Effect Of Protein Supply Research Articles

The effect of protein supply in critical cancer patients

The effect of protein supply in critical cancer patients

Temporal effects of protein supply on expression of immunity to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis during lactation in rats

Expression of acquired immunity to gastrointestinal parasites usually breaks down during the periparturient period, which is characterised by an increased worm burden and nematode egg excretion. A possible nutritional basis of this phenomenon has been addressed in a rat model, as lactating rats exhibit a breakdown of immunity to the gastrointestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Houdijk et al., 2005). Indeed, increasing protein supply and reducing protein demand at times of protein scarcity improved resistance to N. brasiliensis (Houdijk et al., 2005; Normanton et al., 2006) but did not affect associated local immune responses. The latter may have been due to the single sampling point used. Therefore, the objective of the current experiment was to assess temporal effects of increased protein supply on resistance and immune responses to N. brasiliensis in lactating rats.

Effect of Protein Supply on Hepatic Synthesis of Plasma and Constitutive Proteins in Lactating Dairy Cows

The effects of metabolizable protein (MP) supply on the synthesis of plasma total proteins and albumin, as well as total hepatic protein synthesis, were determined in 6 multicatheterized lactating Holstein cows. Three TMR formulated to supply the same amount of energy but different amounts of MP, 1,922 (low), 2,264 (medium), and 2,517g of MP/d (high), were fed every 2h according to a double 3×3 Latin square design. For the low and high MP treatments, the cows were continuously infused with [2H5]Phe (d5-Phe) into a jugular vein for 8h (1.3 mmol/h) on d 21 of each period. Concentration and isotopic enrichment of d5-Phe were measured for free plasma Phe, plasma total proteins, and albumin on hourly samples collected between 3 and 8h. Low MP decreased the plasma albumin concentration (32.3 vs. 33.7±0.11g/L) but the plasma total protein concentration was unchanged (74.1 vs. 75.6±1.13g/L). Incorporation of d5-Phe over time into both plasma total proteins and albumin was linear (R2>0.98). Neither fractional nor absolute synthesis rates of plasma total proteins (6.8 vs. 6.5±0.65%/d; 168 vs. 154±19.9 g/d) or albumin (3.4 vs. 3.4±0.10%/d; 36.3 vs. 36.5±1.11 g/d) were affected by the MP supply. Net hepatic removal of Phe was lower with the low-MP diet (−12.3 vs. −20.2±1.98 mmol/h). As a result, net hepatic Phe removal used for total export protein synthesis (17.9 vs. 11.1±1.83%) and albumin synthesis (4.6 vs. 2.9±0.54%) tended to be greater at low MP. These results suggest that hepatic synthesis of plasma proteins, including albumin, is maintained in lactating dairy cows even when the protein supply is reduced.

Effects of protein supply and reproductive status on local and systemic immune responses to Teladorsagia circumcincta in sheep

The effects of protein supply and reproductive status on circulating antibody responses and local inflammatory cell counts were investigated in parasitized sheep, with local immune responses assessed through a recently refined abomasal cannulation methodology. We hypothesized that if breakdown of immunity has a nutritional basis, then protein scarcity would result in a breakdown of immunity to Teladorsagia circumcincta in both periparturient and non-reproducing (barren) ewes. Twin-bearing and barren, abomasally cannulated ewes were fed at either 0.8 or 1.3 times protein requirements from 3 weeks before until 6 weeks after parturition ( n = 6). All sheep were trickle infected at a rate of 10,000 infective larvae (L 3) per day, for 3 days per week throughout the experiment. Faecal egg counts remained virtually zero in all barren ewes, whilst protein supplementation reduced faecal egg counts in the periparturient ewes during most of the periparturient period. Final worm burdens, taken at 6 weeks into lactation, were lower for the barren ewes than for the lactating ewes, whilst protein supplementation reduced worm burdens in the latter. Protein supply did not affect mucosal mast cell counts, which were consistently higher for the barren ewes than the periparturient ewes, but were temporarily decreased around parturition. Barren ewes and protein supplemented lactating ewes had higher globule leukocyte counts than the unsupplemented lactating ewes. Protein supplementation increased eosinophil counts in the lactating ewes though only during the later part of the lactation period. Plasma IgA anti-L 3 antibody was similar for all ewes, but IgE anti-L 3 antibody was higher for the protein supplemented periparturient ewes compared to the unsupplemented periparturient ewes and all barren ewes. It is likely that the combination of low protein requirements and large body protein reserves did not result in breakdown of immunity to T. circumcincta for the barren ewes. These results suggest that changes in mucosal mast cell and eosinophil counts are not necessarily associated with changes in host resistance to T. circumcincta. However, the data support the view that increased globule leukocyte counts and plasma IgE anti-L 3 antibody may be associated with nutritionally improved expression of immunity in periparturient ewes.

