Effects Of Preview Research Articles

An early effect of the parafoveal preview on post-saccadic processing of English words.

A key aspect of efficient visual processing is to use current and previous information to make predictions about what we will see next. In natural viewing, and when looking at words, there is typically an indication of forthcoming visual information from extrafoveal areas of the visual field before we make an eye movement to an object or word of interest. This "preview effect" has been studied for many years in the word reading literature and, more recently, in object perception. Here, we integrated methods from word recognition and object perception to investigate the timing of the preview on neural measures of word recognition. Through a combined use of EEG and eye-tracking, a group of multilingual participants took part in a gaze-contingent, single-shot saccade experiment in which words appeared in their parafoveal visual field. In valid preview trials, the same word was presented during the preview and after the saccade, while in the invalid condition, the saccade target was a number string that turned into a word during the saccade. As hypothesized, the valid preview greatly reduced the fixation-related evoked response. Interestingly, multivariate decoding analyses revealed much earlier preview effects than previously reported for words, and individual decoding performance correlated with participant reading scores. These results demonstrate that a parafoveal preview can influence relatively early aspects of post-saccadic word processing and help to resolve some discrepancies between the word and object literatures.

Pengaruh Strategi PQ4R (Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite, Review) Terhadap Minat Belajar dan Retensi (Daya Ingatan) Peserta Didik pada Mata Pelajaran Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam di MTsS Harapan Bangsa

Pengaruh Strategi PQ4R (Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite, Review) Terhadap Minat Belajar dan Retensi (Daya Ingatan) Peserta Didik pada Mata Pelajaran Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam di MTsS Harapan Bangsa

The influence of foveal load on parafoveal processing of N + 2 during Chinese reading

ABSTRACT According to the foveal load hypothesis, parafoveal processing is influenced by the difficulty of current foveal processing. It remains unclear whether foveal load may affect the extent of parafoveal processing. This is an important consideration given the evidence that Chinese readers may frequently pre-process word N + 2 when N + 1 is one character. Accordingly, the current study manipulated word frequency to explore the influence of foveal load on parafoveal processing of N + 2 using a 2 (foveal load: high-frequency, low-frequency) × 2 (preview condition: identical preview, pseudo-character preview) within-subject design. Main effects of foveal load were found for the foveal word N, with longer fixations for low- than for high-frequency words and a main effect of preview was also found for N + 2, with longer fixations for pseudo-character preview compared to identical preview. Crucially, there was no interaction between foveal load and preview condition, indicating that parafoveal processing of word N + 2 is not influenced by foveal load during natural Chinese reading.

The influence of predictability, visual contrast, and preview validity on eye movements and N400 amplitude: co-registration evidence that the N400 reflects late processes

ABSTRACT Two eye movement/EEG co-registration experiments investigated effects of predictability, visual contrast, and parafoveal preview in normal reading. Replicating previous studies, in Experiment 1 contrast and predictability additively influenced fixation durations, and in Experiment 2 invalid preview eliminated the predictability effect on early eye movement measures. In both experiments, predictability influenced the amplitude of the N400 component of the fixation-related potential. In Experiment 1, visual contrast did not influence the N400, and in Experiment 2, the effect of predictability on the N400 was larger with invalid preview, in opposition to the eye movement pattern. The N400 may reflect a late process of accessing conceptual representations while the duration of the eyes’ fixation on a word is sensitive to the difficulty of perceptual encoding and early stages of word recognition. The effects of predictability on both fixation duration and the N400 suggest an influence of this variable at two distinct processing stages.

If I Knew Then What I Know Now: How Realistic Previews of Onboarding Influence Self-Selection and Expectations

Extending research on realistic job previews (RJPs) and signaling theory, we propose realistic previews of onboarding as an essential, but often overlooked, component of RJPs, particularly in situations for which there may be unique, challenging, or displeasing aspects of the newcomer onboarding experience. Using a sample of over 200 working adults in various industries, we empirically tested two mechanisms explaining the effects of realistic onboarding preview during the recruitment phase—the self-selection effect and adjustment of expectations effect—in a randomized vignette experiment. We found realistic previews of a potentially disagreeable onboarding period increased withdrawal of candidacy decisions of participants and lowered their expectations. Our findings suggest that a realistic onboarding preview as part of the RJP has a significant impact on both the decision to stay in (vs. drop out of) a candidate pool as well as candidates’ expectations regarding the hiring organization.

