Effect Of Sodium Content Research Articles

Effect of sodium content on the structure and mechanical properties of silicon bronze (Cu-3wt%Si alloys)

In the present study, the effect of sodium content on the structure and mechanical properties of Cu-3wt%Si alloys were investigated. The experimental alloys were produced with various sodium concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.5, 2 and 3% by weight using permanent mould casting technique. Tensile and hardness tests were carried out on the cast samples. Microstructures of the specimens were also analysed using optical microscopy. The results indicated that the addition of sodium to Cu-3wt%Si alloy refined and modified the structure of the alloy resulting in improvement in the ultimate tensile strength and hardness of the experimental alloy by 453.85% and 58.82% respectively at 1.5wt%Na content and percentage elongation by 168.81% at 0.1wt%Na content. The addition of sodium also led to the formation of the Na1.44Si136 intermetallic phase which further contributed to the increase in strength and hardness of the alloy.

The Effect of Sodium Content in Food on the appetite of the ObesePeople: A Research Proposal on Cognitive Diversity

Previous studies showed that people with obesity respond to high- or low-calorie foods differently from those withthe standard Body Mass Index (BMI). Nevertheless, as suggested by the previous paper, sodium might be a clue thatleads to high-calorie food intake, which then induces obesity. Also, the synergy between eating high-calorie food andhigh-sodium food was found to be one of the mechanisms that developed obesity. However, no study has been done toinvestigate the effect of sodium food on the appetite of people suffering from obesity. To find out this question, we willconduct behavior tests, including lexical decisions and visual stimulation, to determine whether the sodium componentin the food can be a way to define the food stimuli that develop eating addiction in obesity population. Besides, we willcompare which delivery of this kind of stimuli, through pictures or words, will affect the results more, if possible.

Effect of nonuniform sintering on mechanical and thermal properties of silica-based ceramic cores

During sintering of the silica-based ceramic core of turbine blades, a phenomenon called “nonuniform sintering” occurs that negatively affects the thermal and mechanical properties of the core. Standard samples of silica-based core were prepared by an injection molding method and sintered with alumina backfilling powder with different sodium contents. The effect of sodium content on the nonuniform sintering of silica-based cores and the thermal and mechanical properties was evaluated. Results show that the sintering level and the content of α-cristobalite in the surface layer are significantly higher than that of the sample interior. A considerable number of microcracks are found in the surface layer due to the β to α-phase transition of cristobalite. As the sodium content in the alumina powder decreases, the level of the nonuniform sintering and the amount of crystallized cristobalite in the surface layer decrease, which is beneficial to the thermal expansion and flexural strength at ambient temperature. The flexural strength and thermal deformation at high temperature are improved by reducing the surface cracks, but deteriorated with the decrease of the cristobalite crystallization when the surface cracks are macroscopically invisible.

Development of sodium hybrid quasi-solid electrolytes based on porous NASICON and ionic liquids

Lithium-ion batteries are currently the alternative of choice to overcome the increasing demand of energy. However, besides the scarcity of lithium and limited geolocation, it is believed that such batteries have already reached their maximum maturity. Sodium batteries emerge as an alternative to produce the new, so called, post-lithium batteries. In this study, we explore (i) the effect of sodium content and sintering temperature in solid electrolytes based in NASICON-type compounds and (ii) the use of two methodologies to obtain porous NASICON samples: application of natural substances and organic materials as pore-formers and freeze casting. The main purpose is the attainment of hybrid quasi-solid state electrolytes, with enhanced room temperature conductivity, based on porous ceramic electrolyte layers infiltrated with ionic liquids. Using this approach, porous samples with different microstructure and porous morphology and distribution were achieved, providing an enhancement in conductivity (ranging from 0.45 to 0.96 mS cm−1 at 30 °C) of one order of magnitude for infiltrated samples respect to pore-free samples. According to these results the porous NASICON might be considered as a functional macroporous inorganic separator that can act as a Na+ reservoir.

