Effects Of Pubertal Development Research Articles

Association between pubertal development and elevated blood pressure in children.

Blood pressure (BP) increased with age and height development, but little was known about the effect of pubertal development on blood pressure in children. A cross‐sectional study was performed among 4146 children aged 7–12 years old in China. Pubertal development was assessed based on breast stages and testicular volume. The associations of pubertal development with BP levels and the rate of elevated blood pressure (EBP) were quantified using multiple linear and logistic regressions. We found that pubertal developmental level was positively correlated with BP, and children who experienced puberty onset and early pubertal timing had higher BP levels and prevalence of EBP. After adjusting for covariates, children experienced puberty onset had 3.84 and 2.24 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, and 70%, 53%, and 62% increased odds of EBP, ESBP, and EDBP, respectively, compared with those without puberty onset. Similar results were observed for children who had early pubertal timing. The change of BP in puberty is greater and the association between pubertal development and BP is stronger in girls than boys. These findings suggested that pubertal development could be an important independent factor and one critical period for the EBP progress. Monitoring and management of pubertal development are necessary particularly among girls.

Relationship Between Age at Adult Height and Knee Mechanics During a Drop Vertical Jump in Men.

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are relatively common among younger athletes, with significant physical, psychological, and financial consequences. Research has largely focused on female athletes by identifying specific risk factors for an ACL injury, including variation in pubertal growth timing. There is less known about risk factors in males, and little is known about the effects of pubertal development on ACL injury risk in men.Purpose/Hypothesis:The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between an indicator of pubertal growth timing (age at adult height) and biomechanical risk for ACL injuries in men. We hypothesized that earlier age at adult height is correlated with riskier landing biomechanics during a drop vertical jump (DVJ) in men.Study Design:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:A total of 21 recreationally active male students (age range, 20-33 years) were included. Participants completed a questionnaire on age at adult height and limb dominance, and anthropometric measurements were taken. There were 6 DVJ tests performed, with participants landing on a force plate while digital cameras recorded kinematic data from retroreflective markers placed according to the Helen Hayes marker system. Primary outcomes were sagittal and frontal plane knee kinematics and kinetics during contact. Data were analyzed using Pearson product-moment correlation.Results:In both limbs, age at achieving adult height was significantly negatively correlated with knee flexion/extension angle at toe-off (dominant: r = –0.79, P < .01; nondominant: r = –0.74, P < .01) and with peak flexion (dominant: r = –0.63, P < .01; nondominant: r = –0.70, P < .01) and extension (dominant: r = –0.66, P < .01; nondominant: r = –0.56, P = .01) angles during contact. In the nondominant limb, age at adult height was significantly negatively correlated with varus/valgus angle at initial contact (r = –0.43; P = .05) and toe-off (r = –0.44; P = .04) and was positively correlated with peak varus moment during contact (r = 0.42; P = .06). Age at adult height was also positively correlated with peak vertical ground-reaction force (r = 0.58; P < .01).Conclusion:Later age at adult height was correlated with riskier landing profiles in this study. This suggests that males with later or longer pubertal growth may have increased mechanical risk for ACL injuries. A better understanding of the effects of pubertal growth on landing biomechanics can improve the early identification of male athletes at greater risk for injuries.

The effect of pubertal development on the sleep-wake cycle

The effect of pubertal development on the sleep-wake cycle

5.51 The Effects of Pubertal Development and Biological Sex on Maladaptive Stress Responses in Offspring Following Parental Cancer

Three million children in the United States have a parent diagnosed with cancer, which is a significant and stressful life event for offspring. Recent research suggests that early-life stress and trauma are associated with increased risk for developing psychopathology. Although the biological mechanisms through which chronic stress impacts psychopathology are not clear, studies have shown that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis dysregulation, inflammation, and modulatory variables, such as sex and pubertal development, all play important roles. This study’s objectives were as follows: 1) to examine the mechanistic impact of parental cancer diagnosis on the risk for depression and functional impairment in offspring; and 2) to investigate the role that biological sex and pubertal development have in moderating these relationships.

