Effect Of Solvent Type Research Articles

Optimizing the Precipitation of Bioactive Compounds From Extracted Curcuma longa Linn. Using Gas Anti‐Solvent Process

ABSTRACTTurmeric is a medicinal herb that can be used in a wide range of applications, such as food ingredients, cosmetics, and traditional medicine. The active ingredients found in turmeric are curcumin (CUR), desmethoxycurcumin (DMC), and bisdesmethoxycurcumin (BMDC). The aim of this research was to precipitate the active ingredients from a turmeric extract using the gas anti‐solvent process with carbon dioxide as the anti‐solvent. The effects of solvent type (ethanol, methanol, and acetonitrile), precipitation temperature (25°C–45°C), and CO2 flow rate (4–12 mL/min) on the amount of precipitates were investigated using the Box–Behnken design of experiments. The precipitates were analyzed for curcuminoids and CUR content using HPLC and were tested for antioxidant activity. It was found that solvent type and temperature were significant variables at a 5% significance level on the amount of precipitates. Using a mixture of ethanol and methanol (77.5% v/v ethanol) with a polarity index of 4.48 as the solvent, a precipitation temperature of 25.40°C, and a CO2 flow rate of 7.56 mL/min was found to be the optimal conditions for achieving the highest amount of precipitates. At the optimal conditions, the amounts of curcuminoids and CUR precipitates were found to be 27.33 ± 0.23 and 13.30 ± 0.12 mg/5 mL of extracted solution, respectively. In the antioxidant studies, the Trolox equivalents found in the products at the optimal conditions using DPPH and ABTS assays were 38.19 ± 0.17 and 65.96 ± 2.36 mg/5 mL of extracted solution, respectively. The total phenolic content was found to be 30.84 ± 1.80 mg/5 mL of extracted solution.

Efficient conversion of xylose and corncob to furfural using a novel carbon-based solid acid derived from black liquor lignin-tin complexes

The novel carbon-based solid acid catalyst was prepared by carbonizing the mixture of metal salts and black liquor, followed by sulfonating. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by SEM, FTIR, BET, NH3-TPD, Py-IR, XPS, ICP, and elemental analysis. The catalytic ability of the catalyst was explored by converting xylose and corncob to furfural via a one-step process. The effects of solvent types and water contents, catalyst dosage, substrate concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time on furfural yield were evaluated. 93.4 % of furfural yield was achieved using 200 mg xylose at 170 °C for 120 min with 150 mg catalysts. Moreover, the furfural yields of 82.5 % were obtained from corncob. This work provides a promising strategy for synthesizing carbon-based solid acid catalysts from pulp waste black-liquid resources, which has a potential application for producing furfural from hemicellulose.

WITHDRAWN: Optimization of conventional extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) fruit

This study aimed to extract phenolic compounds from myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) fruits. The extraction of polyphenols from myrtle berries using a conventional solid-liquid extraction was optimized using single factor experiments. The influence of several parameters such as the type of solvent (50% acetone, 50% methanol, 50% ethanol and water), solvent concentration (30-100%; v/v), solvent acidity (0-0.1N), temperature (20-40°C), and time (30-360min) on the yield extraction of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total proanthocyanidin content (TPAC), and on the antioxidant activity including DPPH-radical scavenging activity (DPPH-RSA), ABTS-radical scavenging activity (ABTS-RSA) and ferric reducing power (FRP) were studied. The results showed that 50% acetone without acidification, 40°C and 180min are the best conditions for extracting TPC (87mg GAE/g DW), TFC (12mg QE/g DW), and TPAC (76mg CE/g DW). Myrtle berries extracted under these conditions also exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity: DPPH-RSA (7166mg TE/g DW), ABTS-RSA (164mg TE/g DW), and FRP (69mg AAE/g DW). Pearson correlation coefficients showed a good positive correlation between TPC, TFC and TPAC and antioxidant activities (DPPH-RSA, ABTS-RSA and FRP), mainly under the effect of solvent type (0.93 < r < 0.99) and solvent concentration (0.91 < r < 0.99). These results suggested that myrtle berries may serve as a good source of natural antioxidants with high antioxidant potential. Therefore, it could be useful in developing functional foods and nutraceuticals.

