Effect Of Single Application Research Articles

Aplikasi Pestisida Nabati Maja - Gadung dan Metabolit Sekunder Beauveria Bassiana Bals. Untuk Mengendalikan Hama Thrips Sp. Pada Tanaman Cabai Rawit

Pest attacks on chili plants are the main limiting factor in cultivation activities. The research aims to determine the effect of single application of botanical pesticide maja-gadung (PMG), single application of secondary metabolite Beauveria bassiana BIO (BIO B10), combined application of PMG and BIO B10 on pest populations, predator populations and plant growth and production of chili. The reesearh used a factorial Completely Randomized Block Design (RAKL) with 3 replications, so there were 9 treatment combinations (0 ml/l PMG, 4 ml/l PMG, 8 ml/l BIO B10, 0 ml/l PMG, 2 ml/l BIO B10, 4 ml/l BIO B10, 4 ml PMG+2 ml/l BIO B10, 4 ml/ml PMG+4 ml BIO B10, 8 ml/l PMG+2ml/l BIO B10, 8 ml/l PMG+4 ml/l BIO B10). The variables observed were Thrips sp population, predator population, plant height, number of leaves, and fruit weight per plant. The results showed that the single application treatment of PMG with a concentration of 4 ml/l and 8 ml/l was able to suppress the population of Thrips sp. by 21.6% and 41.4% compared to the control. The single application treatment of BIO B10 with concentrations of 2 ml/l and 4 ml/l was able to suppress the population of Thrips sp. by 66.5% and 65.5% compared to the control. The best combination application is PMG and BIO B10with a concentration of 8 ml/l + 4 ml/l which is able to suppress the population of Thrips sp. by 76.9% compared to the control. The application treatment of PMG andBIO B10 did not affect plant height, number of leaves, and fruit weight per plant.

The effect of mineral fertilizers and liming on the properties of sod-podzolic soils and the productivity of legume-grass mixture in the conditions of the Komi Republic

The research was carried out in 1998-2018 in the conditions of the Komi Republic. Under study was the effectiveness of single application (1983) of lime doses (1.0; 2.0; 2.5 h. a.) and the systematic use of mineral fertilizers (N60P75K75) against the background of lime effect in the cultivation of perennial grass mixtures (meadow clover, meadow timothy and cocksfoot). High efficiency was shown by liming at doses of 2.0 and 2.5 h. a., the effect remained for 35 years since their introduction to the soil. Thus, in 2018, the exchange acidity was 4.5-4.8 pHKCl (the initial 4.1-4.2 pHKCl). A similar decrease was observed in the hydrolytic acidity and the content of exchangeable aluminum in the soil. The amount of humus by 2018 increased to 1.7-1.8 % (the initial 1.4-1.5 %). The average yield of perennial grasses during soil liming at doses of 2.0 and 2.5 h .a. was 24.0-25.1 t/ha of green mass (5.3-5.5 t/ha of good quality dry matter), which is 52.8-59.8 % higher than the variant without fertilizers (15.7 green mass and 3.7 t/ha of dry matter). In the variant with the systematic use of NPK, the exchange acid content of the soil and the humus content remained at the initial level, the amount of the mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium increased to 198 and 121 mg/kg of soil (the initial 42 and 62 mg/kg). The average annual yield of grasses was 25.3 t/ha of green mass (5.4 t/ha dry matter) and was 61.1 and 45.9 % higher than the control. Against the background of the aftereffect of lime flour, the effect of NPK on soil properties was similar to the effect of non-fertilizing cultivation, with the exception of a significant increase in the availability of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium – up to 254-288 and 148-166 mg/kg, respectively. A high yield of green mass of 28.1-30.7 t/ha (6.4-6.7 t/ha dry matter) was obtained, exceeding the control by 78.9-95.5 %. In these variants, grass mixture of high quality was obtained: the content of crude protein – 13.8-13.9 %; dry matter – 21.8-21.9 %; the content of total phosphorus – 0.92-0.94 %; potassium – 2.93-2.95 % and calcium – 0.79-0.81 %. The amount of nitrates in the feed did not exceed the MPC (147-149 mg/kg dry matter). Long-term studies on sod-podzolic poorly cultivated soil showed that the optimal method for the cultivation of long-term legume-cereal grass mixture was the use of lime flour (2.0 and 2.5 h .a.) and the annual use of N60P75K75.

