Effects Of Saturated Fat Intake Research Articles

The effects of saturated fat intake from dairy on CVD markers: the role of food matrices.

CVD is the leading cause of death worldwide, and is commonly associated with modifiable risk factors. Most studies to date examining link between food intake and risk of CVD, have focused on modulation of plasma cholesterol concentrations (total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C). However, recent studies suggest LDL particle size is a more sensitive risk marker for CVD with smaller, dense LDL particles reported as more atherogenic than larger, more buoyant LDL. Although dietary guidelines recommend SFA intake of < 10 % of total energy, this does not consider food source, with recent evidence suggesting differing, sometimes beneficial, lipid responses following consumption of SFA from dairy compared to other food sources. This may be from differences in the physical food matrices, the nutrient content of the foods, and/or how these components interact with each other, described as a 'dairy matrix effect'. Dietary fat not only raises LDL-C, but also HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), associated with reduced CVD risk. HDL particles are complex emulsions of lipids, proteins and microRNAs that exhibit atheroprotective properties. In addition, HDL particles exhibit a very heterogeneous proteomic composition, dependent on a person's disease state - with a more pro-inflammatory proteome evident in patients with established CVD. This review will discuss the evidence to date on the importance of the food matrix in modulating response to dietary SFA and impact on CVD risk factors. A focus on potential biomarker properties of lipoprotein particles beyond cholesterol and current use of such biomarkers in human nutrition research will be considered.

The effects of dietary saturated fat source on weight gain and adiposity are influenced by both sex and total dietary lipid intake in zebrafish.

The effects of saturated fat intake on obesity and cardiovascular health remain inconclusive, likely due in part to their varied nature and interactions with other nutrients. Investigating the synergistic effects of different saturated fat sources with other dietary lipid components will help establish more accurate nutritional guidelines for dietary fat intake. Over the past two decades, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have been established as an attractive model system to address questions regarding contributions of dietary lipid intake to diet-induced obesity in humans. The goal of the present study was to assess interactions of three different saturated fat sources (milk fat, palm oil, and coconut oil) with sex and total dietary lipid intake on weight gain and body composition in adult zebrafish. Larvae were raised on live feeds until 28 days post fertilization, and then fed a formulated maintenance diet until three months of age. An eight-week feeding trial was then initiated, in which zebrafish were fed nine experimental low- and high-fat diets varying in saturated fatty acid and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid content, in addition to a low-fat and high-fat control diet. At termination of the feeding trial, each treatment was evaluated according to body mass, moisture content, and adiposity. Sex and diet significantly interacted in their effects on body mass (P = 0.026), moisture content (P = 0.044), and adiposity (P = 0.035). The influence of saturated fat source on body mass was observed to be dependent on intake of total dietary lipid. In females, all three saturated fat sources had similar effects on adiposity. From these observations, we hypothesize that impacts of saturated fat intake on energy allocation and obesity-related phenotypes are influenced by both sex and intake of other dietary lipid components. Our results suggest that current nutritional guidelines for saturated fat intake may need to be re-evaluated and take sex-specific recommendations into consideration.

The Effect of Saturated Fat Intake With Risk of Stroke and Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies

BACKGROUND: A decline in saturated fat intake has generally been thought to improve cardiovascular health.OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to summarize the evidence presented in recent prospective epidemiologic studies related to the association of saturated fat intake and risk of stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD).DESIGN: Sixteen prospective cohort studies identified by searches of the Medline and ProQuest databases are included in this review. The association of saturated fat intake with stroke and CHD risk is explored using the relative risk (RR), Hazard ratio (HR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) methods.RESULTS: Over follow-up periods of 8 to 30 years, 22,773 of 668,082 participants of these 16 studies developed stroke or CHD. Saturated fat intake was associated with an increased risk of CHD (HR = 2.36, 95% CI 1.10–5.09) but not with stroke. Gender and age had no impact on the stroke rate, whereas the female gender was a risk factor for CHD (HR = 3.07, 95% CI 1.54–6.11). In addition, a subgroup analysis showed a positive association between smoking history and increasing risk of stroke and CHD.CONCLUSION: This systematic review of prospective-cohort epidemiologic studies found that there is a weak to strong association between saturated fat intake and increased CHD risk but not significant evidence for concluding that saturated fat intake is associated with an increased risk of stroke. In addition, more research is needed to determine whether risk of stroke and/or CHD is potentially affected by specific nutrients used to replace saturated fat.

