Effects Of Radiant Energy Research Articles

Effect of Radiant Energy on the Formation of Optical Image in X-Ray Inspections

Digital radiography is currently a genuine alternative to the laborious and uneconomical method of X-ray diffraction in nondestructive testing. The processes of forming optical images on a radiographic film and on a flat-panel detector are different. The input action on a detector, whether a radiographic film or a digital transducer, is the so-called radiation image, the X-ray radiation generated by an X-ray tube and transmitted through a test object. The object attenuates radiation depending on its own thickness and material density. The main parameters of the radiation image are its contrast, definition, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In order to achieve the most efficient conversion of the X-ray image into an optical one, one needs to choose the optimum combination of the listed parameters depending on which detector is being used. In this study, theoretical research and practical evaluation of its results have been carried out. Conditions have been determined for the best adaptation of a radiation image to the employed detector that ensure the prescribed quality indicators of the optical image of the test object. Results of the research that was carried out within the framework of scientific field 2.3 “Developing methods for automated nondestructive testing and the reliability of its results” (“Strategic directions of development of materials and technologies of their processing for a period of up to 2030”) are provided.

The Effect of Radiant Energy on Radish Seed Germination

As mankind becomes increasingly dependent on technology, scientists are discovering through experimentation the influence of technology over the natural world. The following study was conducted in order to determine if exposure to microwave radiant energy influences the process of radish seed germination. The results show that energy emitted from microwaves influences radish seed germination. Radish seeds exposed for four minutes in the microwave experienced almost 150% greater seed germination over the course of six days compared to a control group and a group of radish seeds microwaved for one and one-half minutes. These data demonstrate one example of how the natural world reacts to radiant energy emitted by man-made objects.

The Effect of Radiant Energy from Climate Elements on Architecture

Since radiant energy is one of the important resource of clean energy, it can scientifically been obtained from the sun. In research, areas and scientific development and managing the optimized consumption of fossil fuels and their high costs some measures can be taken to be evidences towards obtaining the integrated management of optimized consumption of energy. Geographical location of different areas are in close relationship with architectural directions of buildings such as establishment of the buildings and their heights, direction of passage, size of furniture capable of being opened and other cases. The purpose of this paper is only human comfort and the base of comfort is using scientific findings in related topics.

Effect of Radiant Energy on Near-Surface Water

While recent research on interfacial water has focused mainly on the few interfacial layers adjacent to the solid boundary, century-old studies have extensively shown that macroscopic domains of liquids near interfaces acquire features different from the bulk. Interest in these long-range effects has been rekindled by recent observations showing that colloidal and molecular solutes are excluded from extensive regions next to many hydrophilic surfaces [Zheng and Pollack Phys. Rev. E 2003, 68, 031408]. Studies of these aqueous "exclusion zones" reveal a more ordered phase than bulk water, with local charge separation between the exclusion zones and the regions beyond [Zheng et al. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006, 127, 19; Zheng and Pollack Water and the Cell: Solute exclusion and potential distribution near hydrophilic surfaces; Springer: Netherlands, 2006; pp 165-174], here confirmed using pH measurements. The main question, however, is where the energy for building these charged, low-entropy zones might come from. It is shown that radiant energy profoundly expands these zones in a reversible, wavelength-dependent manner. It appears that incident radiant energy may be stored in the water as entropy loss and charge separation.

Effects of asparagine, Irradiation and NADH on the nitrate reductase inWolffia microscopica

Nitrate concentration required for maximal extractable level of nitrate reductase (NR) inWolffia varies with the conditions prior to the nitrate treatment. Maximal enzyme activity is obtained at 2 mM nitrate concentration with asparagine grown plants and at 15 mM with nitrate grown. Both the level of enzyme activity and nitrate uptake by the tissue are increased by irradiation. The radiant energy induced increase in enzyme activity is not due to photosynthetic activity alone. An effect of radiant energy at the membrane level is sug gested. The extracted enzyme, which is labile, is protected and activated by NADH at 0 °C.

The use of infrared radiation to reduce heat loss in burned patients: experiments with a phantom.

