Effects Of Rapid Urbanization Research Articles

Assessment on the Effect of Rapid Urbanization on Groundwater Quality of Mirpur Area, Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Dhaka’s population is increasing day by day as more people are migrating towards Dhaka city for improving their level of living and for availing the cities amenities. Hence, this is creating pressure on the overall water quality of Dhaka city. The work intended to assess the groundwater standard in Mirpur area of Dhaka City, Bangladesh by analyzing eight (08) different physicochemical water quality parameters. In December 2023, six (06) separate water samples were taken throughout the dry season from six (06) sites across the area. The results showed that all sites had pH levels between 7.18 to 7.50, which is within acceptable ranges for drinking water quality and indicates neutral to slightly alkaline conditions. Total dissolved solids (TDS) continued to be far below safety limits (210–250 ppm), indicating that the water's mineral content was quite low. Electrical conductivity (EC) measurements fell within acceptable ranges (290-350 μS/cm), indicating suitable groundwater quality. Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels varied (3.7-9.3 mg/L), with some sites exhibiting satisfactory oxygenation while others raised concerns about potential water quality issues. Total hardness (TH) levels (330-900 mg/L) exceeded recommended limits (200-500 mg/L) at all sites, suggesting potential issues with water quality. However, chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels were minimal or zero (0-3 mg/L), indicating minimal organic pollution. Iron concentrations were generally low (0-0.05 mg/L). Total chlorine (TC) concentrations varied (0- 0.03 mg/L) across sites. In summary, the study emphasizes how crucial it is to continuously monitor and regulate the quality of groundwater in order to guarantee the sustainability and safety of water resources in the Mirpur region.

Slums Evolution and Sustainable Urban Growth: A Comparative Study of Makoko and Badia-East Areas in Lagos City

This research addresses the evolution of slums in two specific areas of Lagos City, a consequence of rapid urbanization in developing economies. The study aims to analyze the key characteristics of slums’ evolution while analyzing mathematical spatial changes within the Badia-East and Makoko slum areas in two decades, focusing on promoting sustainable urban growth. The integration of Remote Sensing (RS) technology and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools has dramatically facilitated the monitoring of Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes over two decades. This research used Landsat imagery acquired in 2000, 2010, and 2020 to meet our research aims. The research applied supervised classification and the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) for image mapping and mathematical-based analysis. Research created a spatial framework using grid-cell maps, performed change detection, and generated detailed maps to support our analysis. A comparative analysis was also performed in the selected areas with a different history in slum management systems. The findings reveal that both Makoko and Badia-East exhibit slum-like characteristics. Makoko witnessed a significant increase in informal built-up expansion of 27.6% and 7.7% between 2000 and 2010 and between 2010 and 2020, respectively. These changes converted 34.65 hectares of non-built-up land in Makoko into built-up areas. Conversely, Badia-East reported an increase in built-up areas only between 2000 and 2010, which amounted to 8.5%. However, the government’s intervention caused a decrease of 12.7% in built-up areas of Badia-East between 2010 and 2020. The study underscores the urgent need for slum clearance and upgrading initiatives in Makoko, like those implemented in Badia-East between 2013 and 2017. The conclusion drawn from the study of Makoko’s informal built-up areas is that it is causing adverse effects on human life and the environment. The expansion has resulted in an increase in air and water pollution, which is having adverse effects. Therefore, the study recommends upgrading and clearing out Makoko and suggests taking lessons from the successful experience in Badia-East. The study also highlights the importance of prioritizing community needs and voices to ensure efficient resource utilization while safeguarding the well-being of future generations.

Effect of Rapid Urbanization in Mainland China on the Seasonal Influenza Epidemic: Spatiotemporal Analysis of Surveillance Data From 2010 to 2017.