The effect of solvent type and composition on the synthesis of boron-doped ordered mesoporous carbons

Boron-doped ordered mesoporous carbons (B-OMCs) were synthesized using different solvent types and compositions to study the effect of the solvent medium on the physical properties and oxygen reduction activities of the resultant structures. Materials were synthesized by a one-pot self-assembly method, using resorcinol and formaldehyde as carbon source, boric acid as boron source and triblock copolymer Pluronic F127 as the structure directing agent. Different solvents, namely ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol and acetone were used as solvent media along with water as the cosolvent. Among different solvents, ethanol and n-propanol gave better-ordered structures and also had higher surface areas. At this stage, the highest boron doping percentage was obtained as 1.38 % with n-propanol. In the second stage, B-OMCs were synthesized with n-propanol in different water/n-propanol (W/N) molar ratios varying between 2.5 and 4.75. The orderliness was observed to be better in samples with low W/N ratios of 2.5 and 3.25 and the morphologies shifted from 2D to 3D interconnected type with the increase of water content. The average pore sizes of samples varied between 7.9 and 9.7 nm. On the other hand, the highest surface area (729 m2/g) and the highest boron doping percentage (1.53 %) were obtained with the W/N ratio of 4. XPS analysis showed that 23 % (w/w) of doped boron in this sample was in substitutional state while the remaining boron was found in mixed B–C and B–O states. Cyclic voltammetry measurements for the samples with W/N ratios of 2.5, 3.25 and 4 showed significant oxygen reduction activities at −0.28 and −0.29 V. Results showed that the properties of solvent play an effective role in the orderliness, pore structure and surface composition of B-OMCs, which in turn affect their electrochemical properties. Among different types of solvents, n-propanol can be used as an alternative to ethanol with the W/N ratio of 4 giving the highest surface area and boron doping percentage.

Elucidating solvent effects on lipase-catalyzed peroxyacid synthesis through activity-based kinetics and molecular dynamics.

Peroxyacid synthesis is the first step in Prilezhaev epoxidation, which is an industrial method to form epoxides. Motivated by the development of a kinetic model as a tool for solvent selection, the effect of solvent type and acid chain length on the lipase-catalyzed peroxyacid synthesis was studied. A thermodynamic activity-based ping-pong kinetic expression was successfully applied to predict the effect of the reagent loadings in hexane. The activity-based reaction quotients provided a prediction of solvent-independent equilibrium constants. However, this strategy did not achieve satisfactory estimations of initial rates in solvents of higher polarity. The lack of compliance with some assumptions of this methodology could be confirmed through molecular dynamics calculations i.e. independent solvation energies and lack of solvent interaction with the active site. A novel approach is proposed combining the activity-based kinetic expression and the free binding energy of the solvent with the active site to predict kinetics upon solvent change. Di-isopropyl ether generated a strong interaction with the enzyme's active site, which was detrimental to kinetics. On the other hand, toluene or limonene gave moderate interaction with the active site rendering improved catalytic yield compared with less polar solvents, a finding sharpened when peroctanoic acid was produced.

Electric Field‐induced Orientation of Carbon Nanomaterials in Dispersions

AbstractCarbon nanomaterials (CNMs) exhibit excellent performance and potential application value in optical, electric, magnetic and thermal owing to their unique low dimensional structures, high specific surface areas and excellent electrical conductivities, however, the random orientation of CNMs in polymer dispersions negatively affects their optimal performances. Herein, the orientation of CNMs induced by an electric field in dispersions was investigated. The arrangement of carbon black, carbon nanotubes and graphite nanoplatelets in solvents under an electric field was characterized using a stereoscopic microscope. The effects of solvent type, nanomaterial concentration and electric field conditions on the orientation of the CNMs were systematically investigated. The results showed that the CNMs generally exhibited good electric field‐induced orientations in solvents with a low relative dielectric constant. The orientation structure resulting from using an appropriate CNMs concentration was relatively uniform and continuous. In particular, a more regular orientation structure was achieved upon applying an electric field (100 V/mm; 1000 Hz) for 30 s. Interestingly, well‐oriented CNMs in a solvent can also orient in polymer dispersions that are soluble in such a solvent. This extension of the orientation of CNMs from solvents to polymer dispersion systems provides a novel idea for preparing high‐performance composites.