THE EFFECT OF IMPLEMENTING PREVIEW QUESTION READ REFLECT RECITE READ AND READ (PQ4R) LEARNING MODEL INTEGRATED MNEMONIC MODULE TO LEARNING OUTCOMES AND RETENTION OF STUDENTS

Low students’ learning outcomes and retention are among the problems in learning. An innovation in the learning process is thus needed to solve the problems. The effect of Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite, Review and Read (PQ4R) learning model integrated with a mnemonic-based module is one of the useful alternatives to overcome the problems. This study aims to address the question on how the integration between the PQ4R learning model and a mnemonic-based module affects the students’ learning outcomes and retention. This study used an experimental method with a Quasi-Experimental design.The research subjects were 124 students who were selected purposively from four parallel classes in one high school in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, from a total population of 16 public high schools in Banda Aceh. The subjects were divided into two groups, namely the experimental and control group; each of which consisted of 62 students. In the experimental group, the PQ4R model combined with mnemonic-based modules was used, while in the control group, PQ4R with a conventional learning module was applied. The measured parameters were the students’ learning outcomes and retention. To examine the significance of learning outcomes between the experimental and control group, the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) statistical test was employed. The data for retention were obtained from the results of posttest, retention test-1 (retest-1) and retention test-2 (retest-2). The retention was analyzed by using a recognition method. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the learning outcomes of the students in the experimental class and those of the students in the control class. The experimental class has a better retention rate compared to that of the control class. Thus, the application of the PQ4R learning model combined with a mnemonic based module can positively contribute to improving students’ learning outcomes and retention.

Effects of Agricultural Internship Experience on Students’ Awareness of Farming and Employment: Focusing on the Screening Effect of Realistic Job Preview

Effects of Agricultural Internship Experience on Students’ Awareness of Farming and Employment: Focusing on the Screening Effect of Realistic Job Preview

A co-registration investigation of inter-word spacing and parafoveal preview: Eye movements and fixation-related potentials.

Participants’ eye movements (EMs) and EEG signal were simultaneously recorded to examine foveal and parafoveal processing during sentence reading. All the words in the sentence were manipulated for inter-word spacing (intact spaces vs. spaces replaced by a random letter) and parafoveal preview (identical preview vs. random letter string preview). We observed disruption for unspaced text and invalid preview conditions in both EMs and fixation-related potentials (FRPs). Unspaced and invalid preview conditions received longer reading times than spaced and valid preview conditions. In addition, the FRP data showed that unspaced previews disrupted reading in earlier time windows of analysis, compared to string preview conditions. Moreover, the effect of parafoveal preview was greater for spaced relative to unspaced conditions, in both EMs and FRPs. These findings replicate well-established preview effects, provide novel insight into the neural correlates of reading with and without inter-word spacing and suggest that spatial selection precedes lexical processing.

Co-registration of eye movements and neuroimaging for studying contextual predictions in natural reading

ABSTRACTSixteen years ago, Sereno and Rayner (2003. Measuring word recognition in reading: eye movements and event-related potentials. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(11), 489–493) illustrated how “by means of review and comparison” eye movement (EM) and event-related potential (ERP) studies may advance our understanding of visual word recognition. Attempts to simultaneously record EMs and ERPs soon followed. Recently, this co-registration approach has also been transferred to fMRI and oscillatory EEG. With experimental settings close to natural reading, co-registration enables us to directly integrate insights from EM and neuroimaging studies. This should extend current experimental paradigms by moving the field towards studying sentence-level processing including effects of context and parafoveal preview. This article will introduce the basic principles and applications of co-registration and selectively review how this approach may shed light on one of the most controversially discussed issues in reading research, contextual predictions in online language processing.

Effects of Preview Time in Manual Tracking Tasks

In manual control tasks, preview of the target trajectory ahead is often limited by poor lighting, objects, or display edges. This paper investigates the effects of limited preview, or preview time, in manual tracking tasks with single- and double-integrator controlled element dynamics. A quasi-linear human controller model is used to predict the human behavior adaptations offline, by finding the model parameters that yield optimal performance at each preview time. These predictions are then verified by fitting the same model to measurements from a human-in-the-loop experiment, where subjects performed a tracking task with eight different preview time settings between 0 and 2 s. Results show that the tracking performance improves and the model's “look-ahead” time parameters increase with increasing preview time. Beyond a certain preview time, approximately 0.6 s and 1.15 s in single- and double-integrator tasks, respectively, additional preview evokes no further adaptations. The offline model predictions closely match the experimental results, which thereby promises to facilitate similar quantitative insights in other tasks with restricted preview.

Predictability and parafoveal preview effects in the developing reader: Evidence from eye movements.

The current study utilized the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) to examine the effects of predictability and parafoveal preview on reading behavior of developing readers. Participants ranging in age from 6- to 12-years-old read target words placed in a predictable or neutral context. Target words were manipulated to give either a valid identity preview, a visually similar preview that provided partial letter identity information, or a visually dissimilar preview where all of the letters were substituted. Developing readers fixated for a shorter duration on words in a predictable context. Furthermore, they showed significant preview effects and gained the most preview benefit from a full valid preview of the target word, especially within a predictable context. More skilled readers received more parafoveal information and relied less on context than less skilled readers. Implications for models of eye-movement control are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

The influence of scene context on parafoveal processing of objects.

