Effect Of Production Method Research Articles

Metabolomics of Red Wines Aged Traditionally, with Chips or Staves.

Traditionally and alternatively aged wines' odour activity values (OAVs) are investigated to differentiate and highlight the differences between the selected methods. An analysis of the volatile aroma compounds of wines derived from ageing in barrels, oak chips, and staves was performed using stir bar sorptive extraction chromatography-mass spectroscopy (SBSE-GC-MS). The results showed that alcohols, esters, and oak compounds were the main contributors to aroma, and their OAVs were higher in the stave samples after 3 months than in the samples from the other two systems of ageing. Furthermore, wines aged with staves have stronger fruity, spiced, and woody aromas, while samples aged in barrels present more chemistry-driven, floral, caramelly, and creamy aromas. The staves-medium plus toast (SMPT at 3 months > 225) and chips-medium plus toast (CMPT at 3 months > 170) showed the highest levels of aromatic series, suggesting that alternative systems provided more powerful aromas than traditional systems, such as barrels-medium plus toast (BMPT at 3 months > 150). A principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) analysis, and cluster analysis allowed for a clear differentiation to be made between red wines according to ageing systems and ageing times. The odour activity values fingerprint in winemaking is a feasible approach to characterise and distinguish wines. Moreover, OAVs provide important information on the effects of production methods on wine quality and aroma profile.

The Effect of Production Method on Local Honeybee Queens, Apis mellifera L. to Determine the Acceptance Rate of Grafted Larvae and Live Weight of Virgin Queens in Latakia Governorate

Asaad, M., M. Omran, N.Z. Hujeij and K. Makis. 2024. The Effect of Production Method on Local Honeybee Queens, Apis mellifera L. to Determine the Acceptance Rate of Grafted Larvae and Live Weight of Virgin Queens in Latakia Governorate. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 42(2): 155-161. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-001239 This research was conducted at the Scientific Agricultural Research Center in Latakia during 2020 season to study the effect of queen production method (with and without queens) on the acceptance rate of grafted larvae and weight of virgin queens emerging from local bee colonies under the Syrian coast conditions, using wax and plastic cups with dry and wet grafting. The acceptance rate of larvae was 83.33 and 91.66%, and weights of virgin queens were 0.178, 0.198 g in queen rearing colonies with and without queens, respectively, in the wax cups with wet grafting and with a total number of 16 cups/colony, whereas the acceptance rate of larvae was 86.66 and 80.00 % and weights of virgin queens was 0.178 and 0.169 g, respectively, in colonies without or with restricted queens rearing colonies, in the wax cups with wet grafting and a total number of 20 cups/colony. The difference in the average weights of queens in both methods was significant. Keywords: Colonies with queens, queenless colonies, bees, Latakia, Syria.

Effect of production method on the properties of PVA/Ag–Cu composites

Effect of production method on the properties of PVA/Ag–Cu composites

Ce0.8Y0.2O2–δ — Effect of Production Method on Structure and Electrophysical Properties

Ce0.8Y0.2O2–δ — Effect of Production Method on Structure and Electrophysical Properties

Şalgam Suyunun Depolanması Sırasındaki Kalite Özellikleri Üzerine Üretim Yöntemi ve Sıcaklığının Etkisi

Shalgam has been a fermented beverage produced in high amounts and consumed widely in Turkey in recent years. Despite its potential, there is no specific processing method or temperature for the production of shalgam beverages. Therefore, in this study, some changes in shalgam obtained by using two production processes (conventional and rapid processes) at 25 and 35°C were monitored during 4 months of storage. In particular, changes in color values that might affect product quality and attractiveness were influenced by production method, temperature and storage time. The highest a* and b* color values were found in samples produced by using the rapid process at 25°C (5.61 and 0.12, respectively) while the lowest values were found in those manufactured by the conventional method at 35°C. The L* values of beverages changed by storage time. In addition, while the content of anthocyanins decreased by storage time, the content of total antioxidants increased. Additionally, when production temperatures were compared, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts in shalgam beverages were higher at 35°C than 25°C. All samples produced at two different temperatures and with two different methods showed a decrease in the number of lactic acid bacteria at the end of storage time. Considering all the changes, it could be concluded that it would be inappropriate to store shalgam beverages at room temperature for 4 months or longer without using any heat treatment or preservative.