Functional brain activation to emotional and nonemotional faces in healthy children: evidence for developmentally undifferentiated amygdala function during the school-age period.

The amygdala is a key region in emotion processing. In particular, fMRI studies have demonstrated that the amygdala is active during the viewing of emotional faces. Previous research has consistently found greater amygdala responses to fearful than to neutral faces in adults, convergent with a focus in the animal literature on the amygdala's role in fear processing. Studies have shown that the amygdala also responds differentially to other facial emotion types in adults. Yet the literature regarding when this differential amygdala responsivity develops is limited and mixed. Thus, the goal of the present study was to examine amygdala responses to emotional and neutral faces in a relatively large sample of healthy school-age children (N = 52). Although the amygdala was active in response to emotional and neutral faces, the results did not support the hypothesis that the amygdala responds differentially to emotional faces in 7- to 12-year-old children. Nonetheless, amygdala activity was correlated with the severity of subclinical depression symptoms and with emotional regulation skills. Additionally, sex differences were observed in frontal, temporal, and visual regions, as well as effects of pubertal development in visual regions. These findings suggest important differences in amygdala reactivity in childhood.

Exercise for Overweight Children and Diabetes Risk—Reply

In Reply: Dr. Short inquires about the rationale for the intervention duration; whether fatness was adjusted; and the effects of pubertal development in our trial of exercise on diabetes risk in overweight children. It was important that the stimulus be strong enough to affect outcomes; therefore we elicited vigorous (7.5 MET) physical activity frequently (every day after school) for about 3 months, modeled after prior effective interventions.1, 2 It was necessary to repeat the testing and intervention with additional children each semester for several years to power the study; this limited the intervention’s duration. We agree with Short that the intervention could be feasible in other settings, and that the time course of improvements was beyond the study’s scope. A briefer intervention period would probably result in improved insulin resistance,3 but would result in less fat loss due to lower cumulative energy expenditure. Given the similar effects of 20 min and 40 min of daily exercise, a longer program might result in greater loss of fat with similar effects on fitness and diabetes risk. Given the longer time course of exercise-induced changes in adiposity than insulin resistance, improved insulin resistance is unlikely to be due to reduced fatness. As specified in the article, neither BMI nor percent body fat were adjusted. Children were randomized to the exercise programs or control condition, and differential effects on outcomes should be attributed to this factor. The children’s fatness was reduced because of the exercise programs offered to those groups. Mediation analysis can suggest how those changes may have occurred, based on contemporaneous, collinear data with varying precision. Mediation analyses on these data will be reported in a subsequent publication. As expected, puberty (i.e., thelarche/gonadarche stage) was a predictor in the insulin resistance models (insulin area under the curve, P < .001; fasting insulin, P < .001; Matsuda index, P = .002). The adrenarche variable was not significant in any model. We now report the interaction of thelarche/gonadarche stage (classified as Tanner I, II, or III and above) with the group by time interaction in the insulin resistance models, adjusting for cohort, sex, and race. An interaction was detected only for fasting insulin, such that differential change from baseline to post-test between exercise groups and control was detected only in stage III or above. In more developed children, similar decreases in fasting insulin were seen in the low-dose (adjusted mean difference, −18.2 [95% CI, −25.8 to −10.6] µU/mL) and high-dose (−15.8 [95% CI, −23.0 to −8.5] µU/mL) exercise groups (each P < .001 vs the control group). Thus, more developed children might be more responsive to exercise. However, of 3 insulin resistance indicators, only 1 showed evidence of pubertal moderation. These exploratory analyses provide scant support for the hypothesis that pubertal stage affects the benefits of aerobic training in obese children. Conclusions should be tempered by the exploratory nature of these additional analyses.

Pubertal Development and Adolescent Girls’ Substance Use

To highlight individual and neighborhood interactions in the risk of adolescent substance use, this study examined the moderating role of neighborhood disadvantage on the relationship between pubertal development and adolescent girls’ substance use. Drawing on the contextual amplification hypothesis, it was hypothesized that the effect of pubertal development on substance use would vary by level of neighborhood disadvantage and race. The sample included 5,591 adolescent girls from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (23% Black, 15% Hispanic, 55% White, and 7% Other race). Results showed that the relationships between pubertal development, neighborhood disadvantage, and alcohol use varied for girls from different racial backgrounds. Although there was some of evidence of contextual amplification among Black adolescent girls, low levels of neighborhood disadvantage tended to be associated with higher levels of alcohol use during early adolescence. Findings highlight the importance of studying the interaction between individual- and environmental-level risk factors.