The world is undergoing an unprecedented wave of urbanization. However, the effect of rapid urbanization during the early or middle stages of urbanization on seasonal influenza transmission remains unknown. Since about 70% of the world population live in low-income countries, exploring the impact of urbanization on influenza transmission in urbanized countries is significant for global infection prediction and prevention. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of rapid urbanization on influenza transmission in China. We performed spatiotemporal analyses of province-level influenza surveillance data collected in Mainland China from April 1, 2010, to March 31, 2017. An agent-based model based on hourly human contact-related behaviors was built to simulate the influenza transmission dynamics and to explore the potential mechanism of the impact of urbanization on influenza transmission. We observed persistent differences in the influenza epidemic attack rates among the provinces of Mainland China across the 7-year study period, and the attack rate in the winter waves exhibited a U-shaped relationship with the urbanization rates, with a turning point at 50%-60% urbanization across Mainland China. Rapid Chinese urbanization has led to increases in the urban population density and percentage of the workforce but decreases in household size and the percentage of student population. The net effect of increased influenza transmission in the community and workplaces but decreased transmission in households and schools yielded the observed U-shaped relationship. Our results highlight the complicated effects of urbanization on the seasonal influenza epidemic in China. As the current urbanization rate in China is approximately 59%, further urbanization with no relevant interventions suggests a worrisome increasing future trend in the influenza epidemic attack rate.

Characterizing Sprawl Development in Urban China: A Perspective from Urban Amenity

Urban sprawl in China presents unique characteristics that differ from those commonly studied in Western contexts, an aspect not fully explored in previous studies. Therefore, taking Wuhan, Hubei as an example and integrating population data, remote sensing data, and POI data, this research offers a perspective on sprawl development in urban China. By incorporating population, urban land use, and urban amenities, this study measures their dynamics to classify urban spaces and employs spatial regression models to identify the characteristics of sprawl development with spatial effects controlled. It further applies geographically weighted regression to examine the underlying spatial heterogeneity. The findings indicate that population growth and urban land expansion do not align perfectly, and further exploration identifies the various trends of sprawl development in urban core and periphery areas. On the other hand, some suburban areas show compact development trends, but the growth of local amenities may be limited due to the historical sprawl development legacies. Regression results reveal specific characteristics of this sprawl development. Key findings include the following: (1) shaped by the triple process of sprawl development of urban renewal, suburbanization, and rural revitalization, Wuhan shows a significant core-periphery structure with the trend of polycentricity; (2) overcrowding in central urban districts is the primary driver of sprawl development; (3) most traditional suburbs in Wuhan have emerged as a consequence of rapid urbanization with a legacy of sprawl development; (4) spatial heterogeneity across urban spaces highlights the necessity for locally tailored approaches to regulating sprawl development.

AN EMPIRICAL AGENT-BASED MODEL FOR RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION, CASE STUDY: TEHRAN

Abstract. Residential segregation as a known consequence of rapid urbanization in developing countries is a complicated socio-economic phenomenon. Quantified description, analysis, and prediction of urban dynamics as a complex system have always been challenging issues. The recent intensive developments of multi-agent simulations as a solution to these problems still lack enough real-world examples. Our purpose in this research is to develop a spatially explicit model of residential segregation in urban space which accounts for a specific city’s infrastructure. The proposed agent-based simulation of the residential dynamics of Tehran over a 20-year period between 1996 and 2016 is based on the GIS datasets provided by Tehran Municipality and the Statistical Center of Iran.This is the first effort at presenting an agent-based model for Tehran’s residential segregation. We revised the “Schelling” segregation model in an attempt to customize it and arrive at an acceptable fit for Tehran. In addition to Schelling’s parameters, which comprise purely social factors, we identified several important socio-economic and spatial-environmental criteria, in turn categorizing them based on the AHP method. A certain number of the parameters like “neighborhood prestige” specifically belong to Tehran and are suggested for the first time. The proposed expert-based model was implemented in Netlogo. Validation of the resulting pattern using the Kappa indicator showed that the model simulated Tehran’s segregation pattern at a rate higher than 62%.

