Effects Of Resistance Exercise Training Research Articles

The Effects of Resistance Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle Metabolism and Insulin Resistance Development in Female Rodents with Type 1 Diabetes.

The etiology of insulin resistance (IR) development in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) remains unclear; however, impaired skeletal muscle metabolism may play a role. While IR development has been established in male T1DM rodents, female rodents have yet to be examined in this context. Resistance exercise training (RT) has been shown to improve IR and is associated with a lower risk of hypoglycemia onset in T1DM compared to aerobic exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of RT on IR development in female T1DM rodents. Forty Sprague Dawley eight-week-old female rats were divided into four groups: control sedentary (CS; n = 10), control trained (CT; n = 10), T1DM sedentary (DS; n = 10), and T1DM trained (DT; n = 10). Multiple low-dose streptozotocin injections were used to induce T1DM. Blood glucose levels were maintained in the 4-9 mmol/l range with intensive insulin therapy. CT and DT underwent weighted ladder climbing 5 days/week for six weeks. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were conducted on all animals following the six-week period. Results demonstrate that DS animals exhibited significantly increased weekly blood glucose measures compared to all groups including DT (p < 0.0001), despite similar insulin dosage levels. This was concomitant with a significant increase in insulin-adjusted area under the curve following IVGTT in DS (p < 0.05), indicative of a reduction in insulin sensitivity. Both DT and DS exhibited greater serum insulin concentrations compared to CT and CS (p < 0.05). DS animals also exhibited significantly greater glycogen content in white gastrocnemius muscle compared to CS and DT (p < 0.05), whereas DT and DS animals exhibited greater p-Akt: Akt ratio in the white vastus lateralis muscle and citrate synthase activity in the red vastus lateralis muscle compared to CS and CT (p < 0.05). These results indicate that female rodents with T1DM develop poor glycemic control and IR which can be attenuated with RT, possibly related to differences in intramyocellular glycogen content.

Chronic effect of resistant physical exercise on linear and nonlinear dynamics of heart rate variability in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) can promote changes in the autonomic nervous system. Training with resistance exercise can contribute to the decrease of the glycemic level and improve the neural control of the heart. Objective: to verify the effects of resistance exercise training (RT) on linear and non-linear dynamics of autonomic heart rate (HR) modulation in patients with DM2. Methods: Eight patients with DM2 were studied. The R-R intervals of the HR were recorded in the supine resting condition and HRV was analyzed by linear and non-linear method. RT was performed for 12 weeks, with 60% 1RM, 5 exercises for large muscle groups. Results: data variations between post-RT and initial ones did not show statistical difference (p&gt;0.05) in HRV calculated both by linear and non-linear methods. Conclusion: 12 weeks of moderate RT does not promote positive effects on HRV in patients with T2DM.

Changes in Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism Signaling Induced by Glutamine Supplementation and Exercise.

To evaluate the effects of resistance exercise training (RET) and/or glutamine supplementation (GS) on signaling protein synthesis in adult rat skeletal muscles. The following groups were studied: (1) control, no exercise (C); (2) exercise, hypertrophy resistance exercise training protocol (T); (3) no exercise, supplemented with glutamine (G); and (4) exercise and supplemented with glutamine (GT). The rats performed hypertrophic training, climbing a vertical ladder with a height of 1.1 m at an 80° incline relative to the horizontal with extra weights tied to their tails. The RET was performed three days a week for five weeks. Each training session consisted of six ladder climbs. The extra weight load was progressively increased for each animal during each training session. The G groups received daily L-glutamine by gavage (one g per kilogram of body weight per day) for five weeks. The C group received the same volume of water during the same period. The rats were euthanized, and the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from both hind limbs were removed and immediately weighed. Glutamine and glutamate concentrations were measured, and histological, signaling protein contents, and mRNA expression analyses were performed. Supplementation with free L-glutamine increased the glutamine concentration in the EDL muscle in the C group. The glutamate concentration was augmented in the EDL muscles from T rats. The EDL muscle mass did not change, but a significant rise was reported in the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the fibers in the three experimental groups. The levels of the phosphorylated proteins (pAkt/Akt, pp70S6K/p70S6K, p4E-BP1/4E-BP1, and pS6/S6 ratios) were significantly increased in EDL muscles of G rats, and the activation of p4E-BP1 was present in T rats. The fiber CSAs of the EDL muscles in T, G, and GT rats were increased compared to the C group. These changes were accompanied by a reduction in the 26 proteasome activity of EDL muscles from T rats. Five weeks of GS and/or RET induced muscle hypertrophy, as indicated by the increased CSAs of the EDL muscle fibers. The increase in CSA was mediated via the upregulated phosphorylation of Akt, 4E-BP1, p70S6k, and S6 in G animals and 4E-BP1 in T animals. In the EDL muscles from T animals, a decrease in proteasome activity, favoring a further increase in the CSA of the muscle fibers, was reported.