The Longitudinal Interplay of Adolescents' Self-Esteem and Body Image: A Conditional Autoregressive Latent Trajectory Analysis

Self-esteem and body image are central to coping successfully with the developmental challenges of adolescence. However, the current knowledge surrounding self-esteem and body image is fraught with controversy. This study attempts to clarify some of them by addressing three questions: (1) Are the intraindividual developmental trajectories of self-esteem and body image stable across adolescence? (2) What is the direction of the relations between body image and self-esteem over time? (3) What is the role of gender, ethnicity, and pubertal development on those trajectories? This study relies on Autoregressive Latent Trajectory analyses based on data from a 4-year, 6-wave, prospective longitudinal study of 1,001 adolescents. Self-esteem and body image levels remained high and stable over time, although body image levels also tended to increase slightly. The results show that levels of self-esteem were positively influenced by levels of body image. However, these effects remained small and most of the observed associations were cross-sectional. Finally, the effects of pubertal development on body image and self-esteem levels were mostly limited to non-Caucasian females who appeared to benefit from more advanced pubertal development. Conversely, Caucasian females presented the lowest self-esteem and body image levels of all, although for them more advanced pubertal development levels were associated with a slight rise in body image over time.

Effect of pubertal development and physical activity on plasma ghrelin concentration in boys

The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of regular physical activity on plasma ghrelin concentration in pre-pubertal and pubertal boys. In addition, the impact of ghrelin concentration on bone mineral density (BMD) was examined. In total, 56 healthy schoolboys aged between 10 and 16 yr were divided into the swimming (no.=28) and the control (no.=28) groups. The subjects were matched by age and body mass index (BMI), generating 9 matched pairs in pubertal group I (Tanner stage 1), 11 pairs in group II (Tanner stages 2 and 3), and 8 pairs in group III (Tanner stages 4 and 5). Swimmers in pubertal groups II and III had significantly (both p<0.05) higher mean ghrelin levels than the controls (group II: 1126.8+/-406.0 vs 868.3+/-411.2 pg/ml; group III: 1105.5+/-337.5 vs 850.8+/-306.0 pg/ml, respectively), whereas no difference was seen in the pubertal group I (1230.8+/-386.0 vs 1272.7+/-424.4 pg/ml). Ghrelin was the most important hormonal determinant for total BMD and lumbar apparent volumetric BMD (BMAD) (R2=27.2% and R2=19.8%, respectively) in swimmers, whereas in control boys, plasma IGF-I was the most important hormonal predictor accounting for 41.8% of the variability of total BMD and 20.4% of the variability of lumbar BMAD. In conclusion, ghrelin concentration decreased during puberty in physically inactive boys, while in regularly physically active boys it remained relatively unchanged. Ghrelin appears to be an important hormonal predictor for BMD in physically active boys, while BMD is mostly determined by IGF-I in physically inactive boys.

Effects of pubertal development, height, weight, and grip strength on the bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and hip in peripubertal Japanese children: Kyoto kids increase density in the skeleton study (Kyoto KIDS study)

The effects of growth and pubertal development on the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and hip in peripubertal Japanese children were studied as a basis for evaluating the effects of modifiable factors on bone mass gain. The study comprised bone mass measurements in the lumbar spine (L2-4), femoral neck, and total hip using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry as well as body size measurements and detailed interviews on medical history and pubertal status. The subjects were 404 first-grade students in three junior high schools (129 boys and 275 girls, mean age 12.8 +/- 0.3 years) with no diseases or medication that would affect bone metabolism. BMD at each site showed an increasing trend with physical growth and sexual maturity. Significant positive correlations were observed between BMD at every skeletal site and height, weight, and grip strength in pre- and postpubertal boys and girls. In multiple regression analyses, pubertal development had a significant positive independent effect on BMD at every skeletal site in girls, but not in boys. Physical and pubertal development showed major effects on BMD, but the magnitude of these effects differed in boys and girls, even if they were of the same age. We conclude that confounding factors due to physical and pubertal development should be taken into consideration in different ways for boys and girls in investigations on the effects of environmental or behavioral factors on bone mass acquisition in peripubertal children.