Future urban waterlogging simulation based on LULC forecast model: A case study in Haining City, China

• The LULC prediction model (CLUMondo) was used to obtain LULC simulation results for 2030. • The hydrodynamic model (InfoWorks ICM) was used to simulate future urban waterlogging. • The main influencing factor of urban waterlogging is the transformation of cultivated land to construction land. • Provide a basis for scientific research and urban planning to reduce the risk of waterlogging. As a consequence of rapid urbanization, the pattern of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) has changed, resulting in a significant increase in the risk of waterlogging. Understanding the relationship between LULC change and urban waterlogging plays an important role in disaster mitigation and prevention. Taking Haining City as an example, the LULC prediction model (CLUMondo) was used to obtain LULC simulation results for 2030.The hydrodynamic model (InfoWorks ICM) was used to simulate future urban waterlogging. The results were as follows: 1) Between 2005 and 2030, the changes in cultivated land and construction land were predicted to be the most obvious. The area of cultivated land was predicted to decrease by 26.62 km 2 , and the construction land was predicted to increase by 25.17 km 2 . 2) The overall distribution of waterlogged areas and the identified at-risk areas in Haining were shown to be relatively scattered. In 2030, urban waterlogging is predicted to be more serious than in 2020. 3) The reasons for the predicted change in waterlogging are closely related to the transformation of LULC, especially the transformation of cultivated land to construction land. The results provide a basis for scientific research and urban planning to reduce the risk of waterlogging.

SUSTAINABLE HERITAGE CONSERVATION IN THE GULF REGIONS

The recent urban development and growth have rapidly transformed many Gulf countries as a consequence of the oil exportation business. The direction of expansion has raised many questions about the incoming new challenges for the post-oil era of many capitals in the Middle East Area. Among the consequences of rapid urbanization, there is a growing need for local identity. The growing globalized cities need also to preserve the historical heritage and re-qualify the traditional urban fabric for rediscovering local culture and national traditions. The paper presents cases of heritage preservation and rehabilitation in the Gulf regions and in particular in Saudi Arabia. The projects are assessed by adopting sustainable heritage principles (social, cultural, and environmental). The results highlight the need to preserve the social values of historical heritage, ancient materials, and adaptive reuse methodologies as an adaptation to the climate. The research aims to promote sustainable conservative approaches in the Gulf Regions.

Grid-quantification study on the effect of rapid urbanization on hydrological processes

Abstract Hydrological processes such as evaporation, infiltration, and runoff are affected not only by natural climate change but also by land cover and soil conditions. The impact of urbanization on the key elements of the hydrological process is worth studying in the context of rapid urbanization. This paper combines the soil-land use index grid and the GSSHA model to quantitatively study the impact of land use on urban hydrological processes under the background of the changing urbanization stage. The results show that with the increase in land development and utilization activities, the hydrological process will transform. When grassland and woodland are converted to construction land, the changes in runoff, infiltration, and evaporation are the largest. The runoff depth increased by 0.94 × 10−1 ∼ 2.42 × 10−1 mm/km2, infiltration depth decreased by 0.80 × 10−1 ∼ 2.18 × 10−1 mm/km2, and evaporation decreased by 0.14 × 10−1 ∼ 0.28 × 10−1 mm/km2. In the transition from forest land to grassland, from cultivated land to forest land, and from cultivated land to grassland, the increase of infiltration contributed over 80% to the decrease of runoff process. This provides a scientific basis for future urban planning and sponge city construction.

Tropical Coastal Land-Use and Land Cover Changes Impact on Ecosystem Service Value during Rapid Urbanization of Benin, West Africa.