Heat losses from patients with severe burns place considerable demands on the body. The metabolic rate, already elevated as a result of the injury, must rise further to maintain thermal equilibrium. To compare different methods of supplying heat to burned patients, a phantom has been constructed in which a free water surface has been used to simulate burned tissue. The effect of environmental temperature, humidity and air velocity, and of radiant energy, on the evaporation rate from the water surface, and on the energy supplied to the water to maintain its temperature, have been measured. Results showed that humidity and air velocity were the main factors determining evaporation. The internal energy required to maintain the temperature of the phantoms could be reduced by use of infrared radiation. This is particularly appropriate in the clinical situation, as energy is supplied to the skin surface, where it can replace directly energy lost through evaporation. Because the effect of radiant energy on the evaporation rate was small, it may be possible to create a microclimate around a patient where air velocity can be set to give a desired rate of evaporation, and the infrared level can be adjusted for patient comfort.

Let There Be Light: Ecological Effects of Radiant Energy

Let There Be Light: Ecological Effects of Radiant Energy

Gold coatings for temperature control in space exploration

Thin coatings of gold, applied by a variety of techniques, are used extensively for protection against the effects of radiant energy in space exploration. Further applications in space technology appear to be likely, based on the ease with which the intrinsic properties of gold can be utilised to meet a variety of thermal control problems, while the techniques developed may well be of value in the control of radiant energy in industrial applications on earth.

EFFECT OF LIGHT UPON PORPHYRIN METABOLISM OF RATS. STUDY OF PORPHYRIN METABOLISM OF NORMAL RATS AND RATS WITH HEXACHLOROBENZENE-INDUCED PORPHYRIA.

The effect of radiant energy (λ>320 mμ) upon the porphyrin metabolism of normal and hexachlorobenzene-fed porphyric rats was studied. Radiant energy did not alter urinary and fecal porphyrin excretion in normal rats, whereas, in some porphyric animals increase in the excretion of all the urinary and fecal porphyrin fractions was observed. Only uroporphyrin could be detected in the skin of normal and porphyric rats. Porphyric rats had a consistently higher cutaneous uroporphyrin content than the normal. Light exposure resulted in lowering the cutaneous uroporphyrin content of all animals. Liver porphyrins increased in light-restricted porphyric animals receiving hexachlorobenzene. The uroporphyrin content of liver diminished in both the control and test animals during light exposure. Results are compared with the findings obtained in a study of the urinary and fecal porphyrin excretion by patients with mixed or hepatic porphyria published elsewhere.³Hypotheses are offered to explain these light-evoked alterations in porphyrin metabolism and their possible role in the pathogenesis of the photosensitivity in porphyria.

Physical factors in sun exposures.

These days of rockets and satellites are not only dangerous ones but also exciting ones. The information which has come pouring in about our atmosphere and the space around it from balloons, rockets, and satellites 1,2 has emphasized the remarkable job the atmosphere does in protecting us from a number of space hazards. These studies also give many new insights into the action of high energy particles and of radiant energy on the atmosphere, 1,3 of the effects of radiant energy on plants and animals, 4 and the role of plants and animals in regulating the earth, the sea, and the atmosphere. 5 This discussion is concerned with some special cases of the action of radiant energy on biological systems. Radiation Energy of the Sun About 93 million miles from Texas there is an average yellow star. It is about 100 times as bright as an average red star and

Physiological and chemical changes in radiation injuries.

WITHIN the past few years so many important contributions have been made in the field of radiation physiology that one need hardly apologize for the sketchiness of any short paper intended to summarize the state of affairs. In the discussion which follows there are sure to be regrettable omissions and instances of misplaced emphasis. Fortunately, in addition to the hundreds of papers reporting original research work, there have been some excellent reviews. Especially easy of access is the chapter on the physiological effects of radiant energy by Shields Warren 1 in the Annual Reviews of Physiology for 1945, which gives an excellent idea of the state of our information in that year. There is a comparable article in the Annual Reviews of Physiology for 1950 by Abraham Edelmann. 2 These two reviews have been invaluable in the preparation of this paper. Both afford keys not only to original reports but

Physiological Effects of Radiant Energy

Physiological Effects of Radiant Energy

The Physiological Effects of Radiant Energy

The Physiological Effects of Radiant Energy

Studies on Silicic Acid Gels. XVI. The Effect of Radiant Energy upon the Time of Set

Studies on Silicic Acid Gels. XVI. The Effect of Radiant Energy upon the Time of Set