Repeated glyphosate exposure induces shifts in nitrifying communities and metabolism of phenylpropanoids

Glyphosate is the most used herbicide worldwide. Repeated applications are very common in the field due to increasing incidence of glyphosate resistant (GR) weeds. Although several studies have considered the effects of single applications, the information related with the impact of repeated applications on soil microbial communities is comparatively less. We designed a laboratory experiment at microcosm level to assess the impact of up to three applications of glyphosate on microbial communities of soils with (H) and without history (NH) of exposure to the herbicide. The overall bacterial community and a specific group, the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), were considered. Control microcosms (no glyphosate) and those with one, two or three applications of the active ingredient (AI, N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine potassium salt) or a commercial formulation (CF, Roundup Full II) were sampled after the final application. A higher respiratory quotient (RQ) was detected with p-coumaric acid as C source for microcosms with three applications (AI or CF) relative to the control. Estimations of abundance of amoA gene (AOB) and 16S rRNA gene (Eubacteria) using Quantitative Real Time PCR (qPCR) indicated no effects of three applications (AI or CF). However, significant differences were detected for the CF when the abundance of AOB was related to Eubacteria. Additionally, a shift in the structure of AOB was detected after three applications of either the AI or the CF. Together these results reflect an impact of repeated exposure to glyphosate on bacterial groups involved in key processes for C and N cycling in soil.

A Comparative Study between Short Term Effects of Single Application of High and Low Frequency Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Spinal Spasticity

A Comparative Study between Short Term Effects of Single Application of High and Low Frequency Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Spinal Spasticity

Dairy Manure Compost Quality Effects On Corn Silage and Soil Properties

Soil nutrients in dairy manure composts vary depending on the original manure or other additives, with consequent effects on crop production. An experiment addressing the effects of single applications of dairy compost of high quality (HQC) or low quality (LQC) at the incorporation rates of 0, 45, and 90 Mg ha−1 on corn (Zea mays L.) silage yields, forage quality, and soil nutrients was conducted in 2004 and 2005. The composts were incorporated prior to planting in 2004, which were also compared with the performance of two commercial fertilizer levels (N-P-K) at high (HIF, 336-98-93) or low rates (LIF, 168-49-47). Compost treatment plots received annual split applications of supplemental inorganic N at 224 or 336 kg ha−1. Through the two growing seasons, corn silage yields ranged from 17 to 25 Mg ha−1 yr−1 depending on compost quality and compost application rates. Corn silage yields in plots with HQC were generally greater than LQC in 2004, but yields did not differ in 2005. Total apparent N recovery did not differ between compost qualities or among compost rates. Soil pH of LQC treatments averaged 8.1 after the second season and remained higher than that of HQC which ranged from 7.4 to 7.6. Electrical conductivity (EC) of soils from HQC plots was 14% lower than that of LQC in 2004 and became similar to that of LQC in 2005. Soil P and K levels in LQC were greater than HQC and were greatest in the 90 Mg ha−1 rate. Based on these data, there is no advantage of using the higher quality compost with greater OM.

The effects of single application of mucopolysaccharide polysulphate (MPS)

The effects of single application of mucopolysaccharide polysulphate (MPS)

Effects of a sulfonylurea herbicide on soil microarthropods

The short-term effects on soil microarthropods of the herbicide triasulfuron, belonging to the chemical class of sulfonylureas, were evaluated in two fields which had never been treated with sulfonylureas, and were cultivated with winter wheat. In particular, the effects of single applications at rates corresponding to two- (rate 2) and sixfold (rate 6) the recommended agricultural rate (7.5 g active ingredient ha–1) were analysed and compared with controls. The changes in the populations of the main groups of microarthropods were evaluated. Rate 2 had very low effects, whereas rate 6 produced a significant decrease in the number of microarthropods, Acarina and Collembola in the surface soil layer (0–7.5 cm). The Collembola were analysed at the species level. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences only for a few species, and only after treatment with the highest rate of triasulfuron. Finally, the results of the field tests were compared to those of laboratory tests carried out previously, which examined the effects of the same herbicide on a collembolan species.