West African coastal areas including the Beninese coastal zones have undergone an intensification of socio-economic activity in the last few decades that has been strongly driven by the effects of rapid urbanization. This has led to land-use and land cover changes that represent threats to the sustainability of various ecosystem functions. Such dynamics of land use and land cover changes pose challenges to coastal zone management. Correct assessment is vital for policymakers and planners to ensure efficient and sustainable use of the coastal ecosystem services, and it remains crucial to achieving sustainable coastal zone management. This study examines changes in land-use and land cover (LULC) and their impacts on ecosystem services value (ESV) fluctuations in the tropical coastal region of Benin, West Africa. We employed Globe Land 30 image data for the years 2010 and 2020, and the ESV fluctuations during the study period were evaluated using the benefit transfer approach (BTA) with corresponding local coefficients values and the GIS techniques. The results reveal that (1) in the current urbanizing coastal area, the LULC types have changed significantly, with obvious reductions in forest land and waterbodies and a considerable increase in artificial surfaces; (2) the total ESV decreased by 8.51% from USD 7.1557 million in 2010 to USD 6.5941 million in 2020; (3) the intensity of LULC in the coastal region has increased over the last 10 years; (4) regions with high land-use intensity have a high rate of ESV change; and (5) provisioning services are the greatest contributors of ESV (51% in 2010; 41% in 2020), followed by supporting services (37% in 2010; 35% in 2020) and regulating services (25% in 2010; 30% in 2020). Uncontrolled changes in LULC from forest land and waterbodies are the main causes of the loss in total ESV, necessitating urgent measures to improve the coastal ecosystem sustainability through effective planning and policies.

Implementation of smart city concept: A case of Jakarta Smart City, Indonesia

The concept of a smart city has been proposed to solve urban problems. The concept has been implemented in different parts of the world, including in Jakarta, Indonesia’s capital city. Jakarta has experienced environmental and socio-economic problems as the consequences of rapid urbanization. Therefore, the local government has initiated Jakarta Smart City since 2014. This paper aims to explain the implementation of the smart city concept in Jakarta based on the six elements of the Smart European Cities, namely, Smart Economy, Smart Governance, Smart People, Smart Mobility, Smart Environment, and Smart Living. The research data is gathered through in-depth interviews with a representative from the government of Jakarta and from the literature review. The results indicate that Jakarta’s government has implemented the six elements of a smart city by using digital infrastructure, i.e., online platform and software application. However, there is still a lot of work to be done as there is still room for improvement to maximize the benefit for the city and its residents. One of them is that Jakarta’s government needs to optimize the use of the existing applications and increase the awareness of users of these applications.

Vegetation Dynamics and Their Response to the Urbanization of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region, China

Rapid global urbanization has caused substantial changes in land cover and vegetation growth. Rapid urban growth in a short time has escalated the conflicts between economic development and ecological conservation, particularly in some metropolitan regions. However, the effects of rapid urbanization on vegetation have not been fully captured, especially accounting for the latest ecological development initiatives. In this study, we chose a typical urban agglomeration, the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) urban agglomeration in China, and analyzed the vegetation variation and the impacts of urbanization on the vegetation growth based on transferable methods, using data such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the nighttime light (NTL). The results indicate significantly enhanced vegetation growth in the BTH region, with a strikingly spatial pattern of greening in the northwest, and browning in the southeast from 2001 to 2018. Besides this, the results enclose most of the areas (72%) of built-up land in the BTH, which tended to brown in the process of rapid urban development, while 27% greened with increasing urbanization. This means that the vegetation’s response to urbanization shows apparent differences and geographic heterogeneity along the urbanization gradient at the urban agglomeration scale. Parts of the periphery of the metropolis and the central areas of developing cities may experience a browning trend; however, the core urban areas of urbanized metropolises demonstrate greening, rather than browning. Furthermore, this study provides solid evidence on the remarkable greening impacts of several ecological restoration projects which are currently underway, especially in ecologically fragile areas (e.g., the suburbs). The implications derived from the urban ecological development and the transferable methodology deployed in this paper facilitate the unfolding relationships between urbanization and social-ecological development. Our findings provide new insights into the interactions between vegetation dynamics and urbanization at the regional level.

