Effects Of Progressive Strength Training Research Articles

Does Strength training improve quality of life and balance related confidence in older adults?

Background: Individual above the age of 60 years belong to the rapidly raising proportion in Indian population. Aging results in decline in the performance of daily activities that rely on the mobility and balance represent a solemn drip in the functional status leading to the risk of institutionalization. Adopting a regular physical activity and targeting the muscle weakness through resistance training would produce greater benefits in this population. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of progressive strength training on balance related confidence and health related quality of life. Study design – Quasi experimental study. Method: This study was conducted in elderly between 60 to 75 years from residential care homes. Nearly 23 participants received progressive strengthening exercises for 8 weeks. The effect of strength training on balance confidence and quality of life were analysed using activity specific balance confidence (ABC) scale and Euro quality of life questionnaire (EQL-5D-5L) respectively. Result: Progressive strength training showed significant improvements in quality of life and balance related self confidence measure in elderly with impaired balance. Conclusion: Engagement of older adults in strengthening activities involving major muscle groups are essential component in elderly rehabilitation to maintain and control the age related wane in physical activity.

THE OUTCOME OF LOWER LIMB STRENGTH TRAINING IN CHILDREN WITH SPASTIC DIPLEGIA

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of progressive strength training on gross motor function in cerebral palsy children with spastic diplegia in local clinical setup at Lahore Pakistan.METHODS: This quasi-experimental study was performed in Children Hospital Lahore Pakistan on 45 cerebral palsy patients with Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) 1-3. Patients were selected through convenient sampling technique. Three sessions of strength training per week for 12 consecutive weeks was given. The resistance was increased according to level of strength of each child calculated by one repetition maximum. Gross Motor Function Measure 88 was used as outcome measure. Pre and post-intervention mean score was compared by using Wilcoxon-signed rank test. RESULTS: Out of 45 cerebral palsy children, 31 (68.9%) were males and 14 (31.1%) were females. Difference of 4.2 (p<0.01) was observed between pre and post-intervention mean score after the 12 weeks strength-training program. There were 17 (37.8%) patients with age <10 years and 28 (62.2%) patients with ≥10 years of age. Out of 45 participants one (2.2%) had a GMFCS score of 1 and 16 (35.6%) had a GMFCS score of 2. Remaining 28 (62.2%) participants had a GMFCS score of 3. P value <0.05 showed that there was significant increase in post training score.CONCLUSION: Progressive strength training on gross motor function in cerebral palsy children with diplegia is helpful in improving the strength and physical ability of children in our local clinical setup. Improvement was observed more in children aging less than ten years.

The effect of Thera-Band resistance strength training on motor function of lower limbs and gait after stroke

Objective To explore the effect of progressive strength training with TheraBand on lower limb motor function and gait after stroke. Methods Forty-eight hemiplegic stroke survivors were randomly divided into a treatment group and a control group, each of 24. The patients of both groups were provided with the routine rehabilitation training, while the treatment group additionally trained the muscles of the paretic side progressively using Thera-Band elastic belts. Before and after 8 weeks of treatment, both groups were evaluated using the Fugl-Meyer movement assessment (FMA), the Berg balance scale (BBS), and the walking and stair negotiation components of the functional independence measure (FIM). GaitWatch gait analysis was also performed. Results After the treatment, significant improvement was observed with both groups′ average FMA scores, BBS ratings, FIM scores, stride frequency, stride length and walking speed, but the treatment group showed significantly greater improvement than the control group, on average. Conclusion Using Thera-Band elastic belts to provide resistance can supplement routine rehabilitation training in improving motor function and walking ability after a stroke. Key words: Strength training; Stroke; Motor function; Gait analysis; Thera-Band

Effects of progressive strength training on muscle mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients determined by computed tomography