Effects Of Resistance Exercise Training On Cerebral Blood Flow In Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder

Effects Of Resistance Exercise Training On Cerebral Blood Flow In Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder

The Resistance Training Effects on Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells in Older Adult: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to examine the effects of resistance exercise training on muscle stem cells in older adults. A database search was performed (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar) to identify controlled clinical trials in English language. The mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and overall effect size were calculated for all comparisons. The PEDro scale was used to assess the methodological quality. Nineteen studies were included in the review. The meta-analysis found a significant effect of resistance training (RT) on muscle stem cells in the elderly (difference in means=-0.008, Z=-3.415, P=0.001). Also, muscle stem cells changes were similar in men and women (difference in means=-0.004, Z=-1.558, P=0.119) and significant changes occur in type II muscle fibers (difference in means=-0.017, Z=-7.048, P=0.000). Resistance-type exercise training significantly increased muscle stem cells content in intervention group that this result is similar in men and womenthis increase occurred more in type II muscle fibers.

Effects of resistance exercise training on depressive symptoms among young adults: A randomized controlled trial

Evidence supports the antidepressant effects of resistance exercise training (RET); however, findings among young adults at-risk for elevated depressive symptoms are limited. This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of eight weeks of ecologically-valid, guidelines-based RET, compared to a wait-list control, on depressive symptoms among 55 young adults (26±5y; 36 female) with and without subclinical, or analogue, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (AGAD; Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire GAD subscale ≥6 and Penn State Worry Questionnaire ≥45) and Major Depressive Disorder (AMDD). Following a three-week familiarization period, participants completed one-on-one, twice-weekly RET sessions. The 16-item, self-reported Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) assessed depressive symptoms. RM-ANCOVAs examined between-group differences, and significant interactions were decomposed with simple effects analysis. Hedges’ d effect sizes (95%CI) quantified the magnitude of differences in change between groups across time. Stratified analyses were conducted among subsamples with AMDD and AGAD. There were no baseline depressive symptom differences between groups. Attendance was 83%, and compliance was 80%. RET induced statistically significant, clinically-meaningful, large-magnitude reductions in depressive symptoms from baseline to week eight in the total (d = 1.01; [95%CI: 0.44–1.57]), AMDD (d = 1.71; [95%CI: 0.96–2.46]), and AGAD (d = 1.39; [95%CI: 0.55–2.24]) samples. These findings support guidelines-based RET as a promising treatment for mild depression.

Effect of resistance exercise training on plasma neurofilaments in multiple sclerosis: a proof of concept for future designs.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a dysimmune and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that continues to be one of the main causes of non-traumatic disability in young people despite the recent availability of highly effective drugs. Exercise-based interventions seem to have a positive impact on the course of the disease although pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for this benefit remain unclear. This is a longitudinal study to examine the effects of a short-term training program on neurofilament plasma levels, a biomarker of axonal destruction, measured using the ultrasensitive single molecule array (SiMoA). Eleven patients completed a 6-week supervised resistance-training program of 18 sessions that consisted of 3 sets of 8-10 repetitions of 7 exercises. Median plasma neurofilament levels significantly decreased from baseline (6.61 pg/ml) to 1 week after training intervention (4.44 pg/ml), and this effect was maintained after 4 weeks of detraining (4.38 pg/ml). These results suggest a neuroprotective effect of resistance training in this population and encourage us to investigate further the beneficial impact of physical exercise and to emphasize the importance of lifestyle in MS.