Formulation, Characterization, Optimization, and In-vitro Evaluation of Rosuvastatin as Nanofiber

Bioavailability is the objective for an optimum formulation. The target of the analysis is to maximize both the fluidity and disintegration profile of class II weakly compounds that are water-soluble. Anti-dyslipidemia drug rosuvastatin calcium (RC) (bioavailability 20%) through formulating as nanofibers (NFs) using electrospinning (ES) technology. Twenty formulas were prepared, and different polymers and polymer combinations with various concentrations were used such as polyethylene oxide (PEO) polyvinyl pyrrolidine (PVPK-30), and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Three distinct groups of maximum parameters, including polymeric solution, electrospinning method, and ambient parameter, are capable of influencing the creation along with the shape of those ultimate NFs. The prepared formulas of rosuvastatin calcium nanofibers (RC-NFs) were evaluated for nanofibers diameter, dissolution profiles, free standing microscopy with electrons and fourier transformation infrared (FTIR)spectroscopy are also available. As a consequence, the velocity of dissolution increases as the particle’s surrounding area increases because of the its small size decrease to the nano level. The optimum ES parameters of polymeric solution (polymer type, concentration, combination, and effect of solvent type), ES process (injection flow rate, voltage, needle gauge, collector round per minute, needle to collector distance and collector type) and ambient parameter are tested and determined. Results show that four selected formulas of NFs are (F12, F14, F15 and F19) with an average diameter of (95, 120, 100 and 80 nm) respectively. The best ultrafine, smooth and beadless NFs is (F19) determined the fact that the narrower the circumference of the RC-NFs, the quicker its breakdown and the shorter the period of this medicinal component’s liberation.

Effects of solvent type and UV post-cure time on 3D-printed restorative polymers

ObjectivesThis study evaluated the impact of different solvents and UV post-curing times on properties of 3D printing resins for provisional restorations. MethodsThe post-processing methods were tested using two solvents (isopropyl alcohol or absolute ethanol) and three UV times (5, 10, or 30 min). The resins tested were Resilab 3D Temp, Printax Temp, and Prizma Bioprov. Microhardness (kgf/mm2), fracture toughness (KIC, MPa√m), surface roughness (Ra, µm), gloss (gloss units), and degree of CC conversion (%DC) were measured (n = 8). All response variables were collected from the same specimen. The specimens were 3D printed using an SLA/LCD printer (150° angulation, 50 µm layer thickness). Light exposure times were adjusted for each material, and the post-processing methods were applied using an all-in-one machine immediately after printing. Data were analyzed using Three-Way ANOVA (α = 0.05). ResultsMicrohardness was affected by UV post-cure time and 3D resin. Resilab showed higher microhardness with isopropyl alcohol and 30-min UV time, while Printax had higher microhardness with absolute ethanol. KIC was influenced by solvent type, UV time, and 3D resin, with varying effects on different resins. Roughness was affected by 3D resin and UV time, but no significant differences were seen for Resilab or Prizma. Gloss was influenced by 3D resin, and for Prizma, it was lower with specific solvent/UV time combinations. DC was influenced by 3D resin, with each resin behaving differently. SignificanceTailoring the combination of 3D resin, solvent washing type, and UV post-curing time is important to achieve optimal mechanical and aesthetic outcomes for restorations.

