Effects Of Residential Segregation Research Articles

The effects of residential segregation on cognition among U.S. older adults: a systematic review based on the social determinants of health model

Objectives This systematic review aims to advance the understanding of the complicated effects of segregation on older adults’ cognition and provide guidance for future research. Method A systematic review using the Social Determinants of Health framework to examine the relationship between segregation and cognition across the selected literature. Results Eight papers met the criteria for inclusion. All selected studies examined the influence of living in a segregated area on older adults’ cognition, covering older adults from different racial/ethnic groups. The association between segregation and cognition was found in different directions across different racial/ethnic groups. The effects can be varied depending on race/ethnicity, level of education, neighborhood socioeconomic status, or social context. Conclusion This review identified existing gaps in understanding the relationship between segregation and cognition. Future studies should carefully adopt the segregation measures, acknowledge the varying segregation experience among different racial/ethnic groups, and consider more social determinant factors in research.

The Effects of Residential Segregation on Black and White Mortality in the United States

Higher rates of black mortality compared to whites in the United States are longstanding and well documented. Wide variation across racial and socioeconomic groups suggests that many deaths may be preventable. We hypothesize that higher mortality for African Americans is due to the fundamental causes of structural racism and poverty. We developed a new index, the Racial Isolation of Poverty (RIP), to examine how the race/class nexus of disadvantage is associated with higher rates of mortality for African Americans. A wide range of policies has isolated black people into areas with poorer-quality schools and fewer jobs, where over-policing substitutes for community resources. Geographic isolation by race and income has enabled sub-standard resource distribution to African Americans. Geographic isolation also allowed us to measure the effects of racism in US counties. Two main effects, Racial Isolation (RI), and the interaction of RI with economic deprivation, or RIP, were tested in a cross-sectional fixed-effects model. Both RIP and RI increased mortality for blacks while only RIP increased mortality for whites. Universal policies to promote economic security for all and reparations especially designed to promote economic security and wealth for African Americans are proposed.

Residence, Democracy, and Substantive Justice: Toward an Integrative Approach

ABSTRACT Three sociological theories are presented (Labeling Theory, Marxist Theory, and Conflict Theory) as a means of contextualizing the effects of residential segregation. Borrowing from the works of two legal-constitutional scholars, John Hart Ely ([1980]. Democracy and distrust: A theory of judicial review. Harvard University Press.) and Ronald Dworkin ([1978]. Taking rights seriously. Harvard University Press.), an attempt is made to integrate sociological and legal theories in explaining the historical antecedents of residential segregation in a democratic society. The basic questions posed are: What role has the legal system played in residential segregation in the United States? How can sociological and legal theories help illuminate the condition? Synthesizing sociological and legal theories that have complementary features may provide deeper insights into the complex nature of residential segregation in contemporary society.

Community Prejudice Is Also to Blame: Significant Causes and Effects of Residential Segregation in St. Louis

Recent discourse has emphasized the legal causes of racial segregation in the development of cities such as St. Louis, Missouri. Before and alongside these laws were a long history of community prejudicial beliefs, many of which have outlived the laws they produced. Prejudice propelled de facto community decisions made during the development of St. Louis, and later solidified into de jure practices of racial segregation, which ultimately shaped the metropolitan area. De facto and de jure processes of segregation and urban planning also shaped the experiences of black families in St. Louis, especially those living in ethnic enclaves or ghettos. This history of St. Louis provides evidence of the profound racial prejudice within its community, existing parallel to, and beyond laws enforcing racial segregation. This intense community prejudice ultimately formed the context of the race riots in the St. Louis surrounding municipality of Ferguson in 2014.

Correction: The Effects of Residential Segregation and Neighborhood Characteristics on Surgery and Survival in Patients with Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Correction: The Effects of Residential Segregation and Neighborhood Characteristics on Surgery and Survival in Patients with Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

The Effects of Residential Segregation and Neighborhood Characteristics on Surgery and Survival in Patients with Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Although the negative effects of lower socioeconomic status on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment and survival have been widely studied, the impact of residential segregation on prognosis and the receipt of treatment has yet to be determined. This is a retrospective, cohort study of NSCLC patients in Georgia (2000-2009; n = 8,322) using data from the Georgia Comprehensive Cancer Registry. The effects of segregation, economic deprivation, and combined segregation/deprivation on the odds of receiving surgery were examined in separate multilevel models. To determine the association for the exposures of interest on the risk of death for different racial groups, separate multilevel survival models were conducted for black and white patients. Living in areas with the highest [AOR = 0.35, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.19-0.64] and second highest (AOR = 0.37, 95% CI, 0.20-0.68) levels of segregation was associated with decreased odds of receipt of surgery. Black patients living in areas with high residential segregation and high economic deprivation were 31% (95% CI, 1.04-1.66) more likely to die, even after surgery was controlled for. For white patients, economic deprivation was associated with decreased odds of surgery but not survival. Segregation had no effect. Our findings suggest how black and white individuals experience segregation and area-level poverty is likely different leading to differences in adverse health outcomes. Identifying neighborhood characteristics impacting health outcomes within different racial groups could help reduce health disparities across racial groups by implementing targeted policies and interventions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(5); 750-8. ©2016 AACR.

Health Care Access Among Asian American Subgroups: The Role of Residential Segregation.