Effects of Production Methods on Flavour Characteristics of Nonalcoholic Wine

The growing awareness on the negative effects of alcohol on health and other factors like religious beliefs, responsible driving, and strict alcohol regulatory laws have contributed to the overwhelming demand for nonalcoholic wines. Numerous methods are available for producing nonalcoholic wines which encompass both restrictive ethanol production processes (interrupted fermentation, cold fermentation, juice/wine blends, use of unripe fruit, enzyme, and special and immobilized yeasts) and alcohol removal methods (heat, membrane, and extraction techniques). Studies have shown that these methods significantly affect the flavour characteristics of the wine, which is a key quality parameter in wine purchasing and consumption. It is in view of this that this work seeks to review current articles on the effects of production methods on the flavour characteristics of nonalcoholic wine. This review will provide insight on nonalcoholic wine production methods, their merits and demerits, and contributions to flavour characteristics. It will also unfold research opportunities in the field of nonalcoholic wine production for continual improvement and development of the wine industry.

Effect of Production Methods on the Microstructure, Phase Composition, and Properties of Hard Alloy VK8 with Submicron Grain

Effect of Production Methods on the Microstructure, Phase Composition, and Properties of Hard Alloy VK8 with Submicron Grain

Effects of Production Method and Repeated Freeze Thaw Cycles on Cytokine Concentrations and Microbial Contamination in Equine Autologous Conditioned Serum.

Autologous conditioned serum (ACS) is a common intra-articular treatment for osteoarthritis in horses. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of ACS preparation method on product contamination and concentrations of relevant cytokines and the influence of multiple freeze/thaw cycles. Blood was obtained from 10 healthy Thoroughbred horses and processed in parallel using a commercial and a non-commercial method to obtain ACS. Fluorescent microsphere immunoassay (FMIA) analysis was performed to quantify Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations in ACS obtained by both production methods. Effect of 3, 4 and 5 freeze/thaw cycles on concentrations of IL-1Ra, IL-10, IL-1β and TNF-α were assessed against baseline samples (2 cycles) in commercial ACS products. Standard aerobic and anaerobic culture methods were applied to both ACS products. Mixed effect one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the two ACS production method for each cytokine. Repeated measures, mixed effect ANOVA were used to assess the effect of freeze/thaw on cytokine concentrations. Significance was set at P < 0.05. There was no difference in cytokine concentration between production methods (IL-1Ra P = 0.067, IL-1β P = 0.752, IL-10 P = 0.211 and TNF-α P = 0.25). Microbial growth was only observed in two samples obtained using the commercial production method. When compared to baseline, IL-1Ra concentration was decreased following the 5th freeze/thaw cycle (P < 0.001). These results suggest that the concentration of important cytokines are not influenced by ACS production method. When storing ACS samples for future use, freeze/thaw cycles associated with standard clinical practice are unlikely to influence cytokine concentrations. However, the lack of outcome measures associated with 1 or 2 freeze/thaw cycles represents a limitation of this study.

The Drug Release Kinetics and Anticancer Activity of the GO/PVA-Curcumin Nanostructures: The Effects of the Preparation Method and the GO Amount.

The Graphene Oxide (GO) incorporated polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate (PVA-SA) composites with curcumin were prepared by the solvent casting and electro-spinning techniques. The GO was incorporated into PVA-SA nano-fiber and film matrixes, and the performance of these nano-composites as drug carriers was investigated. The effects of production method (film or mat) and GO amount on the water absorption properties and delivery of curcumin behaviors were investigated. The swelling and releasing were studied at the specific interval times in deionized water and phosphate buffer solution (pH=7.4), respectively. The release kinetics was evaluated to find a suitable mechanism of the release. Finally, the anticancer activity of composite nano-fibers on the cancer cells was investigated. The XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed nanocomposites structures, and the successful incorporation was shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that addition of the GO to PVA/SA decreased swelling ratio of the films (up to 31%) and increased the swelling ratio of the mats (up to 37.5%). However, for both film and mat, increasing of the GO amount reduced the curcumin release. Drug release decreasing up to 22.5% was observed for film, while a very high release decreasing up to about 70% was seen for mat. Also, both film and mat structures showed significant anti-cancer activity on MCF-7 cells. The lower cell viability was about 40 and 30% for film and mat, respectively. The kinetics evaluations suggested a Korsmeyer-Peppas model and Fickian controlled drug release.

