Effect Of Pretreatment Methods Research Articles

Effects of pretreatment methods on the flavor profile and sensory characteristics of Kiwi wine based on 1H NMR, GC-IMS and E-tongue

The pretreatment method of fruit before fermentation is a crucial step in fruit wine production, exerting a considerable influence on its overall quality, particularly on sensory characteristics and flavor profile. In this study, Pujiang kiwifruits as raw material, four pretreatment methods were employed in kiwi wine (KW) production, namely kiwi fruit crushing with peel (KCP), crushing without peel (KCW), kiwi fruit squeezing juice with peel (KJP), and squeezing juice without peel (KJW). The sensory characteristics and flavor profile of KW were evaluated using sensory evaluation, E-tongue, GC-IMS, and 1H NMR. KW produced through KCP method achieved the highest sensory evaluation score, compared to the others. E-tongue could effectively differentiate the taste features among KW produced by different pretreatment methods. A total of 137 compounds were characterized by the combination of GC-IMS and 1H NMR. Moreover, among the molecules quantified by GC-IMS and 1H NMR, the concentrations of 52 and 58 compounds, respectively, exhibited significant differences among the four groups, primarily comprising esters, organic acids and alcohols. Furthermore, enrichment analysis indicated that several metabolic pathways could be altered by different pretreatment methods. This study serves as a theoretical reference and application basis for the quality improvement of KW and offers insights on the reduction and utilization of winemaking by-products.

Effect of pretreatment methods on the selective leaching of rare earth elements from NdFeB permanent magnets using deep eutectic solvents

In this study, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were employed as environmentally friendly alternatives of inorganic acid to selectively leach REEs from waste NdFeB magnets. Three DESs were tested, effective for light REE leaching, and preliminary experiments were conducted to study the selective leaching of REEs, using synthetic materials, Nd2O3, Fe, Fe3O4, and Fe2O3. The findings suggest that neodymium and iron should exist as Nd2O3 and Fe2O3, respectively, for selective leaching. To enhance the selective leaching of the NdFeB magnet, three pretreatment methods were applied: oxidative roasting, NaOH digestion, and NaOH digestion-oxidative roasting. During the oxidative roasting, NdFeO3 was formed, and it hindered REE leaching, achieving the highest REE leaching efficiency of 22.5% in the guanidine hydrochloride (GUC)-lactic acid (LA) DES. To counteract NdFeO3 formation, the NaOH digestion was introduced, yielding Nd(OH)3 and Fe3O4. These were then converted to Nd2O3 and Fe2O3 through oxidative roasting. With the NaOH-digested product, selective REE leaching was achieved solely with the ethylene glycol (EG)-maleic acid (MA) DES, while it was feasible in all three DESs with the NaOH digestion-oxidative roasting. The EG-MA DES displayed the highest selectivity, with a leaching efficiency of 97.3% Nd and 0.8% Fe. Additionally, the solvent could be reused at least twice, and the leaching efficiencies of 97% for Nd and 0.7% for Fe were maintained. This selective leaching technique benefits from using environmentally friendly solvents compared to the traditional inorganic acid leaching and demonstrates high REE selectivity and solvent reusability, suggesting a novel method for REE recovery via DESs.

Effect of pretreatment methods and doping amount of Enteromorpha on the exhaust purification performance of perovskite catalysts used in underground diesel vehicles