Effect of Sodium Content on the Electrochemical Performance of Li-Substituted, Manganese-Based, Sodium-Ion Layered Oxide Cathodes.

Li-substituted, manganese-based, layered oxides NaxLi0.18Mn0.66Co0.17Ni0.17O2+δ (x = 0.54, 0.66, 0.78, and 0.90) have been investigated as one kind of high-performance cathode materials for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Phase compositions and local structures of the cathode materials with varying sodium content were elucidated by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and atomic-scale high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscope (HAADF-STEM), which demonstrates that a Li-O'3 phase was aroused in P2-type sodium layered oxide matrix forming a Na-P2/Li-O'3 hybrid structure. More importantly, the effect of sodium content on the preferential exposure of (102) and (104) facets and surface morphology of the cathode particles has been comprehensively studied, as well as their relationship with electrochemical performance. It reveals that, in addition to the preferential growth of (102) and (104) facets that has been proved to enhance the capacity and rate performance of the layered oxides, the smooth surface finish of the particles also plays a vital role in deciding the electrochemical performance. The layered sodium cathode material with a sodium content of 0.66 possesses sufficient exposure of (102) and (104) facets and smooth side surface, resulting in the superior capacities under various C rates (187 mAh/g at 0.2 C and 114 mAh/g at 5 C) comparing to the cathode materials with all other sodium contents. The mechanism has also been proposed in this study. These findings presented herein open up new strategies to design high performance sodium layered oxide cathode.

Effect of sodium content on the interaction between Ni and support and catalytic performance for syngas methanation over Ni/Zr–Yb–O catalysts

In this paper, Ni/Zr–Yb–O catalysts with different sodium contents are prepared by a co-precipitation method, using aqueous Na2CO3 solution as a precipitant, and the effect of sodium on the catalyst structure and catalytic performance for syngas methanation is extensively investigated using five Ni/Zr–Yb–O catalysts, containing 0, 0.5, 1.5, 4.5 and 13.5 wt% Na+, those are denoted as Cat-1, Cat-2, Cat-3, Cat-4 and Cat-5 respectively. It is found that the interaction between Ni and support determines the catalytic performance of Ni/Zr–Yb–O and the residual sodium content negatively affects the interaction between Ni and support. Cat-1 exhibits an excellent catalytic performance. During a long run time of 380 h, no deactivation is observed and both CO conversion and CH4 selectivity maintain a level above 90%. However, Cat-3 and Cat-5 suffer rapid deactivation under the same reaction condition. The characterization results indicate the strong interaction between Ni and support enables Cat-1 to possess well dispersed Ni species, resistance to sintering and carbon deposition and thus the excellent catalytic performance. However, the presence of sodium ions over Ni/Zr–Yb–O degrades the interaction between Ni and support and the catalytic performance, especially for the stability. The relative weak interaction between Ni and support results in severe sintering of both ZrO2 and Ni under the reaction condition, carbon deposition and the poor catalytic performance.

The effects of sodium content and hydrogenation of TiO2 nanotubes on photocatalytic activity

The effects of sodium content and hydrogenation of TiO2 nanotubes on their photocatalytic activity were investigated. TiO2 nanotubes with different contents of sodium were prepared by an alkaline reflux method, followed by washing with different concentrations of acid. When a hydrogen thermal treatment was applied to the nanotubes, the white nanotubes with and without sodium would transform into blue polyhedral and light yellow chain-like structures, respectively. UV–vis absorption spectra indicated that a higher absorption in the visible light range was obtained for the blue polyhedral structure. Interestingly, an amorphous surface layer and Ti3+ species appeared and became more pronounced when the sodium was removed completely. This led to the formation of a defect energy band belt, which not only narrowed the band gap but lowered the rate of recombination of photo electrons and holes. As a consequence, a higher rate of photocatalytic decomposition of methanol for hydrogen evolution under visible light illumination were obtained.