Effects of production methods on seed vigour of soybean seeds

The seed accelerated ageing test is one of the most important tests for testing seed vigour, which provides the determination of the degree of preservation for germination and the determination of the duration of the seed storage. The aim of this study was to observe effects of two different production methods (organic and conventional) on seed vigour of soybean cultivar Kaca, by the application of the seed accelerated ageing test. The seeds were exposed to stress conditions for 72 h (temperature of 45?C and air humidity of 100%). After the test was applied, the number of non-germinated seeds of organically produced soybean increased, which resulted in the reduction of the germination percentage. Compared to the standard laboratory method, after the seed accelerated ageing test was applied, the length of the seedling above-ground part (121.63 mm), fresh weight of the seedling above-ground part (8.9 g) and dry weight of the seedling above-ground part (1,05 g) were higher. Moreover, the length (100.25 mm), fresh (1.26 g) and dry weight (0.1 g) of the root were also higher. After the test was applied, the percentage of the off-type seedlings (10.75%) and non-germinated seeds (26%) was higher in conventionally produced soybean seeds, while the length of the seedling above-ground part (100.63 mm), root length (106.75 mm) and root fresh weight (1.39 g) were lower.

Effects of composts and vermicomposts obtained from forced aerated and mechanically turned composting method on growth, mineral nutrition and nutrient uptake of wheat

This study aimed to assess the efficiencies of composts and vermicomposts obtained from two different composting methods on the growth, mineral nutrition and nutrient uptake of wheat. Composts and vermicomposts were applied to plastic pots under greenhouse condition with the application doses of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 t ha−1. The pot-experiment lasted three months. The results showed that plant dry weight increased with the increase in doses when compared to the control groups where no composts and vermicomposts were applied. However, no differences were found among the doses from 5 to 40 t ha−1 of composts and vermicomposts. Although application doses did not affect significantly on the most of the plant nutrient concentrations, Fe concentration in plant decreased with the increase in application doses. Additionally, no significant differences among the composts and vermicomposts on plant nutrient concentrations except for Mg were detected. Comparing to the control dose (0 t ha−1), nutrient uptakes by plant from the soil significantly increased with the increase of application doses, but no significant differences were determined amongst the doses of 5 and 40 t ha−1, generally. The effect of production methods on the most of investigated parameters including plant dry weight was similar.

The potential anti-infective applications of metal oxide nanoparticles: A systematic review.

Microbial infections present a major global healthcare challenge, in large part because of the development of microbial resistance to the currently approved antimicrobial drugs. This demands the development of new antimicrobial agents. Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are a class of materials that have been widely explored for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. They are reported to have wide-ranging antimicrobial activities and to be potent against bacteria, viruses, and protozoans. The use of MONPs reduces the possibility of resistance developing because they have multiple mechanisms of action (including via reactive oxygen species generation), simultaneously attacking many sites in the microorganism. However, despite this there are to date no MONPs clinically approved for antimicrobial therapy. This review explores the recent literature in this area, discusses the mechanisms of MONP action against microorganisms, and considers the barriers faced to the use of MONPs in humans. These include biological challenges, of which the potential for an immune response and off-target toxicity are key. We explore in detail the possible benefits/disbenefits of an immune response being initiated, and consider the effect of production method (chemical vs. green synthesis) on cytotoxicity. There are also a number of technical and manufacturing challenges hindering MONP translation to the clinic which are additionally discussed in depth. In the short term, there are potentially some "quick wins" from the repurposing of already-approved nanoparticle-based medicines for anti-infective applications, but a number of hurdles, both technical and biological, lie in the path to long-term clinical translation of new MONP-based formulations. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials.

Effect of production method on surface roughness, marginal and internal fit, and retention of cobalt-chromium single crowns

