Effect Of Somatic Cell Count Research Articles

Efficiency and somatic cell count: Unraveling Holstein cow productivity through stochastic frontier modeling

The yield and quality decrease due to high somatic cell counts caused by mastitis, and this also negatively affects the profitability, efficiency, and sustainability of dairy farms. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of somatic cell counts on yield, milk chemicals, and the technical efficiency of Holstein dairy cows. A total of 165 lactating cows were involved in the research, and all cows were fed the diets as a total mixed ration three times a day. Milk samples were collected each day during milking and analyzed for chemical composition and somatic cell counts (SCC). The daily milk production of each cow was obtained from the SCR herd management program, which is integrated with the parlor. In conclusion, it was determined that for each group, the efficiency scores, SCC, and milk yield of cows varied between 0.80 and 0.99, 322.000 and 557.857 cells/mL, and 33.13 and 48.90 Kg/d, respectively; they also differed significantly in each group. Considering the findings, milk production can be increased by 7% without changing any input. Additionally, every 1% decrease in SCC will increase the efficiency of milk production by 0.55%. Cows with low technical efficiency (TE) scores produced 2.87 kg/d/cow less milk compared to animals with high TE. Reducing the SCC of the group with a low TE (456.878 cells/mL) to a SCC of high TE (438.869 cells/mL) will increase milk yield by 2.87 kg/d/cow on average. In conclusion, minimizing losses due to mastitis is paramount for enhancing dairy farm efficiency. This research underscores the interplay between TE and udder health, providing a comprehensive understanding of individual cow performance. Addressing inefficiencies and promoting udder health can significantly contribute to sustainable and economically viable dairy farming practices. Keywords: Dairy farm; Mastitis; Somatic cell count; Stochastic frontier analysis; Technical efficiency

Interaction Effects of Somatic Cell Count and Milk Yield on Milk Composition in Lactating Dairy Cows: A Synergistic Analysis*

Interaction Effects of Somatic Cell Count and Milk Yield on Milk Composition in Lactating Dairy Cows: A Synergistic Analysis*

The Effect of Somatic Cell Count and Milk Urea Nitrogen on Milk Composition in Brown Swiss Cows

The Effect of Somatic Cell Count and Milk Urea Nitrogen on Milk Composition in Brown Swiss Cows

Changes in the Lactoferrin Concentration in the Bovine Colostrum During Postpartum Period

Abstract The health condition of the mammary gland is highly crucial for obtaining good quality colostrum. The lactoferrin (LF), as an iron-binding protein, plays a key role in the defense mechanisms of the mammary gland due to its’ bacteriostatic properties. The study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the LF concentration in the bovine colostrum milk during the postpartum period, and the effect of somatic cell count (SCC) on the LF concentration and milk composition. The cows were randomly selected at a dairy farm in Pelagonia region. Colostrum samples from 12 cows were collected. Samples were taken at different time intervals after parturition, 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h after parturition. Cows in their second parity were found to have higher levels of LF compared to cows in the third and higher parity (p>0.05). Time had a significant effect on the LF concentration (p<0.01), with the highest value recorded 1 h after parturition remaining stable for one hour. LF concentration and SCC in the colostrum showed a weak positive correlation (r=0.40; p<0.01). The highest LF concentration was noticed when SCC was above 800,000 cells/mL. In conclusion, the colostrum LF concentration was significantly affected by the interactions of the two factors, i.e., time after parturition and SCC (p<0.05). Milk composition was affected by elevated SCC. Parity showed no association with LF. The SCC can be used as a reliable means of assessing colostrum quality.

The effect of somatic cell count on milk yield and milk composition on day seven postpartum in cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of somatic cell count (SCC) on the milk yield and milk composition (nonfat solid, fat, protein, lactose, casein) on day 7 postpartum in Holstein cows. Milk samples (n=794) were assessed with consideration of parity (primiparous and multiparous) and seasonal effect (spring, summer, fall, winter). The SCCs of the milk samples were divided into three groups as follows: G1: <105 cells/mL; G2:105 - 4×105 cells/mL; and G3:> 4×105 cells/mL. The mean log10 SCC was 5.19 cells/mL on day 7 postpartum. The SCC values were transformed into log10 SCC. The mean log10 SCC was determined as 4.72 cells/mL for G1, 5.31 cells/mL for G2, and 5.77 cells/mL for G3. The lowest log10 SCC was determined in winter, while the highest milk yield was determined in the spring. While the nonfat solid, fat, protein, and casein were higher in primiparous cows, the log10 SCC numerically increased (5.17 vs. 5.24 cells/mL, respectively) with the higher milk yield of multiparous cows. The nonfat solid, fat, protein, lactose, casein, and milk yield were 9.14%, 3.63%, 3.66%, 5.01%, 2.69% and 33.49kg/day for G1, respectively. A reduction in milk components was evident when the SCC exceeded the healthy udder threshold (>100,000 cells/mL). The critical threshold for SCC can be determined as 100,000 cells/mL for evaluation of the milk component loss in the early postpartum period. In addition, determination of increased somatic cell count by individual measurements as early as possible after parturition can prevent the exacerbation of milk composition loss throughout lactation in cows.