Effects of Resistance Exercise Training on Aged Skeletal Muscle: Potential Role of Muscle Stem Cells

PURPOSE: The prevalence of sarcopenia, which can lead to disability, hospitalization, and death, is increasing among older populations. Resistance exercise training (RT) is currently the most effective strategy for combating sarcopenia by stimulating hypertrophy and increasing strength. This review describes the underlying mechanisms of aging skeletal muscle and whether RT attenuates aging-related loss of muscle function and mass.METHODS: We reviewed and summarized previous research using PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases.RESULTS: Load-induced muscle growth is a complex phenomenon that depends on various physiological systems and signaling pathways. Muscle growth occurs through signaling events arising from mechanical stress and consequent muscle protein turnover controlled by the balance between protein synthesis and degradation, which is negatively affected by aging. The authors used the myonuclear domains mediated by muscle satellite cells to explain the molecular machinery of exercise-induced muscle growth and recovery in aging muscles.CONCLUSIONS: Despite a blunted molecular response to an exercise bout, aging muscle cells demonstrated remarkable plasticity, with substantial improvements in myofibril size and strength during RT. More studies are necessary to elucidate the specific mechanisms by which RT activates muscle satellite cells and mitogenic and myogenic signaling in aged muscles.

Neuroprotective effects of resistance physical exercise on the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Physical exercise has beneficial effects by providing neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory responses to AD. Most studies, however, have been conducted with aerobic exercises, and few have investigated the effects of other modalities that also show positive effects on AD, such as resistance exercise (RE). In addition to its benefits in developing muscle strength, balance and muscular endurance favoring improvements in the quality of life of the elderly, RE reduces amyloid load and local inflammation, promotes memory and cognitive improvements, and protects the cortex and hippocampus from the degeneration that occurs in AD. Similar to AD patients, double-transgenic APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice exhibit Αβ plaques in the cortex and hippocampus, hyperlocomotion, memory deficits, and exacerbated inflammatory response. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 4 weeks of RE intermittent training on the prevention and recovery from these AD-related neuropathological conditions in APP/PS1 mice. For this purpose, 6-7-month-old male APP/PS1 transgenic mice and their littermates, negative for the mutations (CTRL), were distributed into three groups: CTRL, APP/PS1, APP/PS1+RE. RE training lasted four weeks and, at the end of the program, the animals were tested in the open field test for locomotor activity and in the object recognition test for recognition memory evaluation. The brains were collected for immunohistochemical analysis of Aβ plaques and microglia, and blood was collected for plasma corticosterone by ELISA assay. APP/PS1 transgenic sedentary mice showed increased hippocampal Aβ plaques and higher plasma corticosterone levels, as well as hyperlocomotion and reduced central crossings in the open field test, compared to APP/PS1 exercised and control animals. The intermittent program of RE was able to recover the behavioral, corticosterone and Aβ alterations to the CTRL levels. In addition, the RE protocol increased the number of microglial cells in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. Despite these alterations, no memory impairment was observed in APP/PS1 mice in the novel object recognition test. Altogether, the present results suggest that RE plays a role in alleviating AD symptoms, and highlight the beneficial effects of RE training as a complementary treatment for AD.