The Effects of Pubertal Development on Achievement during Adolescence

The present study investigated the role of pubertal timing and pubertal status on school achievement and achievement orientation among a sample of adolescents followed during sixth, seventh, and eighth grades (early adolescence). Also investigated were the longer-term effects of timing of puberty on achievement-related measures for a subsample of individuals followed up in twelfth grade. Results indicated that during early adolescence late-maturing boys had the lowest school achievement, receiving the lowest grades in language arts, literature, and social studies. Late-maturing girls showed the highest achievement in these domains. Achievement orientation, that is, beliefs about one's ability to achieve, did not explain these results. Very few long-term effects of puberty on the achievement measures were found. The educational implications of these results are discussed.

Effect of pubertal development on estrogen receptor levels and stromal morphology in the guinea pig prostate.

Using an immunocytochemical assay (ERICA) with a monoclonal antibody (H222Sp gamma) to the human estrogen receptor, we have demonstrated a stromal localization of the estrogen receptor in the dorsolateral prostate of the guinea pig. Specific staining of estrogen receptor in the guinea pig prostate was confined to the nuclei of periacinar and interacinar stromal cells. In comparison with prepubertal tissues, estrogen receptor staining intensity was markedly reduced in postpubertal prostatic tissues. No immunoreactive estrogen receptor was detected in the acinar epithelial cells irrespective of the developmental stage of the guinea pig prostate. Electron microscopic examination of the guinea pig prostate showed that the stromal component consists predominantly of smooth muscle cells, which, during pubertal development, undergo marked cytological changes and increase in size. These changes in the prostatic stroma were associated with a greater than fivefold reduction in levels of cytosolic and nuclear estrogen receptor determined by either a radioligand binding assay or an enzyme immunoassay (EREIA) and expressed relative to soluble protein. Morphometric analysis of the prostatic stromal cell density (SCD: nuclei/mm2 interacinar stroma), which is inversely proportional to stromal cell size, indicated that the SCD decreased approximately threefold during pubertal development. Furthermore, cytosolic estrogen receptor levels in mechanically separated prostatic stromal fractions were found to vary concordantly with the SCD during pubertal development. To determine whether estrogen influences normal development of the guinea pig prostate, the effect of various hormonal manipulations on stromal development was examined. Castration of prepubertal animals prevented the threefold decrease in SCD that is characteristic of pubertal development. Treatment of prepubertal castrates with estradiol and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in combination over a period equivalent to the transpubertal growth phase resulted in a stromal cell density similar to that seen in prostatic sections from intact postpubertal animals. In contrast, treatment of prepubertal castrates with either estradiol or DHT alone resulted in a prostatic stromal cell density intermediate between that observed in intact prepubertal and postpubertal animals. These findings suggest that both estrogen and androgen are required for the normal development of the guinea pig prostatic stroma.

Genetic influences on the development of spatial skills during early adolescence

The course of development of skill at face encoding is disrupted in early adolescence. Evidence is provided that the timing of this disruption is under genetic control. Regardless of their age, girls in the midst of pubertal change encode faces less efficiently than prepubescent or postpubescent controls. This maturational influence on face encoding is contrasted with a different effect of pubertal development on another visuo-spatial ability, performance on the Embedded Figures Test (EFT). Regardless of their pubertal status at time of testing, girls who mature earlier are disadvantaged on EFT compared to those who mature later. The results for EFT replicate earlier findings on the relation between individual differences in the age at which adolescence begins and certain spatial skills. Several possible explanations for each of these effects—that of maturational status on face encoding and that of maturation rate on EFT—are discussed. Consideration of the relation between physical and mental growth is advocated as a source of constraints on explanations of cognitive development.