Perinatal deficiency in dietary omega-3 fatty acids potentiates sucrose reward and diet-induced obesity in mice

Insufficient dietary intake of essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (N-3), especially during critical stages of development, is well-associated with negative neurological and metabolic consequences. The increased availability and intake of foods rich in saturated fat coincides with reduced N-3 consumption, yet how N-3 dietary deficiency during perinatal development modulates motivation for palatable food and interacts with a high-fat diet to affect body weight and emotional states is not clear. Pregnant C57Bl6 mice and pups were subjected to diets either deficient or adequate (control) in N-3 until postnatal day 21. Adult male N-3 deficient or control offspring were tested in a progressive ratio operant task for sucrose motivated behavior or given prolonged access to a saturated high-fat diet or chow followed by measures of energy balance and anxiety-like behavior in the elevated-plus maze and open field test. Brain fatty acid profiles were measured via gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Perinatal dietary N-3 deficiency lowered brain N-3 levels, augmented the rewarding effects of sucrose, heightened diet-induced weight gain and fat mass accumulation and diminished spontaneous physical activity. Finally, perinatal N-3 deficiency increased anxiety-like behaviour independent of diet in the open field but not in the elevated-plus maze test. Insufficient dietary N-3 during critical periods of developmental can amplify the obesogenic effects of saturated fat intake, enhance motivated behaviour for palatable foods and may elicit negative emotional states that can perpetuate overeating and obesity.

Abstract P295: High Dietary Fat Intake Attenuates Pressure Overload-induced Cardiac Remodelling in a Spontaneous Hypertensive Rat Model

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is emerging as a metabolic disease. HFpEF initiation and progression is associated with the pro-inflammatory state found in conditions such as hypertension, obesity and diabetes. Although the role of dietary fat in the genesis of metabolic disorders and tissue inflammation has been characterised, dietary fat induced cardiac pathology and inflammation in the context of pressure-overload is less well defined. In this study, we reveal the cardioprotective effects of saturated fat intake on cardiac phenotype and cardiac inflammation in an established rat model of hypertension. Ten week old male normotensive Wistar (WKY), control rats (n=10), and matched SHR (n=20), were split into low-10%kcal and high-45%kcal fat chow. After 16 wks of diet intake, bodyweight profiles were similar among all groups (p=NS). Unconscious tail-cuff plethysmography confirmed elevated arterial pressure (&gt;140mmHg) in both SHR dietary groups, (SBP in 45%kcal; 154.4 ± 21.7 mmHg, p&lt;0.05 and 10%kcal; 151.4 ± 31.5 mmHg, p&lt;NS). Endpoint echocardiography revealed increased LVMi (normalised: tibia length) in 10%kcal, which was ameliorated in 45%kcal (respectively; 24.7 ± 2.2 mg/mm vs. WKY, p&lt;0.05 and 22.5 ± 1.3 mg/mm, vs. WKY, p=NS). Furthermore, anterior wall thickness in both systole and diastole was greater in 10%kcal fed animals (p&lt;0.01 vs. WKY). Left ventricular remodelling was exaggerated in 10%kcal vs. 45%kcal, with significant increases in cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area and collagen deposition (vs. WKY control). In SHR groups, cardiac CD68 + macrophage infiltration was increased (10%kcal; 122.5 cells/mm 2 , &amp; 45%kcal; 151.1 cells/mm 2 , p&lt;0.05 vs. WKY). Alterations in markers of metabolic dysfunction was evident with increased total cholesterol (10%kcal, 21.7 ± 0.52 mg/dL, p&lt;0.01 vs. WKY and 45%kcal; 22.01 ± 0.83 mg/dL, p&lt;0.001 vs. WKY), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in high-fat fed rats vs. 10%kcal control (p&lt;0.05). In summary, dietary fat intake may prevent heart failure development, despite cardiac inflammation and dysfunctional metabolism. Collectively, our data show long-term saturated fat intake attenuates pathological cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy in a rat model of chronic pressure-overload.

Meta-analysis of effect of saturated fat intake on cardiovascular disease: overadjustment obscures true associations

Meta-analysis of effect of saturated fat intake on cardiovascular disease: overadjustment obscures true associations

1.P.283 Effects of saturated fat intake and apolipoprotein E polymorphism on the plasma lipoprotein profile in Costa Rica

1.P.283 Effects of saturated fat intake and apolipoprotein E polymorphism on the plasma lipoprotein profile in Costa Rica

Diet-heart issues in a pharmacological era

Reduction of serum cholesterol low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is an important step in secondary and primary prevention of coronary heart disease, and clinical trials have now shown that cholesterol lowering drugs substantially lessen coronary risk within a few years? These findings will undoubtedly increase the popularity of cholesterol lowering by drugs at the expense of dietary modification. However, properly applied dietary changes should be the first step in cholesterol lowering. In this short overview I focus on two elements of a healthy-heart diet--fatty acids and antioxidants. Fatty acids are a major determinant of serum cholesterol and LDL concentrations. Antioxidants may prevent oxidative modification of LDL, which is an important step in the development of atherosclerosis. I also discuss the effectiveness of dietary intervention.