Sodium doping effect on physicochemical properties of K1−xNaxCaPb3(PO4)3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) for the determination of mercury(II): Application in seawater samples

A new chemically modified electrode was synthesized for the determination of mercury(II) using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). The electrode was modified by lacunar apatite K1−xNaxCaPb3(PO4)3 (0≤x≤1) synthesized using solid reaction. These powders were crystallized in the hexagonal system, space group P63/m. The effect of sodium content on structural, thermodynamic and electrochemical properties of prepared apatite has been studied. Therefore, the best results was obtained using NaCaPb3(PO4)3 (x=1) as modifier of carbon paste electrode for the electrochemical detection of mercury(II). The later ions were preconcentrated on the surface of the modified electrode and oxidized at 0.06V vs. Ag/AgCl. The electroanalytical procedure comprises of two steps: the chemical accumulation of the analyte under open-circuit conditions followed by the electrochemical detection of the preconcentrated species using differential pulse voltammetry. The different parameters that govern the two steps were optimized. A linear response was obtained in the concentration range from 1.0molL−1×10−4molL−1 to 2.0molL−1×10−7molL−1 Hg(II) after activation of the electrode surface under the optimized conditions. The standard deviation was evaluated in a high and low concentration of mercury(II). The values ​​obtained for seven consecutive measurements were 1.24% and 5.07% of 1.0molL−1×10−4molL−1 and 5.0molL−1×10−6molL−1 mercury(II) solutions respectively. The detection limit and quantification limit for mercury(II), calculated from nine times standard deviation of blank/slope of the calibration graph, were 1.086molL−1×10−8molL−1 and 3.62molL−1×10−8molL−1, respectively. The proposed chemically modified electrode was applied to determine mercury(II) in seawater samples.

Energy crops on less favoured (alkaline) soil

The reduction in fossil energy and row material sources induces growing demand for renewable resources. The growing demand for herbal raw materials has land use impacts as well. One way to reduce the conflict between the food and energy crops can be the utilization of less favored areas by growing energy crops. Among the potentially available areas for this purpose the salt affected soils (SAS) occupy a significant territories. SAS with structural B-horizon (meadow solonetz soils) represent the most wide spread group of SAS in Hungary. About half of these soils have been reclaimed and used as arable land and the remaining 50% are used as grassland. Sweet sorghum production for manufacturing of alcohol production was investigated in a long term amelioration and fertilization experiment on a salt affected soil (meadow solonetz). By means of regression analyzes the effect of sodium content of the soil and increasing mineral fertilizer doses were studied. According to the multiple regression analysis only the effect of nitrogen fertilizer was significant. On the solonetz type salt affected soil the effect of water soluble salt content of the soil was not significant, but there was a closer correlation between the ammonium-lactate sodium content and the yield of sweet sorghum. The maximum green mass was 45–50 t ha-1, in the case of low Na content and high level of nitrogen fertilization.
 In order to quantify the potential yield of natural grass vegetation the relationship between the soil forming processes and the grass vegetationwas investigated. Beyond the different forms of Na-accumulation, the spatial pattern (mosaic-like characteristic) is also an inseparable feature of salt affected soils. The difference in the water regime, caused by the micro-relief is the main cause of variability. The run-on water keeps the deeper parts of the catena position wet longer. The wet situation causes more intensive leaching. In the low-laying parts of salt affected soils species preferring wet situations (mainly Alopecurus pratensis) are in majority. On the higher parts of the micro-relief species tolerating dry situations (mainly Festuca pseudovina) are dominant. The yearly grass production of low laying areas can be 4–7 t ha-1 but because of prolonged wet conditions the grass is not grazed and mowing can only be in old state. This old grass is not proper for feeding, but it may be suitable as energy plant.