Effect of somatic cell count of cow’s milk on the lipolysis and fatty acid profile of farmer cheese

The objective of the present work was to investigate the effect of somatic cell count (SCC) of raw cow’s milk on the lipolysis and oxidative processes in farmer cheese. The farmer cheese samples were produced from three different batches of raw cow’s milk of low (about 100,000 cells/mL, batch L), medium (between 500,000 and 600,000 cells/mL, batch M), and high (above 1,500,000 cells/mL, batch H) SCC. The farmer cheese samples were aged and cold-stored at 4 ± 1°C for three and ten months, respectively. Lipolysis in the farmer cheese samples was evaluated by monitoring the changes in cheese fatty acid values and peroxide values, as well as the changes in the fatty acid profile. Results indicated intensive lipolysis during aging and cold storage of batch H; increased concentrations of short-chain fatty acids as well as a higher percentage of saturated fatty acids were observed. It can thus be concluded that the accelerated lipolysis in farmer cheese samples made from raw cow’s milk with high SCC could cause some quality defects, and reduce cheeses’ shelf life.

The impact of somatic cell count on milk yield and composition

The impact of somatic cell count on milk yield and composition

Effect of somatic cells count in cow milk on the formation of biogenic amines in cheese.

Comparative studies on physicochemical characteristics of milk with different somatic cells count (SCC) (L-low < 400,000 cells/ml, M-medium between 500,000 and 600,000 cells/ml and H-high > 1,000,000 cells/ml) and obtained cheeses, were conducted. No significant differences between samples were found. The H SCC milk was characterized by the highest total viable count. Higher levels of proteolysis were established in cheeses made from milk with SCC exceeding 500,000 cells/ml. After 10months of ripening and cold storage the water-soluble nitrogen in total nitrogen (WSN/TN), noncasein nitrogen in total nitrogen (NCN/TN), nonprotein nitrogen in total nitrogen (NPN/TN) and free amino groups values of the sample with the highest SCC reached 28.4 ± 0.8%, 24.8 ± 0.9%, 18.3 ± 0.9% and 83.6 ± 0.3mg/kg respectively. The biogenic amine concentration in the cheese samples from the L and M batches remained below 10mg/kg throughout the ripening and cold storage period. The present study established an increase in the biogenic amine content during the ripening period and the cold storage of the cheeses made from milks with high SCC (batch H). The main amines accumulated at the end of the storage period (10th month) were tyramine (31.7 ± 0.3mg/kg), putrescine (20.5 ± 0.2mg/kg) and cadaverine (14.6 ± 0.2mg/kg). Histamine was not found in any of the studied cheese samples.

Combining total and differential somatic cell count to screen for mastitis

Combining total and differential somatic cell count to screen for mastitis

Effect of somatic cell count on milkability and milk composition of ewes

The trial aimed to study the effect of somatic cell count, breed, milk flow type, and parity on the milkability and milk composition of ewes. The flock consists of purebred Lacaune ewes (LC; n = 29) and crossbreds ewes of Improved Valachian (IV x LC; n = 35) and Tsigai (TS x LC; n = 37) with LC (with a genetic portion of Lacaune 25 and 50%). Ewes were assigned according to somatic cell count (SCC) to one of the following three groups: SCC ≤300,000 cells per mL (SCC Group 300,000), SCC between 300,000 and 1000,000 cells per mL (SCC Group 300,000 – 1000,000), SCC ≥1000,000 cells per mL (SCC Group 1000,000). 56% of evaluated ewes had less than 300,000 cells per mL and 29% more than 1000,000 cells per mL in milk. No significant differences were observed between different groups of SCC in total, machine milk yield, and the proportion of milk yield in 30 s and 60 s. The significant differences were observed between SCC Group 300,000 and SCC Group 300,000 – 1000,000 in the proportion of machine stripping from total milk yield (41 ±2 vs. 57 ±4%). Milk flow type had a significant effect on all evaluated milkability parameters but not on milk composition. Ewes on fourth parity had the highest proportion of machine stripping from total milk yield then ewes on third, fifth, and sixth and higher (60% vs. 47, 45, 46%; resp.). Effect of SCC Group on milk composition manifested only in solids not fat. The significant differences were observed between SCC Group 1000,000 to SCC Group 300,000 and SCC Group 300,000 – 1000,000 (10.75 ±0.08% vs. 11.05 ±0.06 and 11.15 ±0.11%, p ≤0.0004).