In this work, the processing and amount of Enteromorpha was examined in terms of its use as a dopant of a perovskite catalyst used in the removal of pollutants from diesel vehicle exhaust gas. First, the Enteromorpha was pretreated either by grinding it or by subjecting it to high temperature pyrolysis. The pretreated Enteromorpha was then used to dope perovskite catalyst La0.8Ce0.2Co0.4Mn0.6O3 via a sol gel preparation method. A combination of materials characterization techniques and activity evaluations were used to examine the effects of the Enteromorpha pretreatment methods and amount of doping on the reduction and oxidation performance of the doped perovskite catalysts. The results showed that the doping of Enteromorpha led to the inclusion of Fe ions in the catalyst, resulting in an increase in grain size, a decrease in the lattice constant, and a significant increase in oxygen vacancies in the sample, which promoted molecular activation. In terms of the oxidation of particulate matter, the catalysts doped with Enteromorpha treated with high-temperature pyrolysis was superior to the catalyst treated with Enteromorpha that was only treated by the natural grinding method. The maximum purification efficiency for NO of the perovskite catalyst doped with Enteromorpha treated with high-temperature pyrolysis was >60%. For the different pretreatment methods, the oxidation and reduction performance of the doped perovskite catalysts was highest when the amount of Enteromorpha added to the perovskite catalyst was 0.2 g. Additional doping of Enteromorpha into the perovskite catalyst was not conducive to the purification of diesel vehicle exhaust gas by the doped catalysts. This paper can provide an engineering strategy for improving the exhaust purification performance of various types of catalysts, as well as a new approach for catalyst modification and treatment methods.

Optimizing Synthesis Temperature for Lignin-Derived Hard Carbon Anode for High Cycling Capacity in Sodium-Ion Batteries

This comprehensive study sheds light on the promising potential of lignin-derived carbonaceous materials as sustainable and cost-effective anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, contributing to the development of eco-friendly energy storage technologies. Lignin, a complex and abundant biopolymer, undergoes a facile pyrolysis process to produce carbonaceous materials. The unique microstructure of lignin-derived carbon, characterized by a relatively high surface area and interconnected porous network, facilitates efficient sodium ion diffusion and accommodates volume changes during cycling. The effects of pre-treatment methods, carbonization conditions, and structural modifications of lignin on the electrochemical performance are systematically investigated. Furthermore, the electrochemical mechanisms underlying the sodiation/desodiation processes in lignin-derived carbon (LDC) based anodes are elucidated through advanced characterization techniques, including in situ spectroscopy and microscopy. Among the different hard carbon materials, pre-pyrolyzed lignin-derived carbon LDC-300–1400 (300 shows which pre-treatment pyrolysis temperature was used and 1400 is the post-pyrolysis temperature in °C) shows the most favourable outcomes, demonstrating a reversible capacity of 359 mAh g−1, 1st cycle coulombic efficiency of 81%, and good rate capabilities. Hydrothermally pre-treated LDCs show a slightly lower specific capacity value reaching up to 337 mAh g−1.

Enzymatic Preparation and Processing Properties of DPP-IV Inhibitory Peptides Derived from Wheat Gluten: Effects of Pretreatment Methods and Protease Types.

The choice of appropriate proteases and pretreatment methods significantly influences the preparation of bioactive peptides. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different pretreatment methods on the hydrolytic performance of diverse proteases during the production of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory peptides derived from wheat and their foaming and emulsion properties. Dry heating, aqueous heating, and ultrasound treatment were employed as pretreatments for the protein prior to the enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat gluten. FTIR analysis results indicated that all pretreatment methods altered the secondary structure of the protein; however, the effects of dry heating treatment on the secondary structure content were opposite to those of aqueous heating and ultrasound treatment. Nevertheless, all three methods enhanced the protein solubility and surface hydrophobicity. By using pretreated proteins as substrates, five different types of proteases were employed for DPP-IV inhibitory peptide production. The analysis of the DPP-IV inhibitory activity, degree of hydrolysis, and TCA-soluble peptide content revealed that the specific pretreatments had a promoting or inhibiting effect on DPP-IV inhibitory peptide production depending on the protease used. Furthermore, the pretreatment method and the selected type of protease collectively influenced the foaming and emulsifying properties of the prepared peptides.

Effect of Pretreatment Methods on the Formation of Advanced Glycation End Products in Fried Shrimp.