Many studies in reading have shown the enhancing effect of context on the processing of a word before it is directly fixated (parafoveal processing of words). Here, we examined whether scene context influences the parafoveal processing of objects and enhances the extraction of object information. Using a modified boundary paradigm called the Dot-Boundary paradigm, participants fixated on a suddenly onsetting cue before the preview object would onset 4° away. The preview object could be identical to the target, visually similar, visually dissimilar or a control (black rectangle). The preview changed to the target object once a saccade toward the object was made. Critically, the objects were presented on either a consistent or an inconsistent scene background. Results revealed that there was a greater processing benefit for consistent than inconsistent scene backgrounds and that identical and visually similar previews produced greater processing benefits than other previews. In the second experiment, we added an additional context condition in which the target location was inconsistent, but the scene semantics remained consistent. We found that changing the location of the target object disrupted the processing benefit derived from the consistent context. Most importantly, across both experiments, the effect of preview was not enhanced by scene context. Thus, preview information and scene context appear to independently boost the parafoveal processing of objects without any interaction from object–scene congruency.

Testing the limits of contextual constraint: Interactions with word frequency and parafoveal preview during fluent reading.

Contextual constraint is a key factor affecting a word’s fixation duration and its likelihood of being fixated during reading. Previous research has generally demonstrated additive effects of predictability and frequency in fixation times. Studies examining the role of parafoveal preview have shown that greater preview benefit is obtained from more predictable and higher frequency words versus less predictable and lower frequency words. In two experiments, we investigated effects of target word predictability, frequency and parafoveal preview. A 3 (Predictability: low, medium, high) × 2 (Frequency: low, high) design was used with Preview (valid, invalid) manipulated between experiments. With valid previews, we found main effects of Predictability and Frequency in both fixation time and fixation probability measures, including an interaction in early fixation measures. With invalid preview, we again found main effects of Predictability and Frequency in fixation times, but no evidence of an interaction. Fixation probability showed a weak Predictability effect and Predictability–Frequency interaction. Predictability interacted with Preview in early fixation time and fixation probability measures. Our findings suggest that high levels of contextual constraint exert an early influence during lexical processing in reading. Results are discussed in terms of models of language processing and eye movement control.

A limited-preview filtered B-spline approach to tracking control – With application to vibration-induced error compensation of a 3D printer

A limited-preview filtered B-spline (FBS) approach for minimizing errors in tracking a desired trajectory is presented. In the full-preview FBS approach, the feedforward control input to a stable linear system, with or without non-minimum phase zeros, is decomposed into B-spline basis functions with unknown coefficients; the basis functions are forward filtered using the (modeled) dynamics of the system, and their coefficients selected to minimize tracking errors of the entire trajectory in one batch. Instead, this paper proposes the use of a receding horizon to recursively compute unknown coefficients that minimize tracking errors for small batches (subsets) of the trajectory at a time, by exploiting the local property of B-splines. This allows optimal control signals to be determined at much lower computational cost compared to full-preview FBS, thus enabling online implementation on real-time controllers. The adverse effects of limited preview on tracking accuracy, relative to full preview, are analyzed, and limited-preview FBS is shown in numerical examples to preserve the versatility of full-preview FBS in tracking systems irrespective of their zero locations. The practicality and effectiveness of the limited-preview FBS approach are demonstrated by employing it for online feedforward compensation of tracking errors caused by structural vibrations of a stepper-motor-driven 3D printer. Alleviation of vibration-induced surface waviness and layer-to-layer registration errors, without sacrificing print speed, are demonstrated.

Exploring the repetition bias in voluntary task switching.

In the voluntary task-switching paradigm, participants are required to randomly select tasks. We reasoned that the consistent finding of a repetition bias (i.e., participants repeat tasks more often than expected by chance) reflects reasonable adaptive task selection behavior to balance the goal of random task selection with the goals to minimize the time and effort for task performance. We conducted two experiments in which participants were provided with variable amount of preview for the non-chosen task stimuli (i.e., potential switch stimuli). We assumed that switch stimuli would initiate some pre-processing resulting in improved performance in switch trials. Results showed that reduced switch costs due to extra-preview in advance of each trial were accompanied by more task switches. This finding is in line with the characteristics of rational adaptive behavior. However, participants were not biased to switch tasks more often than chance despite large switch benefits. We suggest that participants might avoid effortful additional control processes that modulate the effects of preview on task performance and task choice.

Effects of Preview on Human Control Behavior in Tracking Tasks With Various Controlled Elements.