Effects of Resistance Exercise on Cognitive Performance and Depressive Symptoms in Community-Dwelling Older Chinese Americans: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Previous literature has suggested physical exercise may improve cognitive impairments and mitigate depressive symptoms. However, few studies examined the impact of resistance exercise intervention on cognition and depression in older Chinese Americans. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the effects of resistance exercise training on cognitive performance and depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older Chinese Americans. The study was a two-arm randomized controlled trial with pre-test/post-test design. Thirty older adults were randomly assigned into the resistance exercise intervention group or the wait-list control group. Participants' cognitive performance and depressive symptoms were evaluated at baseline (pre-test) and at 12 weeks (post-test). The results showed that there were significant differences between the intervention and control groups on changes in symptoms of depression, global cognitive function, visuospatial/executive functions, attention, language, and orientation. However, there were no significant differences between both groups on changes in naming, abstraction, and delayed recall domains. The findings of this study suggest that resistance exercise training has a positive impact on improving cognitive performance and depressive symptoms in older adults.

Effect of Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension on Testicular Parameters of Wistar Rats Subjected to Resistance Exercise Training.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by elevated arterial pressure and vascular resistance. PAH may cause alterations in the microcirculation of several organs, including the kidney, liver, brain, and testes. However, it remains unclear whether monocrotaline-induced PAH exerts detrimental effects on animal testes. Thus, we analyzed the impact of PAH on testicular morphology and function. Additionally, we investigated the effect of resistance exercise training (RT) on testicular parameters in PAH rats. Eight healthy Wistar rats and eight PAH rats were subjected to RT training for 30 days; the other PAH and healthy rats (n = 8/group) did not exercise. PAH rats had lower reproductive organ weight, serum testosterone levels, testicular glucose, and nitric oxide (NO) levels, Leydig cell parameters, tubular morphometry, germ cell counts, and daily sperm production than healthy animals did. The practice of RT attenuated the negative impact of PAH on the relative weights of the testes and epididymides, Leydig cell number, nuclear volume, testicular NO levels, and seminiferous epithelium architecture. Moreover, RT positively influenced testosterone levels in PAH animals. We conclude that PAH exerts deleterious effects on testicular histology and function. However, RT can be beneficial to the PAH-affected testicular parameters.

Acute resistance exercise training does not augment mitochondrial remodelling in master athletes or untrained older adults.

Background: Ageing is associated with alterations to skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism that may be influenced by physical activity status, although the mechanisms underlying these changes have not been unraveled. Similarly, the effect of resistance exercise training (RET) on skeletal muscle mitochondrial regulation is unclear. Methods: Seven endurance-trained masters athletes ([MA], 74 ± 3years) and seven untrained older adults ([OC]. 69 ± 6years) completed a single session of knee extension RET (6 x 12 repetitions, 75% 1-RM, 120-s intra-set recovery). Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected pre-RET, 1h post-RET, and 48h post-RET. Skeletal muscle biopsies were analyzed for citrate synthase (CS) enzyme activity, mitochondrial content, and markers of mitochondrial quality control via immunoblotting. Results: Pre-RET CS activity and protein content were ∼45% (p < .001) and ∼74% greater in MA compared with OC (p = .006). There was a significant reduction (∼18%) in CS activity 48h post-RET (p < .05) in OC, but not MA. Pre-RET abundance of individual and combined mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes I-V were significantly greater in MA compared with OC, as were markers of mitochondrial fission and fusion dynamics (p-DRP-1Ser616, p-MFFSer146, OPA-1 & FIS-1, p < .05 for all). Moreover, MA displayed greater expression of p-AMPKThr172, PGC1α, TFAM, and SIRT-3 (p < .05 for all). Notably, RET did not alter the expression of any marker of mitochondrial content, biogenesis, or quality control in both OC and MA. Conclusion: The present data suggest that long-term aerobic exercise training supports superior skeletal muscle mitochondrial density and protein content into later life, which may be regulated by greater mitochondrial quality control mechanisms and supported via superior fission-fusion dynamics. However, a single session of RET is unable to induce mitochondrial remodelling in the acute (1h post-RET) and delayed (48h post-RET) recovery period in OC and MA.