Effect of abomasally infused casein on post-ruminal digestibility of total non-structural carbohydrates and milk yield and composition in dairy cows

AbstractA study was conducted to evaluate the effect of abomasal infusion of casein on post-ruminal digestibility of starch and on milk yield and composition. Six multiparous Israeli Holstein cows in mid lactation, fitted with ruminal and abomasal cannulas, were used in a 3 ✕ 3 Latin-square experiment. Each cow received 1600 g maize starch infused into the abomasum. Treatments were: abomasal infusion of sodium caseinate at 0, 350, or 700 g casein daily. Chromium mordant neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) was used as a digesta marker. Casein infusion was associated with increases in post-ruminal and total-tract digestibility of non-structural carbohydrates and protein. Concentrations of rumen ammonia and of plasma insulin, glucose and urea were higher in casein-infused cows. Concentrations of milk protein and lactose and milk protein yield increased with casein infusion. Results indicate that increased protein flow to the abomasum can improve the yield of milk constituents in dairy cows. Digestibility and yield responses to infusion of 350 g casein per day were similar to those at 700 g/day. There was a tendency toward reduced milk protein efficiency in casein-infused cows. It is suggested that part of the production response can be related to a direct effect of protein supply and the rest can be explained by the indirect effect of improved carbohydrate availability in the small intestine.

The effect of dietary fish-meal supplementation on parasite burdens of periparturient sheep

AbstractPregnant ewes were offered 0·80, 1·0 or 1·25 of estimated protein requirement, groups P80, P100 and P125, respectively and trickle infected with Teladorsagia circumcincta (average of 10000 larvae per day) and Trichostrongylus colubriformis (average of 7000 larvae per day) for 42 days prior to parturition. Eleven days after lambing half (group TC) received a single challenge infection of 25000 T. circumcincta and 17500 T. colubriformis larvae and the remainder (TO) no further larval challenge. Worm burdens were determined 21 days post partum.Worm burdens were inversely related to dietary protein concentration. Mature worms (L5) of T. circumcincta recovered were (log10 (count + 1)) 4·002, 3·806 and 3·444 in TO sheep and 3·812, 3·633 and 3·113 in TC sheep from P80, P100 and P125 groups, respectively. The corresponding burdens of T. colubriformis were 2·665, 2·893 and 2·029 for TO and 3·985, 2·363 and 1·188 for TC sheep. The numbers of L4 larvae recovered from TC sheep were (log10 (count + 1)) 3·532, 3·288 and 3·127 for T. circumcincta and 3·080, 2·180 and 0·949 for T. colubriformis on P80, P100 and P125 diets, respectively. There was no evidence of inhibition of larval development or egg laying with either worm species suggesting that the major effect of protein supply in enhancing resistance was operating at the larval establishment stage. There was evidence that the post-partum challenge infection affected the fecundity and survival of the established adult worm population of T. circumcincta but not of T. colubriformis.