The effect of solvent type on the extraction of soybean crude oil and its laboratory-scale cost analysis

The effect of solvent type on the extraction of soybean crude oil and its laboratory-scale cost analysis

Fabrication of CuTNPc/MWCNTs composites by in-situ solvothermal method for efficient selective oxidation of styrene

The tetranitro-copper phthalocyanine/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CuTNPc/MWCNTs) composites have been successfully fabricated by a straightforward in-situ solvothermal approach. The as-prepared CuTNPc/MWCNTs composites can be used as effective catalysts for the styrene catalytic oxidation to benzaldehyde. Effects of solvent type, oxidant type, catalyst dose, and reaction temperature on catalytic performance are investigated. It can be found that the CuTNPc/MWCNTs composites showed significant catalytic oxidation of styrene activity. Under the optimal conditions of 0.3 g styrene, 20 mg CuTNPc/MWCNTs, 3 mL TBHP as oxidant, and 5 mL THF at 90 ℃ for 6 h, the styrene conversion, and benzaldehyde selectivity could reach 99.74% and 79.53%, respectively. In addition, the possible reaction mechanism of styrene selective oxidation to benzaldehyde by CuTNPc/MWCNTs is also proposed.

Effect of Solvent Type and Extraction Time on Binahong Leaf Extraction Process

Extraction of binahong leaf essential oil was carried out using the soxhletation method. This research was conducted to study how the influence of solvent type and the length of extraction time and to determine the optimal soxhletation conditions of binahong leaf essential oil (Anredera Cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis). Soxhletation was carried out with variations in solvents of 96% ethanol, n-hexane, and chloroform and time variations of 4, 5, and 6 hours. The yield of essential oil obtained is affected by extraction time and the solvent type. The volatile oil components obtained from soxhletation are the terpenoid and fatty acid groups. The best yield obtained is 5.23% at 5 hours using 96% ethanol as solvent.

Effect of solvent type on porous structure of emulsion templated poly(glycerol sebacate)-methacrylate

Polymerised emulsion templating is a common method for the fabrication of biomaterials with interconnected porous structures. Here, we present the fabrication of poly(glycerol sebacate)-methacrylate (PGSM) porous structures via emulsion templating. The mixing speed and photoinitiator concentration for emulsions were optimised (350 rpm, 16 wt%, respectively). The resulting emulsion separation before/after mixing and pore morphology of PGSM emulsions was then assessed by altering the emulsion formulation using four different types of diluting solvent (chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, toluene) for the first time. By altering the type and volume of solvents, the overall pore morphology of polymerised emulsions was tuned.

Investigation of Biological Activities of Tetra‐substituted Phthalocyanines Bearing Tetraethyleneglycol Monomethyl Ether Chains at Peripheral and Non‐peripheral Positions

AbstractThis study describes the synthesis and characterization of peripherally and non‐peripherally substituted copper(II) and cobalt(II) phthalocyanines bearing tetraethyleneglycol monomethyl ether chains. In addition, the metal‐free and zinc(II) phthalocyanine derivatives were prepared according to the referred procedure. All newly synthesized phthalocyanines were characterized using some spectroscopic techniques such as elemental analysis and fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet‐visible, and mass spectroscopies. The effects of solvent type and concentration on aggregation properties of phthalocyanines were studied, as well. The biological activities of a series of these peripherally and non‐peripherally tetra‐substituted phthalocyanines were investigated. The effects of the central metal ion and the position of the substituent on biological activities of phthalocyanines were also compared. When the antioxidant activities of the synthesized molecules were evaluated by the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl method, 1,8/11,15/18,22/25‐tetrakis[2‐(2‐(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy]phthalocyaninatocobalt(II) (63.17±0.012 %) showed the highest activity. The highest reducing power activity was obtained with the 2,9/10,16/17,23/24‐tetrakis[2‐(2‐(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy]phthalocyaninatozinc(II) molecule. In the antibacterial activity studies using the disc diffusion method, 2,9/10,16/17,23/24‐tetrakis[2‐(2‐(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy) ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy]phthalocyaninatocopper(II) exhibited the highest inhibition activity on both gram negative (18±0.23 mm) and gram positive (23±0.07 mm) strains. On the other hand, 2,9/10,16/17,23/24‐tetrakis[2‐(2‐(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy) ethoxy)ethoxy]phthalocyaninatozinc(II) and 1,8/11,15/18,22/25‐tetrakis[2‐(2‐(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy]phthalo‐cyaninatozinc(II) compounds presented hemolytic activity against sheep blood in the hemolytic activity studies. The results confirmed that the synthesized molecules demonstrated average antioxidant activity compared to standard antioxidants. 2,9/10,16/17,23/24‐Tetrakis[2‐(2‐(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy]phthalo‐cyaninatocopper(II), 2,9/10,16/17,23/24‐tetrakis[2‐(2‐(2‐(2‐methoxy ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy]phthalocyaninatozinc(II) and 1,8/11, 15/18,22/25‐tetrakis[2‐(2‐(2‐(2‐methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy) ethoxy]phthalocyaninatozinc(II) complexes could remarkably inhibit S. aureus and CuPc‐1 complex E. coli growth.