Statement of problemNew production methods have been developed for metal-ceramic restorations. Different production methods may show different surface roughness and fit, which may affect retention and long-term success. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to examine 3 different production methods with regard to surface roughness, marginal and internal fit, and retention of cobalt-chromium alloy single-crown copings. Material and methodsA master abutment of a premolar mandibular tooth preparation with 4-mm height and a 0.6-mm deep 120-degree chamfer finish line with a 12-degree angle of convergence was replicated in die stone and scanned. Thirty-six cobalt-chromium alloy copings were produced using 3 different production techniques. Twelve copings were produced by laser-sintering, 12 by milling, and 12 by milled wax/lost wax. The surface microstructure of 2 copings in each group was analyzed using interferometry. The remaining 10 copings in each group were used to evaluate marginal and internal fit by using an impression material replica method, and retention was evaluated by using a uniaxial tensile force pull-off test. The copings from each test group were cemented with zinc phosphate cement onto resin abutments. Statistical analyses of differences in marginal and internal fit were performed using 1-way ANOVA and the Mann-Whitney U test. Differences in surface topography were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests for nonparametric data. Differences in retentive values were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test for nonparametric data (all α=.05). ResultsDifferences in surface microstructure were seen. The laser-sintered copings showed increased surface roughness compared with milled and milled wax/lost wax copings. Differences in marginal and internal fit were noted. Laser-sintered showed significantly smaller spaces between coping and abutment than milled wax/lost wax copings (P=.003). At the margins, laser-sintered copings showed significantly smaller spaces than either the milled wax/lost wax group (P=.002) or the milled group (P=.002). At the chamfer, laser-sintered copings showed significantly smaller spaces than milled wax/lost wax copings (P=.005). At the center of the axial walls, laser-sintered copings showed significantly smaller spaces than those in the milled wax/lost wax (P=.004) and milled copings (P=.005). No significant differences were noted between milled and milled wax/lost wax copings (P>.05). No significant differences were detected regarding retentive forces in the pull-off tests (P>.05). ConclusionsLaser-sintered Co-Cr crown copings showed increased surface roughness and better internal and marginal fit than copings produced by milling or milled wax/lost wax technique. However, the crown pull-off tests did not reveal any significant differences.

Effects of production methods and protective ingredients on the viability of probioticLactobacillus rhamnosusR0011 in air-dried alginate beads

The goal of this study was to use a microencapsulation technology to prepare air-dried concentrated cultures of Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011. The cultures were microencapsulated in alginate beads, which were added to a growth medium to allow cell multiplication inside the matrix; the beads were recovered, dipped in protective solutions, and air-dried. The effects of fermentation technology and of the composition of the protective solutions on subsequent survival during air-drying were examined. The cells prepared under a constant pH of 6.2 had only 2.5% survival to air-drying at 25 °C when the protective solution was composed of sucrose and phosphate. Allowing the pH to drop to 4.2 during the biomass production step and using a protective medium composed of glycerol, maltodextrin, yeast extract, and ascorbate increased survival to 20%. If the ingredients of the protective medium at the beginning of drying were concentrated at a water activity of 0.96 rather than 0.98, survival during air-drying increased further to 56%. This rate was similar to that of a traditional freeze-drying process. These data suggest that applying a combination of acid and osmotic stresses to L. rhamnosus R0011 cells improves their subsequent stability during the air-drying process. Dried microencapsulated cultures having 2.6 × 1011 CFU·g-1 were obtained.

The effects of production methods and storage on the chemical constituents of apple pekmez

The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of two different pekmez production methods namely open pan evaporation (OPE) and vacuum evaporation (VE) on the final products, and to observe the changes in constituents as well as aromatic components after 4months of storage. The initial and poststorage (4months) 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) content in OPE apple pekmez were respectively 5.48, and 7.04mg/kg. No HMF was detected in VE apple pekmez. Both initial and poststorage content of phenolic compounds was higher in VE pekmez compared to OPE pekmez. The effects of production methods and storage time were statistically significant on phenolic compounds in apple pekmez. The content of all analyzed minerals except calcium has significantly decreased in pekmez compared to raw material on dry weight basis. OPE resulted in a 55.97% loss in the amount of ascorbic acid, whereas the loss in VE has been 23.45%. Poststorage loss in ascorbic acid has respectively been 69.54, and 89.28%, for VE and OPE samples. None of the aromatic components of fresh apple was detected in pekmez.