A dose–response study of resistance exercise training for brain-derived neurotrophic factor in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background: Low brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been reported in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Resistance exercise improves levels of BDNF in T2DM; however, it is unknown what amount of exercise intensity will alter its therapeutic effects. The present study aims to investigate the effect of different doses of resistance exercise intensity on BDNF in people with T2DM. Methods and Outcome Assessments: The study will recruit 106 T2DM who will be randomly allocated to one of the four groups to receive resistance exercise training: Group 1 (50% of 1 repetition maximum [RM]), Group 2 (60% of 1 RM), Group 3 (70% of 1 RM), and Group 4 (control group). All the participants will be assessed for the levels of serum BDNF. The data will be checked for normal distribution, and data having non-normal distribution will be log-transformed. Baseline values between the groups will be compared, and the effect of treatment will be determined using one-way analysis of variance. Discussion: Despite the available research demonstrating the effectiveness of resistance exercise training on BDNF in T2DM people, there is no unequivocal exercise prescription for the same. BDNF is susceptible to regulation by exercise. Therefore, it would be interesting to investigate the optimal intensity for bringing about improvement in BDNF and its interaction with chronic exposure to different intensities of resistance exercise.

Effects of resistance exercise training on bone physical and mineral properties in rats submitted to growth hormone intervention

PurposeTo investigate the effects of applying growth hormone (GH) and performing a strength training protocol on mineralization, rigidity, and crystallinity on the bone tissue of Wistar rats. MethodIn total, 40 male animals, 60 days old, of the Wistar lineage were used, distributed into four groups: control (C) [n = 10], control and application of GH (GHC) [n = 10], resistance training (T) [n = 10], and resistance training and application of GH (GHT) [n = 10]. The training period lasted four weeks and consisted of four sets of 10 jumps in a liquid medium. The amount of 0.2 IU per kilogram of body mass (0.2 IU/Kg) of GH was administered in the GHC and GHT groups. After the experimental period, samples of the tibia were collected and analyzed using Raman Spectroscopy (633 nm), Bone Densitometry - dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and Mechanical Assay (F-max). ResultsThe GHT group presented an increase for the variable Amide II (1544 cm-1) and decrease for the variable Proline (727 cm-1) from the Raman Spectroscopy analysis (p < 0.05). In addition, an increase was observed for the variables bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) (p < 0.05). Finally, no statistically significant differences were observed for the variables mineralization, crystallinity, phosphate carbonate types A and B, and bone rigidity (p > 0.05). ConclusionIt is concluded that GH added to RT resulted in an increase in the mineral Amide II (1544 cm-1) and a decrease in Proline (727 cm-1). Furthermore, an increase in BMD and BMC was observed only in the GHT group. Finally, no alterations were observed in crystallinity and rigidity in the different groups of animals.

EFFECTS OF RESISTANCE EXERCISE ON MOBILITY AND LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG OLDER CHINESE AMERICANS

Abstract Physical activity interventions have shown to be potentially effective for preventing mobility impairment and improving life satisfaction in older adults. However, few studies investigated the effect of resistance exercise training on mobility and life satisfaction in older Chinese Americans. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of a 12-week resistance exercise intervention (two times weekly) on mobility (balance, gait speed, and chair stand performance) and life satisfaction in a sample of community-dwelling older Chinese Americans aged 60-89 years (N = 30; mean age 77.9 ± 5.0 years). The study was a two-group randomized controlled trial (RCT). All participants were randomly assigned into either the resistance exercise group or the wait-list control group (15 participants in each group). Participants’ balance, gait speed, chair stand performance, and life satisfaction were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. Descriptive statistics and t tests were used for data analysis. The results indicated that older adults participated in the resistance exercise program had significant improvements in balance, gait speed, chair stand performance, and life satisfaction at the end of the trial. Compared to the control group, the resistance exercise group had significantly greater improvements in balance, gait speed, chair stand performance, and life satisfaction at 12 weeks follow-up. The findings suggest that resistance exercise has beneficial effects in improving mobility and life satisfaction for older adults. This resistance exercise program provides a basis for developing larger RCTs for further determining the efficacy of resistance exercise among older Chinese Americans.