Low-Voltage Contact Irradiation Therapy: Further Experience

In a previous communication (1) the basic principles of contact irradiation therapy were indicated, with an outline of possible uses for this particular method of treatment. After a lapse of nearly five years, during which period contact therapy has been constantly employed, it may be useful to review briefly these basic principles and to enumerate the pathological conditions in which it has been found most useful, together with the results obtained. It is doubtful that the effect of radiant energy depends on its wave length. It seems likely (particularly in the light of the experience herein set forth) that it depends upon the total energy absorbed per cubic centimeter of tissue and the time spacing of the doses or the fractionation of the total energy. The essential conditions to be fulfilled are: (1) a short distance between the surface and the source of the radiation and (2) a consequent absorption of a large amount of energy in the first few centimeters of tissue. These conditions are met by the appa...

EFFECT OF ROENTGEN THERAPY ON THE HEART

The modern treatment of cancer is a group project, requiring the close cooperation of the surgeon, the radiologist and the internist. Among the more important problems with which the internist must deal are the effects of radiant energy on vital structures, such as the gastrointestinal system, the kidneys, the lungs and the heart, in patients who are receiving or have received radiation therapy. The purpose of this paper is to report these effects on the cardiovascular system as they have been observed clinically. This paper is the fourth in a series from the medical service of Memorial Hospital on the effect of radiation therapy on the heart and the lungs. The first two1dealt with the immediate and the late effects of high voltage roentgen rays on the hearts of adult rats. Work now in progress will supplement these reports and is concerned with the pathologic physiology of chronic

The Effect of Temperature and Light on Oxygen Consumption and Rate of Development of Helisoma

Purpose.-The backround of all ecological work dealing with fluctuations in animal numbers and resulting population changes is laid in the analysis of environmental factors producing such fluctuations. Most of these factors are not simple, but rather are of a complex nature, representing the interaction of such variables as temperature, humidity, light, evaporation, etc. to produce greater or lesser fecundity, resistance to disease and to competition, and in some cases greater or lesser velocity of growth or development at a critical period in the life history, all of which influence population. Of the physico-chemical components of the environment, radiation within the range of wave lengths referred to ordinarily as light has received relatively little attention. The evidence which has been offered in many cases was gathered incidentally to other research. Most of the literature dealing with the problem of the effect of radiant energy of the visible spectrum upon rate of development or rate of growth was done previous to 1900 and suffers from the lack of adequately measured and controlled laboratory techniques. Recent work on radiation has been largely with the wave lengths above 700 my or below 320 mg. In the analysis of natural conditions the latter radiation plays a relatively small part. Beginning in 1934 and on the basis of preliminary work done in 1932 and 1933 on Physa gyrina the experiments covered in this paper were designed to determine: 1. The relationship of temperature to velocity of growth in Ilelisoma trivolvis pseudotrivolvis (F. C. Baker), considering only the period from fertilization to hatching of the egg; 2. What effect upon the temperaturevelocity curve, if any, could be observed when the embryos developed under the light passing through various filters; 3. The oxygen consumption of the eggs during the developmental period, and, 4. Some of the relationships between light, temperature and oxygen consumption. Literature.-Beginning with Edwards (1824) who claimed that tadpoles showed no development in the dark, and continuing through the work of Rugh ('35) who found no effect of wave length of light on development of frog tadpoles, the literature on the subject has contained almost every possible viewpoint on light-growth or light-development relationships. As Rugh and others have pointed out, probably most of the inconsistency is due to lack of control of other variables and the failure to distinguish between luminous intensity and radiation. Higginbottom (1850, 1863) found no differences in growth rates of tadpoles raised in light and dark. Beclard (1858) working with the larvae of Musca carinaria, reported that larvae grown in violet light, grew to be three times the size of those grown in green light. The sequence of colored lights, producing larvae in order of size from large to small, was violet, blue, red, yellow, and green. MacDonnell (1859) found no differences in the size of tadpoles raised in darkness and in light. Schnetzler (1874) reported a slight retardation of growth in darkness. He I Thesis submitted for the Doctorate at the University of Illinois, 1937.

