propria in the distal intestine were partly improved in fish fed FSBM 75 and 100 compared to the fish fed FSBM 50 and basal diet. Glycogen granulation, inflammation and nuclear change condition in the liver of pompano were better as the inclusion of fermented product increased. Results of this study indicate that FSBM can be utilized as an alternative protein source and microbial fermentation process could improve the functional properties of SBM.

Effects of Different Amounts of Blue Lupine (L. Angustifolius L.) in The Diets of Heavy-Type Turkeys on Their Growth Rate, Carcass and Meat Qualities

ABSTRACT A study was carried out to determine the effects of soybean meal replacement with different amounts of blue lupine in the diets of turkeys on the growth rate, anatomic carcass dissection data, chemical indicators of breast and thigh muscles and the content of tryptophan and oxyprolin. In total three hundred and sixty cross BIG-6 turkeys were allotted to two control and ten experimental groups of 30 one-day-old turkeys. The control group of turkeys was fed the diet containing soybean meal, whereas the trial groups were offered different amounts (from 20 to 30%) of lupines. Group 4 and 5 were additionally given probiotic mixture Bio Plus 2B and allzyme SSF, respectively. Soybean oil replacement from 20 to 30% lupine in the diet had no influence on the growth rate, dressing percentage, edible parts and abdominal fat content of turkeys. The study indicated that lupines in the diet of turkeys had a different effect on the meat quality of different genders. Lupines did not have any negative effect on the meat quality of female turkeys and 30% lupines even improved the protein value index of breast muscles. However, 20-30 and 25-30% lupines in male turkey diets lowered dry matter and protein contents in breast muscles but had no negative influence on the main quality indicators in thigh muscles. The results of the study showed that the negative effect on the male breast muscle quality might be avoided using Bio Plus 2B or allzyme SSF additives in the male diets containing 30% lupines.

Effects of soybean meal replacement with fermented alfalfa meal on the growth performance, serum antioxidant functions, digestive enzyme activities, and cecal microflora of geese

Fermented forages are important feedstuffs. Bacillus subtilis inoculants are often used to improve the value of forage legume fermentation. The present work was conducted to study the effects of replacing soybean meal with solid-state fermented alfalfa meal (FAM) with B. subtilis ACCC 01746 on growth performance, serum antioxidant and digestive enzyme activities, and cecal microflora in goose. 300 healthy geese with similar body weights were randomly assigned to six treatment groups with five replicates of 10 geese (five males and five females) each. Geese were fed ad libitum for 35 days. Results showed that the geese fed with 4 and 8% FAM exhibited no significant effects on their final body weights (FBW) and average day gain (ADG) (P>0.05), whereas 12% or higher FAM caused poor growth of the geese compared with control diet (linear (L): P<0.05). The average daily feed intake (ADFI) (quadratic (Q): P<0.05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (L: P<0.05) with 8% or higher supplementation level were higher than those of the control group. The activities of antioxidant enzyme in serum increased, and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly decreased with increasing dietary FAM level (L: P<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed at 8% or lower supplementation level for glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (P>0.05) and at 4% for catalase (CAT) supplementation level compared with the control group. All diets containing FAM increased digestive enzyme activities in geese. However, geese fed diets with 12% FAM supplementation showed the highest trypsin activities in pancreas (Q: P<0.05). Supplementation with 12% or higher FAM significantly increased amylase activities in pancreas (L: P<0.05) and duodenum (L: P<0.05) compared with the control group. Significant differences were not observed in total anaerobic bacteria between geese fed with FAM and control diets on day 35 (P>0.05). The numbers of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the cecum of geese fed with FAM significantly increased (L: P<0.05), but no significant effects were found with 4 and 8% FAM supplementation levels compared with the control (P>0.05). By contrast, the coliform counts of cecum decreased with increasing inclusion of FAM, but these counts were significantly reduced in geese fed diets with 12% or higher FAM supplementation level (L: P<0.05). Collectively, our results indicated that supplementation of the basal geese diet with 8% FAM had no apparent adverse effects on growth performance, serum antioxidant enzyme activities, and digestive parameters and beneficial microbiota.

The effect of soybean meal replacement with raw full-fat soybean in diets for broiler chickens

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to examine the effects of soybean meal replacement by multiple levels of raw full-fat soybean (REFS) in broiler diets on the growth performance, apparent ileal amino acids digestibility (AIAAD), intestinal histometric characteristic, pancreas weight and trypsin activity in digesta. In the experiment, in total 208 × ROSS 308 male chickens were used to examine the effect of RFFS on growth performance, AIAAD, intestinal morphology and trypsin activity in the intestinal content. Four dietary treatments were used: control group (without RFFS) and groups containing 4%, 8% and 12% of RFFS. The experiment lasted from 10th to 38th day of age. The presence of RFFS in broiler diets markedly decreased body weight and feed conversion ratio merely in group fed by 12% of RFFS in its diet. The AIAAD was lower when diets contained RFFS in all observed amino acids expect methionine. Higher AIAAD was obtained in RFFS12 in comparison with RFFS8 and RFFS4 due to a higher weight of pancreas and higher trypsin activity. Pancreas weight and trypsin activity increased with increasing RFFS in the diets. The morphology parameters villus height and crypt depth were negatively affected by the presence of RFFS.