Effect of somatic cells count of raw caw milk on the fermentation process and quality of ayran

The present study aimed to provide scientific information for the effect of somatic cells count (SCC) of raw cow milk on the fermentation process and quality characteristics of ayran. Test ayran samples were produced from three different batches of cow milk with low (&lt;400,000 cells.cm-3), medium (between 500,000 and 600,000 cells.cm-3) and high (1000,000 cells.cm-3) SCC, respectively. The main physicochemical parameters as pH, total solids, milk fat, protein, lactose, lactic acid content and microbiological parameters as somatic cells count (SCC) and total viable count (TVC) of raw milk and ayran samples were studied. During the first coagulation stages, the higher SCC in the milk seems to have an inhibiting effect on the development of the lactic acid bacteria from the starter culture and on the fermentation process, respectively. Nevertheless, SCC of the raw milk did not have a significant effect on the composition of the ayran. The increase in the SCC values up to 1000,000 cells.cm-3 in the raw cow’s milk affected negatively the organoleptic characteristics of the ayran made from it. Practical applications:The knowledge for the effect of SCC of raw caw milk on the fermentation process allows us to optimize the technology parameters for production of ayran and to improve its quality characteristics. The data from sensory analysis of ayran samples produced by milks with different SCC will provide additional information for the importans of the implementation of the monitoring of somatic cells in raw caw milk quality control.

Effect of somatic cell counts occurred in milk on quality of Slovak traditional cheese - Parenica

The aim of this work was to compare somatic cell count in milk used for making steamed cheese Parenica in Slovak industrial dairies and small farm dairies and to find out whether somatic cell counts in milk affect the dry matter content of Parenica cheese. The samples of raw milk were taken from 3 industrial dairies (A, B, C) and from 3 farm dairies (E, F, G), produced traditional Slovak cheese Parenica in period from January untill December 2018. The somatic cell count in milk was determined by FossomaticTM 5000 (Foss, Denmark) and dry matter of cheese by oven drying method to constant weight. There were no statistically significant differences (p &gt;0.05) for somatic cell counts in milk processed in industrial and farm dairies. Lower somatic cell counts were determined in milk amples from industrial dairies (mean value 326.55 thousand in 1 mL) in comparison to milk samples from farm dairies (mean value 507.67 thousand in 1 mL). Statistically lower dry matter content (p &lt;0.01) in the samples of Parenica cheese was found out in farm dairy E in comparison to other dairies. The relationship between somatic cell count in milk and dry matter in cheese was confirmed by the relatively low correlation coefficients in dairies, A = 0.22; C = 0.15 and F = -0.12 and higher correlation coefficients in dairies, B = -0.32; D = 0.45 and E = -0.48. Obtaining a more accurate effect of somatic cell count on cheese quality requires the continuation of the research on a larger number of samples and consideration of other factors.&#x0D;

The effects of somatic cell count on milk yield and milk composition in Holstein cows

The effects of somatic cell count on milk yield and milk composition in Holstein cows

Effect of somatic cell count on milk yield and milk components in Holstein cows in a semi-arid climate in Brazil

SUMMARY This study aimed to investigate the relationship among somatic cell scores (SCS) and currently selected traits (milk yield, and fat, protein, lactose, total solids and no-fat-solids contents) in Holstein dairy cows in a semi-arid climate. The data were collected from available records of 272 Holstein cows from January 2007 to December 2016. Farms were located in Agreste region of Pernambuco whose climatic characteristics according to Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia-INMET were: average annual temperature of 25.21 °C; average annual precipitation 562.07 mm, and average annual relative humidity 75.61%.. A total of 4,586 records of somatic cell counts (SCC) in the milk, milk yield and milk components was analyzed. The SCC was transformed logarithmically into SCS SCS = log 2 ( SCC / 100 , 000 ) + 3 ) before statistical investigation. Ten SCS were obtained for determining their effects on milk yield and composition. Data were processed using PROC GLM and PROC CORR procedures in SAS. Results showed positive correlations among SCS and fat, protein, total solids and solids-non-fat contents, while the SCS and lactose content and milk yield were negatively correlated. The highest milk yield (34.43 kg/cow/day) was obtained for the lowest SCS (0; 0 to 24 cells x 1000/mL). The milk yield and lactose decreased while protein and fat contents increased when SCS increased mostly above score five (400 to 799 cells x 1000/mL). It was observed that the increase in SCS influenced negatively milk yield and composition in Holstein cows created in the semi-arid climate in Brazil.