Fried shrimp are popular for their attractive organoleptic and nutritional qualities. However, consumers are more concerned about the safety of fried foods. To investigate the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in fried shrimp and provide pretreatment guidance for producing low-AGEs fried pacific white shrimp were treated with seven pretreatment methods before frying. The AGEs contents, physicochemical indicators, and their correlations in the fried shrimps' interior, surface, and batter layer were analyzed. Results indicated that pretreatment methods influenced both Maillard and oxidation reactions by altering the basic compositions, which controlled the formation of AGEs. The highest and lowest AGEs contents were obtained in shelled shrimp with exscinded back and whole shrimp, respectively. The batter-coated treatment reduced the AGEs contents in samples but increased the oil content. Correlation analysis showed that lipid oxidation was the decisive chemical reaction to the formation of AGEs by promoting the generation of dicarbonyl compounds and their combination with free amino acids. Conclusively, the whole shrimp was suitable for producing fried shrimp with low AGEs, oil content, and desirable color.

Antioxidation Effect of Graphene Oxide on Silver Nanoparticles and Its Use in Antibacterial Applications.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have drawn great attention due to their outstanding antibacterial effect in a wide range of applications, such as biomass packaging materials, wound dressings, flexible sensors, etc. However, the oxidation of AgNPs limits the antibacterial effect. Firstly, the effects of pretreatment methods on the antibacterial property of AgNPs were investigated by the shake flask method and agar diffusion plate method. Secondly, graphene oxide/silver nanoparticle (GO/AgNPs) nanocomposite prepared by an in-situ growth method was used as antibacterial filler for polyacrylate emulsion via a blending method. The antibacterial mechanism of GO/AgNPs was revealed by comparing the actual contents of oxygen with the theoretically calculated contents of oxygen. Finally, the polyacrylate/graphene oxide/silver nanoparticles (PA/GO/AgNPs) composite emulsion was applied onto a leather surface using a layer-by-layer spraying method to improve the leather's antibacterial properties. The results showed that ultraviolet irradiation could better maintain the antibacterial property of AgNPs, while GO could improve the dispersibility of AgNPs and prevent their oxidation. The leather finished with the PA/GO/AgNPs-2 wt% composite emulsion showed the highest bacteriostatic rate of 74%, demonstrating its great potential in the application of antibacterial leather products.

Effect of Pre-Treatment Methods on the Extractability of Christia vespertilionis by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Christia vespertilionis is a medicinal herb traditionally used as a complementary and alternative medicine to treat cancer and malaria. This study investigated the effect of pre-treatments of the Christia vespertilionis plant on supercritical CO2 extraction yield and solubility. Four pre-treatments were studied: drying and grinding, doping with absolute ethanol (99%) and 80% (v/v) of ethanol/water, and microwave pre-treatment. The supercritical CO2 extraction was conducted at a constant 13.8 MPa, 40℃ with 24 mL/min flow rate in 40 min of extraction time. It was found that the dried sample after drying and grinding pre-treatment produced the highest yield of 4.56 mg/g, whereas the lowest yield was obtained for the fresh leaves’ samples treated with microwave irradiation (1.26 mg/g). Doping techniques with absolute ethanol and 80% (v/v) were comparable in the 2.64 to 2.94 mg/g. GCMS results revealed that Christia vespertilionis extract comprises antioxidants, mainly phytol, limonene, and other medicinal compounds such as α-monolaurin and l-ascorbyl 2,6-dipalmitate. This study indicates that adding co-solvent was not the primary technique in supercritical CO2 extraction to increase the extractability of compounds of interest from plant matrices.

Effects of pretreatment methods on the physicochemical properties of dried longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) pulps.