Effects of pasture‐applied biosolids on forage and soil concentrations over a grazing season in north Florida. I. macrominerals, crude protein, and in vitro digestibility1

The rationale for this experiment was to determine forage nutrient concentrations as affected by biosolids fertilization. We studied the effects of single applications of two exceptional quality biosolids to bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) pasture with regard to satisfying beef cattle nutrient requirements. Twenty‐five 0.8‐ha pastures were divided into five blocks. Two biosolids were applied as normal and double agronomic rates. The control plot received NH4NO3. Forages were analyzed for calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na), crude protein (CP), and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), and soils were analyzed for Mehlich I extractable Ca, P, Mg, and K. Single (agronomic or twice this) applications of biosolids to pastures had little effect on Ca, P, Na, and K forage concentrations, but forage Mg was elevated in several treatments late in the season. Crude protein concentrations were elevated above the control for all biosolids treatments late in the season, whereas only small differences were observed at early sampling times. Trends were similar for IVOMD. In general, all treatments were associated with soils with adequate Ca, P, and Mg concentrations, while soil K was uniformly low. In relation to grazing beef cattle requirements, all treatments resulted in generally adequate forage levels of Ca, P, Mg, K, CP, and IVOMD, however, Na (<0.06%) was deficient.

An effect of single application of topical steroid on the morphologies of epidermal Langerhans cells

An effect of single application of topical steroid on the morphologies of epidermal Langerhans cells

Effects of different fertilization practices on the glucose, fructose, sucrose, taste and texture of carrot

The effects of different fertilization practices on the glucose, fructose, sucrose, taste and texture of carrot cv. Nantes Duke Notabene 370 Sv were studied in field experiments carried out in southern Finland in 1985 and 1986. The effects of unirrigated and irrigated placement and broadcast fertilization, NPK fertirrigations without basic fertilization, NPK fertirrigations with NPK basic fertilization, and PK placement with N fertirrigations were compared. Further, the effects of single application were compared with those of split applications. Sugar analyses were made by high performance liquid chromatography, and sensory evaluations were performed for taste and texture. The results were analysed by contrast analysis. In 1985, fertilization and fertilization practices had no effects on sugar contents. In 1986, the unfertilized treatments had a tendency to yield higher glucose and fructose, and thus also total sugar contents than did the fertilized treatments on the average. Placement fertilization had a tendency to increase the glucose content as compared to NPK fertirrigations. No significant differences or tendencies were found in sucrose content. The glucose and fructose contents were higher in 1985 than in 1986. The sucrose content was mainly opposite, being higher in 1986.Weather conditions were more favourable for photosynthesis in 1986 than in 1985. The mean total sugar content in fresh weight was 7.8 % in 1985 and 6.7 % in 1986. Indicative results of taste and texture are presented. The sugar content in organically cultivated carrots did not differ from that of conventionally grown carrots, but the taste was worse.

RESIDUAL EFFECTS OF PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER. I. FOR WHEAT GROWN ON FOUR CHERNOZEMIC SOIL TYPES IN SASKATCHEWAN AND MANITOBA

The effects of single applications of 100, 200, and 400 kg/ha of P were measured under field conditions on Chernozemic soils in Manitoba and Saskatchewan for 8 yr. All applications of P increased the yield of wheat and increased the amount of available P in the soil. The addition of P with the seed did not increase the yield on plots that had received 100 kg/ha of P or more, except in 2 yr at one of the four test locations. On extremely P-deficient soils in Manitoba, 21% of the broadcast P (applied at 100 kg P/ha) was recovered by grain in 8 yr; the percent recovered was lower from the 200 and 400 kg P/ha at all sites (15 and 9%, respectively) but the amount of available P remaining in the soil was greater. Single large applications of 100 kg/ha of P were shown to be effective over the 8-yr period. Higher rates of application showed little advantage over 100 kg P/ha in the 8 yr but would probably remain effective for longer periods.

Experiments on the Control of Mites Infesting Raspberries1

A description of damage, survey of distribution, and indication of loss sustained from mites, particularly Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor, on raspberries in Michigan, together with control measures attempted and results attained. The distinguishing characteristics of T. mcdanieli are included and the observed habits of the mite detailed. Control studies with dormant and summer oils, glue, and contact poisons of plant origin alone and in combination are recounted. The effect of single applications and of series applications on different stages of T. mcdanieli are compared. A series of three sprays of summer oil at one per cent strength reduced the mite population to an extremely low figure in May 1931, while an identical series of sprays applied just after the leaves came out in 1932 protected raspberries from damage by mites. Raspberry foliage is apparently entirely tolerant to sprays of one per cent summer oils.