Quantifying influences of natural and anthropogenic factors on vegetation changes using structural equation modeling: A case study in Jiangsu Province, China

Vegetation coverage in highly developed areas has been significantly altered in response to multiple disturbances over recent decades. However, the major driving factor of vegetation coverage change in these areas remains unclear, with climate change and anthropogenic factors playing interactive roles under different soil and terrain conditions. Comprehensively understanding the underlying drivers of vegetation change can provide references for regulating environmental management and prevention of vegetation degradation. In this paper, a structural equation modeling (SEM) method was employed to quantify the effects of fundamental natural environment (i.e. the relative stable variables including soil and topography), climate change and human activity change on vegetation coverage change in Jiangsu province, China from 2000 to 2015. Four variables including land use, population density, road impact and night lights were used to indicate human activities. The results showed that the increase of NDVI smaller than 0.10 covered 39.13% of the study area while the decrease of NDVI larger than 0.10 accounted for 20.23%. Areas with NDVI increase mainly distributed in croplands in northern Jiangsu. This could be explained by the increase of crop yield due to the development of modern agriculture. The decrease of NDVI was mainly observed in southern Jiangsu with higher urbanization level and city centers in northern Jiangsu, indicating the effect of rapid urbanization on vegetation degradation. The constructed SEM model suggested that the total effects (influential coefficients) of fundamental natural environment, climate change, and human activity change on NDVI change in Jiangsu were −0.24, 0.17, and −0.74, respectively. Although the fundamental natural environment didn’t have a direct effect on NDVI change, but it had an indirect effect through interactions with human activities. We also constructed SEM models for northern and southern Jiangsu separately, due to their different natural environment and changing patterns of climate change. The results indicated the different driving mechanisms of NDVI change in northern and southern Jiangsu. Furthermore, the results suggested night light as the best indicator of human activity change, followed by the road impact index. We concluded that our study offered a framework to better understand and explain the complex interrelationships behind the spatial temporal change of NDVI.

Evolution of urbanization and its impact on temperature trends of Quetta city in Pakistan

Quetta is an important economic, historical and culturally a rich city located in the south-west of Pakistan. Like many other cities of the world, Quetta faced massive urbanization during last three decades. It has 1.1 million populations. The consequences of rapid urbanization in Quetta city are significant through changing urban area’s temperatures than its nearby regional areas as a result of alteration of natural land cover change into built-surfaces at city scale. In this context, the objective of this study is to explore the effect of urbanization on variability of minimum (dTn) and maximum (dTx) temperature trends of Quetta city by comparing with non-urban regional stations. For this purpose, first the evolution of urbanization during 1980s to 2013 was analysed by using satellite image processing techniques for the years 1989, 2000 and 2013. To study the impact of urbanization on dTn and dTx of Quetta city, the time series data of daily average monthly minimum (Tn) and maximum (Tx) temperatures ranging from 1947 to 2013 of Quetta city and the seven regional stations were analysed by using linear regression. The results show that during last twenty years, urban population and urban surface area increased to 80% and 194%, respectively. The variation in annual and seasonal temperature trends depicted that Tn and Tx at Quetta city are increasing more than the regional stations and Tn increased faster than Tx at urban and regional scale except winter season.

Effects of rapid urbanization on ecological functional vulnerability of the land system in Wuhan, China: A flow and stock perspective