Effects of Protein Supply on Plasma Urea and Creatinine Concentrations in Female Mink (Mustela vison)

Effects of Protein Supply on Plasma Urea and Creatinine Concentrations in Female Mink (Mustela vison)

Effect of protein supply during pregnancy and lactation on body composition of sows during three reproductive cycles

Changes in chemical body composition during three reproductive cycles were investigated in a study involving two levels of nitrogen during pregnancy (diet C or L) and lactation (diet C or H). N contents in the diets C, L and H were 28.5, 19.3 and 32.8 g N · kg DM−1, respectively. Tested combinations of pregnancy treatment (first character) and lactation treatment (second character) were: CC, CH, LC and LH. Treatments had no effect on litter gain during lactation nor on the amount of body protein after three reproductive cycles. After the third weaning, the water/protein ratio was higher on pregnancy treatment L_ than on C_ and the amounts of fat, dry matter and energy in the body were lower on lactation treatment _H than on _C. Equations to predict body composition of sows using live weight and backfat thickness (P2) were used to assess body composition during three reproductive cycles. The lower retention of protein during the first reproductive cycle on pregnancy treatment L_ was not completely compensated in the next two cycles. A feeding level of about 440 kg · sow−1 per reproductive cycle (pregnancy + lactation) increased live weight and the amounts of protein, water and energy in the body and decreased backfat thickness. The amount of fat hardly changed. Les modifications de la composition chimique corporelle intervenant pendant trois cycles de reproduction ont étéétudiées dans une étude qui comportait deux niveaux d'azote pendant la gestation (régimes C ou L) et la lactation (régimes C ou H). Les teneurs en azote des régimes C, L et H étaient repectivement de 28,5, 19,3 et 32,8 g N · kg MS−1. Les combinaisons testées pendant la gestation (premier caractère) et la lactation (second caractère) étaient: CC, CH, LC et LH. Les traitements n'avaient pas d'effet sur la croissance de la portée pendant la lactation, ni sur la quantité de protéines corporelles après trois cycles de reproduction. Après le troisième sevrage, le rapport eau/protïnes était plus élevé avec le régime de gestation L_ que C_, et les quantités de lipides, de matière sèche et d'énergie corporels étaient plus faibles avec le régime de lactation _H que _C. Des équations de prédiction de la composition corporelle des truies basées sur le poids vif et l'épaisseur de lard (P2) ont été utilisées pour estimer la composition corporelle pendant trois cycles de reproduction. La plus faible rétention de protéines avec le régime de gestation _L pendant le premier cycle de reproduction n'était pas totalement compensée pendant les deux cycles suivants. Un niveau d'alimentation d'environ 440 kg · truie−1 par cycle de reproduction (gestation + lactation) accroissait le poids vif et les quantités de protéines, d'eau et d'énergie dans l'organisme, et réduisait l'épaisseur de lard dorsal. La quantité de graisses changeait peu. Über drei Reproduktionszyklen hin wurden Änderungen in der chemischen Körperzusammensetzung von Sauen untersucht, wobei zwei Versorgungshöhen für Stickstoff in der Tragezeit (Futter C oder L) und in der Laktation (Futter C oder H) zum Einsatz kamen. N-Gehalte in den Futtern C, L und H waren 28,5, 19,3 bzw. 32,8 g N · kg T−1. Folgende Kombinationen der Behandlung während der Trächtigkeit (erster Buchstabe) und der Laktation (zweiter Buchstabe) wurden untersucht: CC, CH, LC und LH. Die Behandlungen zeigten keine Wirkung auf die Zunahme des Wurfs während der Laktation oder die Menge an Körperprotein am Ende von drei Reproduktionszyklen. Nach dem dritten Absetzen war das Verhältnis Wasser/Protein höher für Behandlung L als für C während der Trächtigkeit und Mengen an Fett, Trockensubstanz und Energie im Körper waren niedriger für die Behandlung H als für C während der laktation. Gleichungen zur Vorhersage der Körperzusammensetzung von Sauen, in denen Lebendmasse und Rückenspeck-Dicke (P2) verwendet werden, wurden eingesetzt zur Erfassung der Körperzusammensetzung während der drei Reproduktionszyklen. Die geringere Proteinretention während des ersten Reproduktionszyklus bei Behandlung L während der Trächtigkeit wurde nicht vollständig kompensiert in den nächsten zwei Zyklen. Eine Fütterungshöhe von etwa 440 kg je Sau und Reproduktionszyklus (Trächtigkeit + Laktation) erho̊hte die Lebendmasse und die Mengen an Proteinn, Wasser und Enerie im Körper bei verminderter Rückenspeck-Dicke. Die Fettmenge änderte sich erst gar nicht.