Inclusion of sorghum, millet and cottonseed meal in broiler diets: a meta-analysis of effects on performance

A meta-analysis was conducted (i) to evaluate broiler response to partial or total substitution of corn by sorghum and millet and (ii) to determine the effect of soybean meal replacement by cottonseed meal in broiler diet. The database included 190 treatments from 29 experiments published from 1990 to 2013. Bird responses to an experimental diet were calculated relative to the control (Experimental−Control), and were submitted to mixed-effect models. Results showed that diets containing millet led to similar performance as the corn-based ones for all parameters, whereas sorghum-based diets decreased growth performance. No major effect of the level of substitution was observed with millet or cottonseed meal. No effect of the level of substitution of sorghum on feed intake was found; however, growth performance decreased when the level of substitution of corn by sorghum increased. Cottonseed meal was substituted to soybean meal up to 40% and found to increase feed intake while reducing growth performance. Young birds were not more sensitive to these ingredients than older birds since there was no negative effect of these ingredients on performance in the starter phase. Results obtained for sorghum pointed out the necessity to find technological improvements that will increase the utilization of these feedstuffs in broiler diet. An additional work is scheduled to validate these statistical results in vivo and to evaluate the interactions induced with the simultaneous inclusions of sorghum, millet and cottonseed meal in broiler feeding.

Effect of soybean meal replacement by cottonseed meal on growth, feed utilization and some blood physiological/biochemical indices of juvenile black carp,Mylopharyngodon piceus

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with cottonseed meal (CSM) for juvenile black carp. The inclusion levels of CSM were 0 (control), 96.6, 193.3, 289.8 and 386.5 g kg−1, in which 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of protein from SBM were replaced with that from CSM respectively. The results showed that up to 75% of SBM could be replaced by CSM without significant reduction in growth. The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and protein, red blood cell and white blood cell count were significantly decreased with the increase in dietary CSM levels (P < 0.05). The activities of serum catalase (CAT), lysozyme (LSZ) and complement C3 were significantly lower than that of control group when dietary CSM level were increased to 386.5 g kg−1, 96.6 g kg−1 and 289.8 g kg−1 or higher respectively. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum were significantly higher than that of control group when dietary CSM levels were increased to 289.8 g kg−1 or higher (P < 0.05). These results suggested that growth of black carp was not affected when CSM levels up to 289.8 g kg−1; however, negative influence on immune and liver function was found when CSM levels up to 96.6 g kg−1 and 289.8 g kg−1 respectively.

Effect of soybean meal replacement by cottonseed meal and iron supplementation on growth, immune response and resistance of Channel Catfish ( Ictalurus puctatus) to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge

Three basal diets containing 0%, 27.5% and 55.0% solvent-extracted cottonseed meal (CSM) as replacements of 0%, 50% and 100% of solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) on an equal nitrogen basis were each supplemented with three levels of iron (40, 336 and 671 mg/kg) from ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (3×3 factorial experiment). Each diet was fed to juvenile channel catfish in triplicate aquaria twice daily to apparent satiation for 10 weeks for subsequent determination of growth response, hematology, specific and non-specific immune response, and mortality following Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge. Fish fed diets containing 27.5% CSM as a replacement of 50% of SBM had improved weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency ratio (FER). Total replacement of SBM by 55.0% CSM decreased WG, feed intake (FI) and FER. Total cell count (TCC), red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (Ht) and hemoglobin (Hb) were not affected by dietary levels of CSM. Iron supplementation significantly affected TCC and RBC and maximum values of these parameters were obtained at 336 mg of iron/kg diet. However, Ht and Hb were not affected by increasing levels of supplemental iron. Values for TCC, RBC and Hb were significantly affected by the interaction between dietary levels of CSM and iron. For fish fed the diet containing 0% CSM (SBM-based diets), these parameters increased linearly with increasing dietary levels of iron. When CSM levels were increased to 27.5% or higher, 336 mg supplemental iron was sufficient for maximum hematological values. Macrophage chemotaxis in the presence of exoantigen was significantly higher for fish fed diets containing 55.0% CSM as compared to those fed the lower CSM diets. Agglutinating antibody titers were also significantly higher for fish fed diets containing CSM, but the values did not differ for those fed the 27.5% or 55.0% CSM diets. Dietary levels of iron, and interactions between dietary levels of iron and CSM had no effect on macrophage chemotaxis and antibody titers. Cumulative mortality at 15 days post-challenge was significantly higher for fish fed the SBM-based diet (0% CSM) at 54.4% as compared to 35.0% and 21.6% for those fed the 27.5% and 55.0% CSM diets, respectively. No differences were observed among mortality of fish fed the CSM-containing diets. Dietary levels of iron supplementation, and the interactions between dietary levels of iron and CSM had no effect on post-challenged mortality of fish.