Synthesis of Eu‐Doped CaAlSiN3 from Ammonometallates: Effects of Sodium Content and Pressure

We report the effects of synthesis pressure and sodium content in reactants on the lattice structure and photoluminescence properties of Eu‐doped CaAlSiN3, a red phosphor, synthesized by a low‐temperature process (up to 800°C) from ammonometallates. The lattice parameters and average and anisotropic values of crystallite size and lattice strains were calculated by refining against X‐ray diffraction data. These values are correlated with synthesis pressure and sodium content. The light emission was shown to be a result of a compromise between the effects of the lattice cell dimensions and the strains. The sample obtained at Na/Ca=2.0 under 100 MPa showed the best photoluminescence emission among all the produced samples. On the other hand, our analysis suggests the optimum pressure and Na/Ca ratio for a maximum light emission could be around 60 MPa and 2, respectively.

Effects of sodium content on the microstructures and basic dye cation exchange of titanate nanotubes

The potential of titanate nanotubes (TNT) to remove basic dye (Basic Violet 3, BV3) from aqueous solution through a cation exchange mechanism was investigated. TNT was prepared via a hydrothermal treatment of TiO 2 powders in a 10 M NaOH solution at 150 °C for 24 h, and subsequently washed with HCl aqueous solution of different concentrations. Effects of the remnant sodium contents on the microstructures of TNT were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. It was found that if the sodium did not undergo complete proton exchange, the removal of sodium increased the specific surface area and pore volume of the TNT. When the sodium content of the TNT was approximately 0 wt.% (after a nearly-complete proton exchange), the nanotubular structure of the titanates might be destroyed, accompanied by a sharp decrease in the specific surface area and pore volume. Effects of the alteration of microstructures, induced by the acid washing process, on the BV3 removal performance of TNT were discussed. Moreover, the removal mechanisms of basic dye from aqueous solution onto TNT were examined with the aid of model analyses of the adsorption equilibrium and kinetic data of BV3.

Effects of sodium content and calcination temperature on the morphology, structure and photocatalytic activity of nanotubular titanates

Titanate nanotubes (TNT) were prepared via a hydrothermal treatment of TiO 2 powders (P25) in a 10 M NaOH solution at 150 °C for 24 h and subsequently washed with HCl aqueous solution of different concentrations (0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 N). Samples with different contents of remnant sodium in nanotubes were characterized, as synthesized and after heat-treatment, by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms. The photocatalytic activity of TNT was evaluated by photocatalytic oxidation of basic dye (basic violet 10 (BV10)) in water solution. It was found that if the sodium was not completely exchanged with proton, the removal of sodium increased the specific surface area (and pore volume), while the thermal stability was reduced. When the sodium content of TNT was approximately 0 wt% (nearly complete proton exchange), the nanotubular structure of titanates might be destroyed. The effects of the alterations of microstructures induced by the exchange of sodium and heat-treatment on the photocatalytic activity of TNT were discussed with the variations of specific surface area, pore volume, and the amounts of anatase phase in TNT.

Effect of Substrate Sodium Content on Crystallization and Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2Films Prepared by DC Magnetron Sputtering

The effect of sodium content of the glass support on the crystallinity of sputteredTiO2films and photocatalytic breakdown of ethanol has been studied. It was found that the activity of the as-deposited (amorphous) films does not depend on the type of support used. The chemical composition of the glass support does influence the activity of annealed films. When using soda-lime glass support sodium diffuses into the film upon annealing, suppressing anatase crystallization and decreasing its photocatalytic activity. To decrease the influence of sodium, soda-lime glass coated with an e-beam evaporatedSiO2barrier layer was used with good result. A reduced sodium concentration in the film leads to well crystallized anatase after annealing. An increased photocatalytic activity was observed for these films.