Exploring how rapid urbanization affects ecological functional vulnerability is a key issue in regional ecological risk assessment. This paper proposes a complex network approach to explore the response of ecological functional vulnerability to different urbanization scenarios from the perspective of stock and flow for the case study area of the Wuhan City in China. The paper aims to (1) establish a theoretical framework to explain how the urbanization process degrades ecological functions of the land system from a flow and stock perspective, (2) evaluate stock and flow changes of ecosystem service value triggered by land use change, and (3) explore the impact of different urbanization scenarios and different management costs on ecological functional vulnerability by combining two indicators, i.e., ecosystem service value change and ecological load entropy. Our results for Wuhan reveal that (1) non-ecological flows or degraded ecological flows are responsible for the increase in ecological functional vulnerability, (2) the total ecosystem service stock of the land system had slightly increased during 1990–2015, contributing to an enhanced ecological flow, (3) the critical points for maintaining the proper functioning of the land system are 80% or higher for cropland and 40% or higher for lake. These findings can provide critical references for the sustainable management of urban land system in Wuhan and other major cities in China. This study also suggest that the combination of ecosystem service value change and ecological load entropy can be used to comprehensively assess ecological functional vulnerability.

Effects of rapid urbanization on vegetation cover in the metropolises of China over the last four decades

Abstract A better understanding the effects of urbanization on vegetation is vital to promoting the sustainable development of cities in China, which has also experienced the world’s most remarkable urbanization during the past decades. This paper used satellite-derived night light, vegetation index, and socio-economic data to analyze spatio-temporal patterns of vegetation changes and evaluate the influence of urbanization on vegetation cover in 46 Chinese metropolises over the last four decades. To examine the effects of urbanization on vegetation and its valid distance, we proposed a new method of comparing three indicators, namely, annual average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), long-term trend of NDVI change and the proportion of pixels characterized by significant change in NDVI between built-up areas and its multiple buffer zones. The results showed that the effects of urbanization on vegetation have obvious spatial differences. Urbanization generally resulted in the decrease of vegetation coverage in built-up areas for most of China’s central and eastern metropolises, while in Western China, usually restricted by natural conditions, the urbanization usually improved vegetation coverage. The rates of increase in NDVI were significant lower than that of the buffer zones for most cities in central and eastern China. Urbanized areas of most cities located in central and eastern China had a higher percent of vegetation pixels, representing degradation than that in the buffer zones. The opposite was true for pixels representing vegetation restoration. The changes of NDVI in the cities in Western China were basically contrary to those in central and eastern China. The impacts of urbanization on vegetation are stage-specific. With the continuous progress of urbanization level, the adverse effect of urbanization on vegetation were gradually diminished or even disappeared. Cities with higher nighttime light levels appeared to have less vegetation coverage in the early years, and negative correlations between mean NDVI and the mean digital number value have become weak in more recent years. The changes in NDVI in urbanized areas of most cities significantly followed a ‘U’ shape. This phenomenon may further suggest that positive effects of urbanization become more obvious over time during advanced urbanization. The spatial scope of the impacts of urbanization on vegetation was beyond the urban built-up areas, and the effect intensity appeared to attenuate as the buffer distance became further away from the urbanized area. The valid distance of impacts of urbanization on vegetation is generally about 30–40 km.

Household transportation expenditures in developing countries: Evidence on the effect of urban land use change from Pakistan

Research on the effect of rapid urbanization on households in developing countries tends to focus on the linkages between affordability, expenditures, and welfare. Unfortunately, due to data availability limitations, empirical evidence on the monetary effects of urban land use change on individual households is absent from the literature. In order to address this void in the literature, the study uses a unique travel survey to specify models of transportation expenses for a subsample of households in Lahore, Pakistan. The models of households nested within administrative units known as zones uses the respective transportation expenses for each household unit as a dependent variable as well as demographic and economic independent variables which are known to affect such expenditures. The zone level controls for the relative density of road infrastructure in each of the zones as well as stock and flow versions of an urban land use predictor obtained from remotely-sensed land cover data from 2000 and from 2009. The major contributions of the study are that household expenditures for transportation are: lower in zones that have more road infrastructure; higher in zones that became more urbanized; and lower in zones that are more proximate to the geographic center. Further, efforts by local government to rezone land toward a mixture of uses will help to offset the higher household expenditures for transportation found where urbanization is more rapid. More research is necessary, but the results offer cautious optimism on the effects of urban land use change on the welfare of households in developing countries.