Effect of protein supply during pregnancy on body composition of gilts and their products of conception

Abstract The effect of two levels of nitrogen supply during pregnancy (treatment C 28.5 g N kg−1 DM and treatment L 19.3 g N kg−1 DM) on body composition of gilts was studied at the same level of ME intake. Body composition was analyzed at mating (n = 11) and at day 108 of pregnancy (n = 14). From day 0 until day 85 of pregnancy 2.5 kg feed d−1 was offered and from day 86 until slaughter 3.0 kg d−1. Treatments did not affect fresh weight and chemical composition of products of conception (piglets, placentas, uterus and intra-uterine fluids) nor the amino acid pattern of protein of unborn piglets. Mean protein deposition in the maternal body (including the mammary glands) was 74 g d−1 on treatment C and 52 g d−1 on treatment L. Mean protein deposition in the products of conception was 16 g d−1 on both treatments. Mean maternal fat deposition was 170 g d−1 on treatment C and 206 g d−1 on treatment L. Protein content of fat-free maternal body, however, was not different between treatments and remained at the same level as observed at mating (220 g kg−1). Also water/protein ratio was similar in the maternal body for the two treatments (3.3). Conversion efficiencies of ingested ileal digestible essential amino acids into products of conception and maternal body, after allowance for maintenance, for lysine, methionine + cystine and threonine, were 0.59, 0.47 and 0.67 on treatment L and 0.46, 0.34 and 0.44 on treatment C, respectively. It was concluded that the development of products of conception has a higher priority than the development of maternal body.

Effects of abomasal protein and energy supply on wool growth in Merino sheep

The relative importance for wool growth of energy-yielding nutrients compared with amino acids required for incorporation into wool proteins was assessed in an experiment in which most nutrients were supplied via the abomasum. Nine nutritional treatments, providing three levels of protein (53, 99 and 145 g/day) to the intestines at three levels of energy (5.2, 7.5 and 9.7 MJ/day), were given to 12 Merino sheep during three consecutive periods of 3 weeks in a balanced lattice design. Abomasal nutrients consisted of varying proportions of casein, whole milk, glucose and glycerol. There was a large effect of protein supply on all components of wool growth, but there was no significant effect of energy. There was a significant interaction between the effects of protein and energy supply on diameter, length growth rate and volume of wool, but it was small relative to the main effect of protein. Extra energy appeared to enhance wool growth at the highest level of protein but reduce it at the lowest level of protein. The concentration of urea, cystine, methionine and other essential amino acids in plasma increased with protein level. Increasing energy supply reduced the concentration of urea and essential amino acids in plasma but not that of cystine or methionine. The experiment confirmed the major role of amino acid supply in controlling wool growth but indicated that there may be a small interaction with energy supply.

The Effect of protein supply and level of supplementary concentrate on rumen metabolism of lactating dairy cows

Previous research at the Agricultural Research Institute of Northern Ireland has shown that equivalent milk yields can be obtained by feeding high levels of low-protein supplementary concentrate or low levels of high-protein supplementary concentrate. The latter may be due to an increase in dry matter intake and thus energy available for milk yield (an indirect effect) or an increase in amino acid supply from increased protein in the diet (a direct effect) or a combination of these. The experiment compared the effect of varying levels of protein supplement on rumen fermentation characteristics in lactating dairy cows.

The response of store lambs to protein supplementation of alkali treated straw based diets

Factors affecting voluntary food intake (VFI) in ruminants are well documented and suggest that both physical and chemical factors are involved. An understanding of VFI controls is important for the formulation of economical diets to achieve maximum levels of production.The effect of protein supply on VFI is unclear. While the need for rumen degradable protein (RDP) to maximise microbial activity and consequently VFI is clearly established ARC (1960), the effect of undegraded dietary protein (UDP) on VFI is equivocal.