Effect of solvent type and pH degree on the chemical composition of kraft black liquor via ARAS method

Effect of solvent type and pH degree on the chemical composition of kraft black liquor via ARAS method

Correlation of strain and optoelectronic properties of the electrodeposited Sb2Se3 nanostructured films: Effect of solvent type

To deposit antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) nanostructure films by electrodeposition method, deionized water (W) and ethylene glycol (EG) were used as solvents. The obtained films were examined and compared using different analysis methods. For all samples, deposition was performed for 30 min. The results of the analyses showed that the use of EG as a solvent for both precursors not only did create more suitable stoichiometric ratio in Sb2Se3 films, but also it caused greater uniformity and compaction in their structure. The investigation of optical properties also showed the effect of strain, calculated by the shift of Raman bands, on the energy gap changes of Sb2Se3 films. Moreover, by depositing a suitable Au electrode, we fabricated a device with the FTO/TiO2/Sb2Se3/Au configuration and characterized it electrically as well as optoelectronically. The results indicated the effect of solvent type on electrical properties of the fabricated device and charge transfer process in Sb2Se3 devices.

Photofixation of N2 to ammonia utilizing Ni@TPP-HPA nanocomposite under visible-light illumination.

The production of ammonia as an important raw material in the chemical, agricultural, and food industries has been always a significant concern. However, conventional ammonia production methods require high energy consumption and costs. The photocatalytic rotes use green light sources and cost-effective photocatalysts to obtain ammonia from water under aerobic conditions and preventing production of greenhouse gases in the environment. To produce an effective heterogeneous catalyst, a new tetraphenylporphyrin-heteropolyacid (TPP-HPA) nanohybrid material is synthesized and loaded onto Ni nanoparticles in this work. Then, FE-SEM, EDS, XRD, and FT-IR analyses were applied to characterize the prepared nanohybrid material Ni@TPP-HPA. After that, the new inorganic-organic nanohybrid photocatalyst was introduced as an effective, environmental friendly, and recyclable mediator for N2 photofixation. The results showed that Ni@TPP-HPA is a good photocatalyst for the N2 fixation reaction and can be easily recycled without losing its activity for at least five runs. The Ni@TPP-HPA nanocomposite demonstrated the maximum ammonia generation by 2760 μmol L-1 g-1 under mild conditions when using methanol as a hole scavenger. Additionally, effects of solvent type, temperature, reaction time, irradiation source, solution pH, and other electron scavengers on the rate of NH4+ production were investigated and discussed.