Effect of somatic cell count on composition and hygiene indicators of bulk tank milk

This study evaluated the effect of somatic cell count (SCC) on composition and hygienic quality of dairy herd bulk tank milk – specifically, the effect of SCC of bulk tank of dairy herds on composition (fat, protein, total solids, nonfat dry solids) and on total bacterial count (TBC), psychrotrophic count (PC) and coliform count (CC) were evaluated. A total of 230 dairy herds located south of Minas Gerais and west of São Paulo were selected based on SCC geometric mean obtained from five monthly analyses preceding the start of the sampling. The dairy farms were classified according to SCC in three groups: low (&lt; 250,000 cells/mL, n = 84), medium (&gt; 250,000 and &lt; 750,000 cells/mL, n = 79) and highSCC (&gt; 750,000 cells/mL, n = 67). After herd selection, bulk tank milk samples were collected every 14 days for three months totaling 1380 samples, which were subjected to analysis of composition, TBC, PC, and CC. A decrease of TBC and CC was observed in herds with low SCC; however, herds with medium and high SCC had an increase in fat, crude protein, and total solids contents. A medium correlation was observed between TBC and PC (r = 0.6215), and also between PC and CC (r = 0.3692). Based on hygiene indicators and milk composition, a low and negative correlation between TBC and fat (r = -0.0585), PC and fat (r = -0.0585), and PC and total solids (r = -0.0662) was observed. Dairy herds with SCC &lt; 250,000 cells/mL had higher bulk tank milk hygienic quality; however, considering the composition, herds with higher SCC produced higher milk fat and protein concentration.

Effect of somatic cell count on milk composition and mozzarella cheese quality

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of somatic cell count (SCC) on mozzarella cheese quality. Three categories of raw milk were selected: low (SCC &lt;115 000 cells/ml), medium (SCC=422 000 cells/ml), and high (SCC&gt;987 000 cells/ml). Cheeses were produced on the same day of milk collection and were vacuum packed in plastic bags and analysed weekly for 60 days at cold storage (4 °C). As somatic cell count increases, casein content, casein as a percentage of true protein, lactose content, and titratable acidity decrease significantly in raw milk. No significant differences were observed in moisture, fat, and total protein contents among mozzarella cheese samples from the different SCC categories. However, cheese samples produced from high SCC milk had significantly higher pH (6.83) compared to samples produced with low and medium SCC milk, 5.58 and 5.46, respectively. The extension of proteolysis was not significant for cheese samples made from raw milk with low SCC during the first 30 days of cold storage. Proteolysis levels increased significantly on the 15th storage day for cheeses made with medium and high SCC, whereas significant increases were only observed on the 45th storage day for cheeses made with low SCC.

Phenotypic and genetic relationships between indicators of the mammary gland health status and milk composition, coagulation, and curd firming in dairy sheep

The present study investigated the effect of somatic cell count, lactose, and pH on sheep milk composition, coagulation properties (MCP), and curd firming (CF) parameters. Individual milk samples were collected from 1,114 Sarda ewes reared in 23 farms. Milk composition, somatic cell count, single point MCP (rennet coagulation time, RCT; curd firming time, k20; and curd firmness, a30, a45, and a60), and CF model parameters were achieved. Phenotypic traits were statistically analyzed using a mixed model to estimate the effects of the different levels of milk somatic cell score (SCS), lactose, and pH, respectively. Additive genetic, herd, and residual correlations among these 3 traits, and with milk composition, MCP and CF parameters, were inferred using a Bayesian approach. From a phenotypic point of view, higher SCS levels caused a delayed gelification of milk. Lactose concentration and pH were significant for many milk quality traits, with a very intense effect on both coagulation times and curd firming. These traits (RCT, RCT estimated using the curd firming over time equation, and k20) showed an unfavorable increase of about 20% from the highest to the lowest level of lactose. Milk samples with pH values lower than 6.56 versus higher than 6.78 were characterized by an increase of RCT (from 6.00 to 14.3 min) and k20 (from 1.65 to 2.65 min) and a decrease of all the 3 curd firmness traits. From a genetic point of view, the marginal posterior distribution of heritability estimates evidenced a large and exploitable variability for all 3 phenotypes. The mean intra-farm heritability estimates were 0.173 for SCS, 0.418 for lactose content, and 0.206 for pH. Lactose (favorably), and SCS and pH (unfavorably), at phenotypic and genetic levels, were correlated mainly with RCT and RCT estimated using the curd firming over time equation and scarcely with the other curd firming traits. The SCS, lactose, and pH were significantly correlated with each other's. In conclusion, results reported in the present study suggest that SCS, pH, and lactose affect, contemporarily and independently, milk quality and MCP. These phenotypes, easily available during milk recording schemes measured by infrared spectra prediction, could be used as potential indicators traits for improving cheese-making ability of ovine milk.