Resistance exercise training-induced skeletal muscle strength provides protective effects on high-fat-diet-induced metabolic stress in mice

BackgroundResistance exercise training is known to improve metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated whether the beneficial effects of resistance exercise training persisted even after the discontinuation of training with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic stress. We further evaluated whether the improvement in skeletal muscle strength and endurance by training were correlated with improved metabolism. Eight-week-old male C57BL/6N mice were divided into groups that remained sedentary or had access to daily resistance exercise via ladder climbing for 8 weeks. Trained and untrained mice were fed an HFD for 1 week after the exercise training intervention (n = 5–8 per group).ResultsResistance exercise-trained mice had a lean phenotype and counteracted diet-induced obesity and glucose tolerance, even after exercise cessation. Grip strength was significantly inversely correlated with the body weight, fat mass, and glucose tolerance. However, hanging time was significantly inversely correlated with body weight only.ConclusionsThese results have strong implications for the preventive effect of resistance exercise-induced metabolic improvement by enhancing skeletal muscle strength rather than endurance.

Effect of resistance exercise training combined with plant-based protein supplementation on the prevention of sarcopenia in the middle-aged and elderly

Effect of resistance exercise training combined with plant-based protein supplementation on the prevention of sarcopenia in the middle-aged and elderly

FP.16 The effects of resistance exercise training on mitochondrial myopathy patients

Patients with single, large-scale mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions often present with mitochondrial myopathy (MM) for which no treatment is available. Exercise intervention induces beneficial effects in mitochondrial myopathy. However, the mechanisms for this are not yet understood. The aim of this study is to investigate genetic, biochemical and molecular changes triggered by 16-week resistance exercise training for the development of exercise mimetic drugs for the cure of MM patients. Quadriceps biopsies were taken from a cohort of single, large-scale mtDNA deletion patients before and after 16-week resistance exercise training. Biopsies were assessed for changes after exercise in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) staining for Laminin, VDAC1, Ndufb8 and COX1; fibre type distribution, size and contraction force staining for Myh7, Myh2 and Myh1; heteroplasmy using real-time PCR for MT-ND4, MT-CO1, MT-CO3 and MT-CYB genes; differentially expressed (DE) genes and related protein level using RNA-sequencing and imaging mass cytometry, respectively. Myopathy score is a strong predictor of resistance exercise training responsiveness. Compared to healthy controls, all patients present with a significantly lower contraction force of SKM fibres (p=0.003) and differential fibre type distribution with increased type 2a (p<0.04) and decreased fibre I (p<0.0001). After exercise, all cases show an increase in the proportion of fibres with higher level of COX1 (p<0.0012) and increase of Myh7⁺ fibre type size (all patients except P2, p < 0.0001). The majority of patients show a significant increase of mitochondrial mass that positively correlates with the increase of aerobic capability (R=0.81). Furthermore, 13,132 DE genes were identified between pre- and post-exercise cases, of which 40 DE genes were selected with p<0.05 and logarithmic fold change <1.5 or >1.5. Among these, 13 novel exercise-modulated targets were established with an increased protein level localising within the SKM fibres (e.g. Dock11, Edil3, Ikbkg, Gem). Further analysis will assess the protein level of targets with nuclear, perinuclear and extracellular localisation in SKM of MM patients. Resistance exercise training is effective in reducing the OXPHOS defects and induces SKM remodelling in MM patients. The identification of novel exercise-modulated targets may provide insight for the development of exercise mimetic drugs for the cure of mitochondrial myopathy patients.

The Effects Of Resistance Exercise Training On Sleep Quality Among Young Adults

The Effects Of Resistance Exercise Training On Sleep Quality Among Young Adults

The Effects Of Resistance Exercise Training On Depressive Symptoms Among Young Adults

The Effects Of Resistance Exercise Training On Depressive Symptoms Among Young Adults