Field performance of hand-mixed and machine-mixed asphalt in labour-based asphalt maintenance works

Asphalt premix for labour-based maintenance works can be produced manually (hand-mixed) or by mechanised asphalt plants – the conventional method. Hand-mixed asphalt (HDMA), common especially in most developing countries, is claimed to equal machine-mixed asphalt (MMA) in terms of durability. Recently, however, there have been concerns about reduced durability of labour-based asphalt (LBA) works. The current study compared durability of HDMA and MMA with a view to establish suitable scope and appropriate traffic conditions for LBA maintenance works. The study was based on laboratory tests – on binder, aggregate and site premix – and field experiments which involved asphalt production and placement of small and big patches of HDMA and MMA on a heavily trafficked Likuni Road and a lightly trafficked Tsiranana Avenue in Lilongwe, Malawi. The study monitored the patch durability for two months after the maintenance work. Effects of the study variables – production method (HDMA and MMA), scope of works (small and big patches) and road category (heavily trafficked and lightly trafficked roads) – on patch durability were statistically analysed. The study has shown that production method affects durability of LBA the most. HDMA had 67% less durability than MMA. Scope of works and road class affected LBA durability by 27% and 23%, respectively. At a level of significance (p-value) of 0.05, the effect of production method was significant, while that of patch size and work scope was not statistically significant. It is imperative of asphalt producers to adhere to proportions of premix components if quality of HDMA is to improve. Apart from improving the HDMA production process, the quality of LBA works could be improved by increasing contractors’ access to MMA. The study recommends contractors’ cooperation and adoption of production techniques (cost-cutting techniques) such as use of recycled asphalt pavement and warm mixture asphalts in order to improve contractors’ access to MMA.

Graphene Mechanics: Current Status and Perspectives.

The mechanical properties of 2D materials such as monolayer graphene are of extreme importance for several potential applications. We summarize the experimental and theoretical results to date on mechanical loading of freely suspended or fully supported graphene. We assess the obtained axial properties of the material in tension and compression and comment on the methods used for deriving the various reported values. We also report on past and current efforts to define the elastic constants of graphene in a 3D representation. Current areas of research that are concerned with the effect of production method and/or the presence of defects upon the mechanical integrity of graphene are also covered. Finally, we examine extensively the work related to the effect of graphene deformation upon its electronic properties and the possibility of employing strained graphene in future electronic applications.

Estimation of Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Geographic Indications Bananas Using Conjoint Analysis

This study uses conjoint analysis to analyze consumers’ preferences for geographic indications (GI) bananas by examining the effects of production methods (inorganic, organic, certified organic, and natural), quality attributes (taste, perishability, medicinal, and nutritional), and price premiums (prices of GI bananas relative to prices of other bananas). Consumers were surveyed for demographic, economic, and taste and preference characteristics. The results show that consumers prefer GI bananas for their medicinal properties, natural production method, and lower price premium.

Influence of Casting Method and Heat Treatment for Corrosion Resistance of Magnesium Alloy AZ91D

In this paper the effect of production method and heat treatment of magnesium alloys to their corrosion resistance is presented. The study was carried out on the AZ91D alloy obtained by permanent mould casting, pressure die casting and pressure die casting with the subsequent heat treatment. Studies of the microstructure were carried out using a light microscope. The corrosion resistance was examined using the Potentiodynamic Test. The surface observations after corrosion tests were carried out using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). It was stated that the best corrosion resistance is typical for AZ91D alloy produced by pressure die casting method with heat treatment. The alloy after permanent mould casting has got the worst corrosive properties.

Effects of test sample shape and surface production method on the fatigue behaviour of PMMA bone cement

There is no consensus over the optimal criterion to define the fatigue life of bone cement in vitro. Fatigue testing samples have been made into various shapes using different surface preparation techniques with little attention being paid to the importance of these variations on the fatigue results. The present study focuses on the effect of test sample shape and surface production method on the fatigue results. The samples were manufactured with two cross sectional shapes: rectangular according to ISO 527 and circular according to ASTM F2118. Each shape was produced using two methods: direct moulding of the cement dough and machining from oversized rods. Testing was performed using two different bone cements: SmartSet GHV and DePuy CMW1. At least 10 samples of each category were tested, under fully reversed tension-compression fatigue stress at ±20MPa, to allow for Weibull analysis to compare results. The growth of fatigue cracks was observed by means of the changes in the absorbed energy and apparent modulus. It was found that fatigue crack growth can be altered by the sample shape and production method; however it is also dependent on the chemical composition of the cement. The results revealed that moulded samples, particularly those based on the ASTM F2118 standard, can lead to up to 5.5 times greater fatigue lives compared to the machined samples of the same cement. It is thus essential, when comparing the fatigue results of bone cement, to consider the effect of production method along with the shape of the test sample.