To examine the effect of a 4-month progressive strength training program on muscle and fat mass assessed by computed tomography (CT) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, and to assess the relationships of changes in muscle cross-section area (CSA) with glycaemic control. Twenty adults (mean age +/- SE: 56.4 +/- 0.9 a) with T2DM participated in a supervised strength training program for 4 months 3 days/week. Muscle and fat areas of the quadriceps muscle were estimated by CT volumetry before and immediately after the training. Glycaemic (HbA1c) and anthropometric (BMI, skinfolds) measurements were assessed at 0 and 4 months, respectively. After strength training, muscle strength increased significantly in all measured muscle groups. Quadriceps size (CSA of the muscle) was increased by 2.4% (from 7.99 +/- 0.3 cm(3) to 8.18 +/- 0.3 cm(3), p = 0.003) for the right extremity, 3.9% (from 8.1 +/- 0.4 cm(3) to 8.41 +/- 0.5 cm(3), p = 0.04) for the left side. Fat tissue CSA reduced from 0.66 +/- 0.1 cm(3) to 0.56 +/- 0.12 cm(3) for the right leg (15.3% reduction) and from 0.58 +/- 0.12 cm(3) to 0.37 +/- 0.13 cm(3) for the left leg (35.8% reduction), resulting in a mean fat CSA reduction of 24.8%. Fat mass assessed by skin folds was significantly reduced and lean body mass was significantly increased. The change in muscle CSA was not correlated with the changes in HbA1c or muscle strength. Strength training significantly improves both muscle mass and the muscle to fat ratio in T2DM. However, changes in muscle observed with computed tomography were not related to changes observed in HbA1c with training.

Systematic Review of Progressive Strength Training in Children and Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy Who Are Ambulatory

To capture and analyze the evidence concerning the effects of progressive strength training on function and gait in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) who are ambulatory. A language-inclusive search was conducted for controlled or noncontrolled studies of strength training for subjects with CP who were ambulatory and aged 4 to 20 years, using objective outcome measures. Quality was assessed with the Maastricht-Amsterdam List. Data were extracted and analyzed. The 13 included articles favored treatment without significant adverse effects. Function and gait improved more following isotonic rather than isokinetic training, and in younger rather than older subjects. Function and gait improvements were greater in preadolescents.

Effects of progressive strength training on the performance of the Functional Reach Test and the Timed Get-Up-and-Go Test in an elderly population from the rural north of Portugal

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of an intensity progressive strength training program on the performance of two tests related to fall risk: the Functional Reach Test (FRT) and the Timed Get-Up-and-Go Test (TUG). Twenty subjects were randomly included in one experimental group (age 73 +/- 6 years old) and one control group (age 75 +/- 5 years old). Subjects from the experimental group participated in a strength-training program consisting of three sessions each week for a period of 14 consecutive weeks, from 50% to 80% of 1RM. A 2 (group: experimental vs. control) x 2 (pre-post: pre-test vs. post-test) repeated measures ANOVA was carried out on subjects in TUG and FRT performance. Mean FRT results from the pre-test were significantly lower than mean results from post-test. The two main effects were qualified by a significant group x pre-post interaction, F(1,18) = 39.23, P < 0.001, identifying markedly different performance profiles. Mean TUG results from the pre-test were significantly lower than mean results from post-test. The two main effects were qualified by a significant group x pre-post interaction, F(1,18) = 50.74, P < 0.001, again identifying markedly different performance profiles. Globally, the obtained results through our progressive strength-training program showed important improvements in functional task performance and in preventing falls.

EFFECT OF STRENGTH TRAINING ON CYTOKINE MRNA LEVELS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE OF DIABETIC HISPANIC ELDERS