Effect of somatic cell count on milk fat and protein in different parities and stages of lactation in Holstein cows

&lt;p&gt;The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of somatic cell score (SCS) on milk fat and protein in different parities and stages of lactation in Iranian Holstein cows. Records between June 2003 and January 2014 from 208,478 cows in lactations one to nine in 845 herds, comprising 2,456,303 monthly test-day (TD) records were used. The MIXED procedure of the SAS software with repeated measurements was used. The fixed effects of the model were herd, year-season of calving, month of TD, weeks of lactation, previous dry period length and somatic cell score (SCS) and covariate was calving age. Lactations were divided into six stages and analyses were performed within each stage. Also, different lactations were analyzed separately. Increase of SCS led to increase of milk fat and protein percentage and the increase of milk fat and protein associated with SCS was higher in early stages of lactation relative to later stages of lactation. Also, increase of milk fat and protein associated with SCS was higher in the first lactation rather than later lactations and decreased with increase of parity.&lt;/p&gt;

Effect of somatic cell count on dairy products: a review

Somatic cells are the most essential factors naturally present in milk, and somatic cell count (SCC) is used as an indicator of monitoring mastitis incidence in the herd and also to assess the quality of milk. In addition, SCC is frequently used to determine quality payments to dairy producers. The SCC is directly related to get maximum milk production from individual cow and a lower SCC indicates better animal health, as somatic cells originate only from inside the animal's udder. SCC monitoring is important because as the number of somatic cells increases, milk yield is likely to fall, primarily due to the damage to milk-producing tissue in the udder caused by mastitis pathogens and the toxins they produce, particularly when epithelial cells are lost. Keeping low SSC will allow good quality more raw milk and provide a better product to milk processors whether used as fluid milk or converted to milk based products. Somatic cells containing lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes lead to degrade major nutrients fats and proteins, respectively. Elevated SCC is related to udder inflammation, which leads to alter the normal microbial count and physicochemical parameters of milk, as well as the quality of heat treated fluid milk and milk based product. The objective of this review is to discuss on the SSC and endogenous enzymes released from somatic cells in raw milk as well as effect of somatic cells count and their endogenous enzymes in processed milk and milk based products.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2017, 3(1): 1-9

A Robust Statistical Model to Predict the Future Value of the Milk Production of Dairy Cows Using Herd Recording Data.

The future value of an individual dairy cow depends greatly on its projected milk yield. In developed countries with developed dairy industry infrastructures, facilities exist to record individual cow production and reproduction outcomes consistently and accurately. Accurate prediction of the future value of a dairy cow requires further detailed knowledge of the costs associated with feed, management practices, production systems, and disease. Here, we present a method to predict the future value of the milk production of a dairy cow based on herd recording data only. The method consists of several steps to evaluate lifetime milk production and individual cow somatic cell counts and to finally predict the average production for each day that the cow is alive. Herd recording data from 610 Danish Holstein herds were used to train and test a model predicting milk production (including factors associated with milk yield, somatic cell count, and the survival of individual cows). All estimated parameters were either herd- or cow-specific. The model prediction deviated, on average, less than 0.5 kg from the future average milk production of dairy cows in multiple herds after adjusting for the effect of somatic cell count. We conclude that estimates of future average production can be used on a day-to-day basis to rank cows for culling, or can be implemented in simulation models of within-herd disease spread to make operational decisions, such as culling versus treatment. An advantage of the approach presented in this paper is that it requires no specific knowledge of disease status or any other information beyond herd recorded milk yields, somatic cell counts, and reproductive status.