The Physiological Effects of Radiant Energy

Skin.-The specific effects of long wave ultraviolet radiation are different from those of short wave. Following irradiation with energy extending from 320 to 480 mJ.' a marked, deep red erythema is produced. The maximum effect is observed at 385 m,u., with two weaker maxima at 360 and 408 mJ.'. If the intensities are so chosen that the same degree of erythema is produced at 297 and 385 mJ.', that at 385 mJ.' reaches its maximum in two to three hours, while that at 297 mJ.' is just becoming noticeable. Twelve hours after ir­ radiation both show maximal reddening, but the color obtained at 297 mJ.' is carmine red, at 385 brown red; forty-eight hours after, the erythema produced at 385 mJ.' is brown, that at 297 mJ.' still maximally red. Five weeks later, that at 385 mJ.' is still strongly brown, while that obtained at 297 mJ.' is barely pigmented. A slight erythema at 385 mJ.' produces marked tanning, the same degree of erythema at 297 mJ.' hardly any. The erythema threshold at 385 mJ.' is 500 times greater than at 297 m,u.. The three maxima at 360, 385, and 408 m,u. are probably related to absorption by specific molecules in cells deeper than the horny layer. There is similarity to the absorption maxima of hemin. Irradiation with energy with a maximum at 385 m,u. has special significance in the treatment of tubercular conditions, at 297 mJ.' in the treatment of rickets (48). There are several contributions to thjs relation between spe­ cific effects of shorter and longer ultraviolet radiation and the pro­ duction of erythema and tan, including contrasts between the ac­ tion of sunlight with its wealth of longer ultraviolet rays and its poverty in the shorter, and the energy emitted by various artificial sources (52, 71, 80, 87, 113) , The pigmentary changes in the skin have been objectively de­ termined, spectrophotometrically, after irradiation by sunlight (19, 20). The curve of the first effect (hyperemia) indicates active arte­ rial blood flow; later the curve shows a shift from oxyhemoglobin to reduced hemoglobin indicating blood stagnation and decreasing

Effect of Radiant Energy on Thermophilic Organisms in Sugar

Effect of Radiant Energy on Thermophilic Organisms in Sugar

Relation between Radiation Quality Factors and Depth

THE effects of radiant energy are quantitatively proportional to the radiation absorbed, and, therefore, whatever clinical result is to be produced in tissues will be proportional to the radiation absorbed in the tissues and at the location of the lesion to be treated. This is one of the axioms of modern physics and now a definitely accepted working principle of clinical radiation therapy known as Grotthus-Draper's law. As a further condition, because of the limitations imposed by skin erythema, the actual dose will be restricted to the accepted maximum skin tolerance dose and hence the tumor itself will receive but a fraction of this skin dose. Therefore, the efficiency of a given radiation for the therapeutic treatment of a deep-seated lesion is measured and expressed by the ratio of the dose tolerated by the skin to the dose absorbed by the tumor. I t is customary to represent this ratio for various depth locations by curves which are generally known as absorption curves, and the various methods used today for defining the quality of radiations are expedients to define such absorption curves (1). A curve of this kind, however, is an absorption curve in the true sense only when the actual intensity of the beam is measured by total absorption; if but a small fraction of the beam is measured, as we do with the commonly used ionization instruments and the radiation is monochromatic, then the curve is a fractional absorption curve (2). However, if the radiation beam is polychromatic and also measured with the small ionization chamber, then the measurements are not intensities but doses stopped in air and the true intensity of the radiation either at the surface or at the various depths is entirely unknown. The reason for this is that in the latter case as the radiation penetrates into the absorbing substance it is further filtered, with the result that the intensity as well as the average wave length and the absorption coefficient become smaller. A curve of this kind, therefore, represents the intensity of the beam multiplied by a fraction which indicates what portion of the beam is absorbed in the ionization chamber or, in other words, the product of the intensity times the absorption coefficient in air. It now becomes quite evident that if the absorption coefficient is small, then even though a substantial radiation intensity may reach the selected depth, since there is but little absorption, there also can be but little biologic effect. A curve of this kind does not represent the doses absorbed in a given volume or mass of tissues but, rather, it represents the intensity times the absorbability in air of the radiation at various depths. The latter factor is indicated by the slope of the curve, or the tangent or first differential coefficient, at the particular depth and this is equal to the absorption coefficient in air. Therefore, to distinguish such a curve from one which is a true absorption curve, we shall designate it as an absorbability curve.