There is evidence that the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, interleukin (IL)-1β, and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) have roles in muscle regenerative and anabolic processes. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of progressive strength training (ST) on mRNA levels of TNF-α, TGF-β1, IL-1β, and the two muscle IGF-I isoforms, liver-like IGF-I (L.IGF-I) and the mechanically sensitive IGF isoform, MGF, in skeletal muscle of older individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS: Thirty men (n = 15) and women (n = 15), aged 67.0 ± 7.3 yrs with T2D were randominzed to 16 weeks of ST (EX) or to their usual diabetic care only (CON). All subjects underwent biopsy of the vastus lateralis at baseline. A post-intervention biopsy was performed 48 hrs after 1RM testing in EX and CON subjects. Cytokine and growth factor mRNA levels were determined by semi-quantitative real-time PCR. Leukocyte infiltration was monitored via the β2 integrin CD18, a pan-leukocyte marker. RESULTS: ST increased type I and II muscle fiber cross-sectional areas (CSA)(P < 0.05), fat free mass measured by DXA (P < 0.001), and strength (P < 0.001). TNF-α, TGF-β1, L.IGF-I, MGF and CD18 mRNA levels increased with ST (P < 0.05). All cytokines were significantly correlated with one another and all correlated with CD18. There were no associations between L.IGF-I or MGF and any cytokines. Increased TNF-α, TGF-β1, IL-1β, and CD18 mRNA levels correlated with the increase in muscle fiber CSA (P < 0.05), but L.IGF-I and MGF mRNA did not. CONCLUSION: The ST-induced hypertrophy of type I and II fibers appears to be related to increases in gene expression of cytokines known to be associated with muscle injury and regeneration (TNF-α, TGF-β1 and IL-β1), but not with increased gene expression of either IGF-I isoform. The increase in CD18, and its correlation with increased cytokine mRNA levels suggests that leukocytes recruited into skeletal muscle contribute directly or indirectly to the increased cytokine gene expression. Supported by the Brookdale Foundation, ARS contract 58-1950-9-001, and NIH GCRC grant M01 RR000054.

The role of measured resistance exercises in adolescent scoliosis

Vert Mooney, MD, Allison Brigham, BS, San Diego, CA, USAPurpose: To document the effect of progressive strength training in torso rotation in individuals with adolescent scoliosis. Preliminary work at our center has demonstrated that all scoliotic adolescents had an asymmetry of rotation strength measured on specialized equipment, which isolates the torso rotation strength. In addition, surface electrode electromyograms had demonstrated inhibition of lumbar paraspinal muscles. The inhibition and strength corrected after several sessions of isolated progressive exercise training.Methods: Twenty-five adolescents (23 females, 2 males) with scoliosis ranging from 15 to 41 in their major curve were treated with a progressive resistive training program for torso rotation. They were treated twice a week until skeletal maturity or documented reduction of curve. None were braced during the period of treatment. Starting resistance was one third of body weight. Equal resistance was used for both left and right rotation, although initially rotation was weaker in one direction compared with the other. Once able to carry out 20 repetitions, the resistance was increased about 5%. Rotation range was increased as tolerated. Patients with surgical level of curves did not respond and were not followed.Results: Eighteen of 25 demonstrated curve reduction. Although there was some fluctuation, none of the rest had a persistent increase in curve. Pretraining average range was 28.2 ± 13.2. Posttraining range was 23.0 ± 14.1. The percentage improvement was 20% ± 23.3%. There was a 132.5% (±61.4%) increase in dynamic strength. None went on to surgery or bracing.Discussion: Based on the demonstration of strength and asymmetry in rotation and inhibited lumbar extensor muscle activity, it is rational to place adolescents with scoliosis into a progressive resistance training program. In this small series, it offered notable benefit with documented control of curve progression. Parents were pleased that an active intervention was provided rather than “watch and wait” typical of presurgical adolescent scoliotic care. Lack of efficacy of exercise in previous studies may be because there was a lack of specific muscle training and measurement. No exercise program using equipment has previously been reported.

Serum thyroid hormones, thyrotropin and thyroxine binding globulin during prolonged strength training.

The effects of progressive strength training for 24 weeks on maximal strength and pituitary-thyroid function were studied in 21 males during the training and during the following detraining period of 12 weeks. Maximal strength increased greatly (p less than 0.001) in the first 20 weeks, followed by a plateau phase in the last 4 weeks of training. Maximal strength decreased greatly (p less than 0.001) during the detraining period. The concentrations of serum total (T4) and free thyroxine (fT4) decreased (p less than 0.05 and less than 0.01, respectively) during the training period and they rose to pretraining levels during the detraining period. During the most intense training phase (the last 4 weeks) there was a positive correlation between the changes in serum fT4 concentrations and the changes in maximal force (r = 0.56; p less than 0.01). No statistically significant changes occurred in the levels of serum triiodothyronine, thyrotropin or thyroxine binding globulin. The results show that prolonged intensified strength training can slightly decrease the concentrations of serum total and free T4. These small changes cannot have any clinical significance, and even their physiological significance may be only marginal.