This paper investigates how humans use a previewed target trajectory for control in tracking tasks with various controlled element dynamics. The human's hypothesized "near" and "far" control mechanisms are first analyzed offline in simulations with a quasi-linear model. Second, human control behavior is quantified by fitting the same model to measurements from a human-in-the-loop experiment, where subjects tracked identical target trajectories with a pursuit and a preview display, each with gain, single-, and double-integrator controlled element dynamics. Results show that target-tracking performance improves with preview, primarily due to the far-viewpoint response, which allows humans to cancel their own and the controlled element's lags, without additional control activity. The near-viewpoint response yields better target tracking at higher frequencies, but requires substantially more control activity. The control-theoretic approach adopted in this paper provides unique quantitative insights into human use of preview, which can help to explain human behavior observed in other preview control tasks, like driving.

Evaluating Spatial-Based Attention Exclusivity for Hemifield Independence: Accounting for Effects of Salience, Distractor Preview, and Spatial Certainty

Evaluating Spatial-Based Attention Exclusivity for Hemifield Independence: Accounting for Effects of Salience, Distractor Preview, and Spatial Certainty

The effect of word frequency and parafoveal preview on saccade length during the reading of Chinese.

There are currently 2 theoretical accounts of how readers of Chinese select their saccade targets: (a) by moving their eyes to specific saccade targets (i.e., the default-targeting hypothesis) and (b) by adjusting their saccade lengths to accommodate lexical processing (i.e., the dynamic-adjustment hypothesis). In this article, we first report the results of an eye-movement experiment using a gaze-contingent boundary paradigm. This experiment demonstrates that both target-word frequency and its preview validity modulate the lengths of the saccades entering and exiting the target words, with longer saccades to/from high-frequency words when their preview was available. We then report the results of 2 simulations using computational models that instantiate the core theoretical assumptions of the default-targeting and dynamic-adjustment hypotheses. Comparisons of these simulations indicate that the dynamic-adjustment hypothesis provides a better quantitative account of the data from our experiment using fewer free parameters. We conclude by discussing evidence for dynamic saccade adjustment during the reading of alphabetic languages, and why such a heuristic may be necessary to fully explain eye-movement control during the reading of both alphabetic and nonalphabetic languages. (PsycINFO Database Record

Serial or overlapping processing in multitasking as individual preference: Effects of stimulus preview on task switching and concurrent dual-task performance

Understanding the mechanisms and performance consequences of multitasking has long been in focus of scientific interest, but has been investigated by three research lines more or less isolated from each other. Studies in the fields of the psychological refractory period, task switching, and interruptions have scored with a high experimental control, but usually do not give participants many degrees of freedom to self-organize the processing of two concurrent tasks. Individual strategies as well as their impact on efficiency have mainly been neglected. Self-organized multitasking has been investigated in the field of human factors, but primarily with respect to overall performance without detailed investigation of how the tasks are processed. The current work attempts to link aspects of these research lines. All of them, explicitly or implicitly, provide hints about an individually preferred type of task organization, either more cautious trying to work strictly serially on only one task at a time or more daring with a focus on task interleaving and, if possible, also partially overlapping (parallel) processing. In two experiments we investigated different strategies of task organization and their impact on efficiency using a new measure of overall multitasking efficiency. Experiment 1 was based on a classical task switching paradigm with two classification tasks, but provided one group of participants with a stimulus preview of the task to switch to next, enabling at least partial overlapping processing. Indeed, this preview led to a reduction of switch costs and to an increase of dual-task efficiency, but only for a subgroup of participants. They obviously exploited the possibility of overlapping processing, while the others worked mainly serially. While task-sequence was externally guided in the first experiment, Experiment 2 extended the approach by giving the participants full freedom of task organization in concurrent performance of the same tasks. Fine-grained analyses of response scheduling again revealed individual differences regarding the preference for strictly serial processing vs. some sort of task interleaving and overlapping processing. However, neither group showed a striking benefit in dual-task efficiency, although the results show that the costs of multitasking can partly be compensated by overlapping processing.

An Empirical Study to Examine the Effect of Realistic Job Preview on Expectancies, Personal Goals and Performance

<p>Several research studies confirmed that the administration of job preview information (J.P.I) guides to such desirable organizational outcomes as augmented satisfaction and reduced firing among new employees. Fewer studies have discovered the effects that J.P.Is hold other outcome variables such as attrition from the recruitment process, managerial commitment, and performance. The purpose of the present paper discovers the influences of J.P.I on outcome expectations and on performance through personal goals. An empirical study takes the opportunity to implement this case study on two well-known communication companies in the Kingdom of Bahrain that explores the effect of Management people on the relationship between expectancies and job achievement. The results of the Chi –square tests partially support the main hypothesis of this study which asserts that expectancies and goals that individuals set for themselves are not independent. </p>