Effect of sodium content on the mechanical and electrical properties of preferentially oriented Naβ-alumina ceramics

Effect of sodium content on the mechanical and electrical properties of preferentially oriented Naβ-alumina ceramics

Phenol alkylation with methanol: effect of sodium content and ammonia selective poisoning of an HY zeolite

Sodium exchange and ammonia selective poisoning of the acid sites of an HY zeolite (Si/Al=20) were carried out and their effects on the catalytic properties for the alkylation of phenol with methanol (200‡C, 1 atm and N2/reactants molar ratio of 4) were evaluated. Results show that the reaction is highly sensitive to the number and strength of the acid sites of the catalyst. A decrease in the number of acid sites by sodium exchange of the protons or by ammonia selective poisoning produces important changes in the selectivity of the reaction. In fact, a high increase in the anisole/cresol ratio is observed as the percentage of exchanged sodium in the zeolite increases, while the ammonia selective poisoning shows that at low desorption temperatures (⩽250‡C) only anisole is formed while at higher desorption temperatures both anisole and cresols were observed. These results show that anisole formation requires sites with lower acid strength compared to those necessary for cresol formation.

Effect of Sodium on Seed Choice by Deer Mice, White-Footed Mice, and Hispid Cotton Rats

Effect of sodium content on seed use was tested for deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), white-footed mice (P. leucopus), and hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) using sodium-enriched pearled barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare). Each trial included the choice of four types of barley seeds [ 1.6 (control), 4.8, 7.1, and 16.8 mg sodium/g seed]. Seed use by deer mice and whitefooted mice differed with sodium concentration but was not affected by locality (eastern versus central Kansas) or gender. In contrast, seed use by cotton rats was not influenced by sodium content and, although seed use differed between males and females (females tested were larger than the males), relative use of seed types was not affected by gender. Average sodium concentration of seeds used did not differ with locality or gender for either deer mice or white-footed mice, or among deer mice (6.6 mg/g), white-footed mice (5.6 mg/g), and cotton rats (6.2 mg/g). Mammalian herbivores, including ungulates (Dalke et al., 1965; Hebert and Cowan, 1971), lagomorphs (Smith, Latherland, and Myers, 1978), and arvicoline rodents (Christian, 1989; Hansson, 1990), periodically use mineral licks or eat sodium-rich materials. Laboratory tests also have shown a positive effect of sodium on food choice by small herbivorous rodents (Batzli, 1986). Further, use of sodium-soaked wooden pegs presented to free-living fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) and woodchucks (Marmota monax) demonstrated a positive sodium response by both of these sciurid rodents (Weeks and Kirkpatrick, 1978). We tested use of NaCl-rich foods by free-living deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), white-footed mice (P. leucopus), and hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Because one cannot determine which small, free-living species of rodent has fed on test materials placed in natural environments, we used a chamber, essentially a large live trap, in which test foods were SCorresponding author. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.163 on Wed, 21 Sep 2016 04:39:04 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 144 TRANSACTIONS OF THE KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE available to trapped rodents. Our objectives were to test for an effect of sodium content on food use by these small rodents and possible interspecific differences in food choice related to sodium content. We expected rodents to eat sodium-enriched seeds but not to maximize sodium intake by eating only our highest sodium-enriched seeds (a concentration several times greater than natural seeds). We also expected a greater sodium content in ingested seeds for the cotton rat, a herbivore, than deer mice and white-footed mice,

Effect of sodium on the CoMo/γ-Al2O3 system. Part 1.—Influence of sodium content on the state of dispersion and on the nature of the cobalt supported on γ-Al2O3

The effect of sodium content on the dispersion of cobalt on the surface of γ-Al2O3 as well as on the type of cobalt species formed on it have been studied using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray powder analysis, electron microscopy and thermo-programmed reduction; two series containing, respectively, 2.1 and 8.8 % Co have been investigated.The former series showed a marked increase in the dispersion of cobalt on the surface of the support, as revealed by X.p.s., when the sodium content increased from 2.3 to 5.7 %. In this composition range, a considerable transformation of Co3O4 into CoAl2O4, as well as a shift of the distribution of cobalt species from the homogeneous to heterogeneous, have been observed.In contrast, virtually no change was observed for the 8.8 % Co series throughout the sodium composition range.