KONUT PROJELERİNDE SPOR VE REKREASYON ALANLARININ İNCELENMESİ

The residential project areas are not only the most important elements that increase the quality of urban life but they are also functional areas that gain importance from day to day with the effect of rapid urbanization. With this study, it was aimed to determine the sports and recreation areas presented to the residents in residential projects. In the present study, the document review method which includes the analysis of the written data sources in the dimension of qualitative research techniques was used. The document review covers 29 residential projects of 24 construction / housing companies operating in the Kocaeli Province. At the stages of document review process, accessing the document, controlling the authenticity of the documents, permission to use, understanding and analyzing the documents, and using the data as the last stage have been followed (Yildirim and Simsek, 2004). The research data was obtained from catalogs, brochures and brochures prepared by construction / housing companies for the promotion of housing projects. According to the obtained data, it was determined that approximately 3188 dwellings were included in housing projects. In addition, there are 22 swimming pools, 22 children's playgrounds, 17 fitness, 15 basketball courts, 8 social facilities and 8 saunas, sports and recreation areas in 21 different projects in the housing projects. In addition to these, housing projects include sports facilities, social habitats, recreational areas and other attractive places in the surrounding area. As a result, sports and recreation areas in residential projects have been stated to be presented to residents in many projects. It is important to select the places for these areas to be included in the living area and to submit the areas to the postconstruction service. Researchers are advised to conduct academic studies on the planning and service aspects of sports and recreation areas in housing projects.

Climate Adaptation and Water Scarcity in Southern Africa

Adaptation is only going to get more challenging as changes in the climate intensify, combining with the effects of rapid urbanization and the persistently high levels of poverty and inequality in Africa.

EVALUATION OF SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY IN RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOODS

As the consequence of rapid urbanization, in most metropolitan areas, especially in developing countries, due to lack of attachment to the residential neighborhoods, and loss of the inhabitant's concentration toward their surrounding environment, most of the neighborhoods are gradually eroded both physically and socially. Regarding different aspects of social sustainability and current urban planning standards for residential neighborhoods , it seems that these aspects shall be combined together to produce socially sustainable neighborhoods in every zone of the city and lead to a widely experienced improvement of local identity. In this paper, the selected area included residential neighborhoods in district 12 of Tehran municipality allowing us to study different aspects of social sustainability and survey its indices in a mid-income social class that is relatively uniform and benefit from common services. Keywords: attachment, neighborhood, social sustainability, urbanization.

Assessment of the Effect of Neyshabur Green Spatial Configuration on the Temperature of Land Surface and Heat Islands

Urban heat island is a global issue and a consequence of rapid urbanization that leads to higher land surface temperature in urban areas. The range is 0.6°C - 1.3°C compared to rural and suburban areas. LST (Land surface temperature) is an important parameter in determining the heat island. Understanding the relationship between green space configuration and LST is essential to the effective design of the mechanisms, which reduce the effect of urbanization on UHI (urban heat island). This study examines the correlation between LST and spatial configuration of green space in the urban landscape of Neyshabur city, Iran. Satellite images are obtained from Landsat ETM+ satellite sensor with a spatial resolution of 60 meters in August 2010 and used for the estimation of LST. In order to identify the configuration of green space, five configuration metrics LSI (landscape Shape Index), MPFD (Mean Patch Fractal Dimension), ED (Edge Density), MPS (Mean Patch Size) and MSI (Mean Shape Index) are used. In addition, configuration of the green space and temperature is compared by Pearson’s correlation-coefficient. Negative values represent a suppressive/negative effect on each other; the fact that other indicators of spatial configuration are inversely related to temperature means that they weaken the effect of UHI. Results of the study showed that the spatial configuration of the green space notably affects increased LST and UHI. On the other hand, the configuration indicator with the greatest impact on LST was ED, because with increase in margin density further decreases LST.