Effect of Solvent Type on PAN–Based Nonwoven Nanofibers Membranes Characterizations

Electrospun nanofiber membranes are employed in a variety of applications due to its unique features. the nanofibers' characterizations are effected by the polymer solution. The used solvent for dissolving the polymer powder is critical in preparing the precursor solution. In this paper, the Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based nanofibers were prepared in a concentration of 10 wt.% using various solvents (NMP, DMF, and DMSO). The surface morphology, porosity, and the mechanical strength of the three prepared 10 wt.% PAN-based nanofibers membranes (PAN/NMP, PAN/DMF, and PAN/DMSO) were characterized using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Dry-wet Weights method, and Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA). Using DMF as a solvent resulted in a long, beaded, homogeneous, and smooth surface fibrous structure with an average diameter of 260 nm, which was the best among the solvents tested in this study in terms of porosity and mechanical strength.

Solvent system effects on the physical and mechanical properties of electrospun Poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds for in vitro lung models

Mechanical properties are among the key considerations for the design and fabrication of complex tissue models and implants. In addition to the choice of material and the processing technique, the solvent system can significantly influence the mechanical properties of scaffolds. Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) has been abundantly used to develop constructs, fibrous in particular, for pharmaceutical and biomedical research due to the flexibility offered by PCL-based fibrous matrices. The effect of solvent type on the morphological features of electrospun fibres has been extensively studied. Nevertheless, comprehensive studies on the impact of the solvent system on the mechanical properties of electrospun PCL fibres are lacking. This study elucidates the relationship between topographical, physical and mechanical properties of electrospun PCL fibrous meshes upon using various solvent systems. The results of the mechanical investigation highlight the significance of inter-fibre bonds on the mechanical properties of the bulk membranes and that the option of altering the solvent system composition could be considered for tuning the mechanical properties of the PCL scaffolds to serve specific biomedical application requirements. The applicability of the developed membranes as artificial ECM (Extracellular matrix) in the lung will then be investigated and compared to the commercial Polycarbonate (PC) membranes that are often used for in vitro lung models.

Effect of solvent type on ultrasound-assisted extraction of antioxidant compounds from Ficaria kochii: Optimization by response surface methodology

The optimization of extraction conditions to recover antioxidant rich extract from plant of Ficaria Kochii with an ultrasound-assisted system was achieved by response surface methodology. The rotatable central composite design (RCCD) was used to optimize extraction parameters in terms of total phenolic and total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. The optimum conditions for extraction by methanol were: ratio of solvent to raw material, 10%; extraction time, 50 min and extraction temperature, 60 °C. Under these conditions, the obtained total phenolic content 46.379 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry matter and total flavonoid content 11.754 mg quercetin equivalents/g dry matter with antioxidant property (DPPH: the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity) was 89.548%. Also, the optimum operating conditions for extraction by water were: ratio of solvent to raw material, 10%; extraction time, 30 min and extraction temperature, 40 °C. Under these conditions, the obtained total phenolic content 51.112 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry matter and total flavonoid content 4.331 mg quercetin equivalents/g dry matter with antioxidant property was 97.004%. This study suggests that the antioxidant rich extract from plant of Ficaria Kochii can be a candidate for food antioxidant and Due to these features, this extract can be used in food storage.

Conformational Selectivity and Evolution Affected by the Desolvation Process

The inconsistency between solution chemistry and the crystal structure indicates the potential conformational evolution and rearrangement during the nucleation process. However, the mechanism of how the conformation is selected to form the corresponding polymorph is still not clear due to the complicated crystallization environment. In this work, conformation and polymorph selectivity of three anhydrous forms of gabapentin were investigated. Quantum chemical computation was used to analyze gabapentin conformations in the solution state and explore their transformation pathway. Besides, visual molecular dynamics was adopted to calculate the structural difference of the conformers in solution and crystal states, which was closely related to conformational selectivity. Moreover, the effects of solvent types and the supersaturation on solute–solvent interactions were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectra and molecular dynamics simulations. Combined with the outcome of rapid cooling experiments, it was found that the solute–solvent interaction may affect the difficulty of desolvation so as to affect the conformational selectivity before nucleation. A special evaporation experiment was designed to obtain the unstable polymorph of gabapentin. Finally, the possible mechanism of selective polymorph crystallization was proposed and analyzed.