Few studies have examined differences in health care access across Asian American ethnicities and none have considered the effects of residential segregation. The segregation of Asians by neighborhood has been steadily increasing over the past few decades due in part to the settlement patterns of immigrants. Data from the 2009 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 746) were used. We examined differences in yearly medical checkups between Asian subgroups as well as among foreign-born and US-born Asians. Results showed that immigrant Filipinos and Vietnamese were less likely to get a checkup compared with foreign-born Chinese. The effect of Asian subgroup was modified by the percentage of Asians in a census tract (p < 0.01). Koreans and other Asians had a higher probability of getting a checkup when living in a predominately Asian neighborhood. For Chinese and Vietnamese residential concentration of Asians had a stronger inverse association with having a yearly checkup.

Residential segregation and the health of African-American infants: does the effect vary by prevalence?

Segregation effects may vary between areas (e.g., counties) of low and high low birth weight (LBW; <2,500 g) and preterm birth (PTB; <37 weeks of gestation) rates due to interactions with area differences in risks and resources. We assess whether the effects of residential segregation on county-level LBW and PTB rates for African-American infants vary by the prevalence of these conditions. The study sample includes 368 counties of 100,000 or more residents and at least 50 African-American live births in 2000. Residentially segregated counties are identified alternatively by county-level dissimilarity and isolation indices. Quantile regression is used to assess how residential segregation affects the entire distributions of county-level LBW and PTB rates (i.e. by prevalence). Residential segregation increases LBW and PTB rates significantly in areas of low prevalence, but has no such effects for areas of high prevalence. As a sensitivity analysis, we use metropolitan statistical area level data and obtain similar results. Our findings suggest that residential segregation has adverse effects mainly in areas of low prevalence of LBW and preterm birth, which are expected overall to have fewer risk factors and more resources for infant health, but not in high prevalence areas, which are expected to have more risk factors and fewer resources. Residential policies aimed at area resource improvements may be more effective.

Putting Race in Context: Identifying the Environmental Determinants of Black Racial Attitudes

Prior research on the contextual determinants of black racial attitudes has focused on the effects of residential segregation while overlooking differences in the socioeconomic character of neighborhoods. I posit that socioeconomic environments, in particular, the quality and socioeconomic composition of neighborhoods, may affect whether blacks view race as a defining interest in their lives. I test these propositions with a multilevel dataset that merges the 1992–1994 Multi-City Survey of Urban Inequality with block-group–level demographic statistics from the 1990 Census. The results indicate that neighborhood quality and neighborhood socioeconomic composition work at cross-purposes in affecting black racial attitudes. The salience of race recedes with improvements in neighborhood quality yet advances with greater exposure to the race-oriented predispositions of high-status blacks. In closing, I discuss the implications of shifting residential patterns for the future of political consensus and group-based mobilization among African Americans.

The Racial Ghetto as a Race-Making Situation: The Effects of Residential Segregation on Racial Inequalities and Racial Identity

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The Racial Ghetto as a Race-making Situation: The Effects of Residential Segregation on Racial Inequalities and Racial Identity

W. E. B. Du Bois declared in 1903 that The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color-line,-the relation of the darker to the lighter races of men in Asia and Africa, in America and the islands of the sea.1 Race problems persist in the United States and in other nations around the world but usually in different forms from those that confronted Du Bois. At the beginning of this century, racial privileges and disadvantages were routinely imposed and enforced as state policy in the United States and other countries and colonial regimes. Today, state-enforced racial discrimination is almost universally condemned by nations and international organizations.2 States seldom impose racially discriminatory policies

The Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis: What Has the Evidence Shown?

This paper reviews 20 years' worth of empirical evidence on the 'spatial mismatch' hypothesis. After briefly surveying the relevant models from urban and labour economics and recent trends in employment and population suburbanisation, the empirical evidence on spatial effects is examined. This literature includes evidence on the effects of residential segregation, residential suburbanisation and employment suburbanisation, and direct measures of 'access' (such as travel times). The most recent evidence suggests that spatial mismatch is relevant for explaining black/white employment differences, though the magnitudes of these effects remain unclear.

Effects of Residential Segregation and Neighborhood Opportunity Structure on the Employment of Black and White Youth

The object of this article is to consider the impact of local labor market opportunities on the employment of youth, and to evaluate the extent to which residential segregation is detrimental to the employment of young blacks. In the study, labor force statistics for white and black youth are related to job availability estimates derived from Dun and Bradstreet business data for 74 neighborhood communities in the city of Chicago. The findings underscore the unique role of local labor markets, especially for youth enrolled in school. Job availability has a strong impact on the employment ratio of blacks, but affects the employment of white youth only slightly. It appears, however, that when job availability is controlled, blacks benefit somewhat from segregation. The implications for job redistribution and its possible effect on the racial employment gap are discussed.

Housing Constraint and Household Complexity in Metropolitan America

The extent to which minority group members live in nuclear family households may be mediated by factors other than choice. Using data from the 1970 Census, we test the relationship between certain aspects of housing constraint/availability and household complexity for the black and Spanish-origin populations in SMSAs in the United States. In particular, we examine the effects of residential segregation, income, new housing, and housing vacancy on a measure of the tendency for adults to live in households in which they are nonnuclear members while controlling for other relevant variables. The results support our hypotheses for both the black and Spanish-origin groups, suggesting that factors determining the availability of housing do have implications for the household structure of these populations.