Several pretreatment methods were used before hot air drying to determine the effects of pretreatment on the physicochemical properties of dried longan pulps to address issues of low efficiency and excessive browning of pulps in dried longan. The results showed that pretreatment methods such as sodium chloride steeping, hot blanching, and freeze-thawing reduced the moisture content in dried longan pulps and increased the hardness of dried longan pulps. Ultrasound, microwave, and hot blanching methods reduced the degree of browning of dried longan pulps. Freeze thawing led to a decrease in polysaccharide content in dried longan pulps. The use of ultrasound- and microwave-based pretreatment methods increased the contents of free phenolics and total phenolics and increased the oxygen radical absorbance capacity indices. Alkenes and alcohols constituted the primary volatile flavor substances in longan. It was inferred that it was favorable to use the hot blanching method before subjecting the samples to conditions of hot air drying as the moisture content and degree of browning could be reduced effectively. The results reported herein can potentially help manufacturers improve drying efficiency. The results provide a platform to produce high-quality products from dried longan pulps. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Longan pulps should be subjected to conditions of the hot blanching method before subjecting the samples to conditions of hot air drying to reduce the moisture content and degree of browning. The results reported herein can help manufacturers improve the drying efficiency of pulps. The results can be exploited to produce high-quality products from dried longan pulps.

The structural and functional properties changing of peanut protein isolate (PPI) via different treatments and their application in pork meatballs production

Herein, the effects of pretreatment methods, such as ultrasound, enzymatic hydrolysis, and their cotreatment methods on the changes in structural and functional properties of peanut protein isolate (PPI) were investigated. The cotreatment method decreased the particle size, molecular weight, surface hydrophobicity, and order extent; moreover, the hydrophobic amino acids and secondary structure of PPI also changed during the cotreatment. Simultaneously, the cotreatment method positively affected the functional properties of PPI. Notably, the solubility could be greatly increased to 88% at pH 5 via ultrasound-papain (U–P) treatment, whereas emulsifying activity was improved to 143.97 m2/g via ultrasound-neutrase (U–N) treatment. Moreover, foaming capacity increased to 65% via U–P treatment, showing that the cotreatment method substantially improved the functional properties of PPI. Pork meatball preparation was used to further investigate the practical application of cotreated PPI. The results indicated that pork meatballs with ultrasound-alcalase (U-A) addition (PMU-A) and ultrasound-protamex (U–Pr) addition (PMU-Pr) exhibited better acceptance in terms of color, tissue status, and overall acceptability compared with control meatballs, indicating that the cotreated PPI has great potential in pork meatball production and can serve as a reference for PPI commercialization.

Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Five Pretreatment Methods on Morphological and Methane Yield of Groundnut Shells

Agricultural residues have been identified as potential substrates for anaerobic digestion, which indicates them as alternative energy sources. But enzymatic hydrolysis of these residues has been observed as the rate-limiting step due to their recalcitrant characteristics. Therefore, pretreatment before anaerobic digestion is required to reduce the retention time and increase the methane yield. This study investigates the influence of thermal, alkali, acid, nanoparticle additive, and combined pretreatments on the methane yield of groundnut shells. The effect of pretreatment methods on the structural arrangement was investigated with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared, and methane yield was investigated after anaerobic digestion at mesophilic temperature. The morphological analysis shows that all the treatment methods alter the microstructural arrangement of groundnut shells at varying degrees, except the particle size reduction, which does not significantly influence them. Cumulative methane yields of 222.92, 214.00, 171.02, 140.99, and 261.36 ml CH4/g VSadded were recorded for thermal, alkali, acid, nanoparticle additive, and combined pretreatment methods, which represents 112.77, 70.03, 40.18, and 159.85% improvement compared to the untreated substrate (100.58 ml CH4/g VSadded). Combined pretreatment was found to release the highest cumulative yield, and thermal pretreatment produced the least retention period. Therefore, combined and thermal pretreatments could be a bright means to deconstruct the recalcitrant characteristics of lignocellulose feedstocks arrangement to reduce the retention period and improve the methane yield. These methods can be experimented with further at the industrial scale to establish economic viability.Graphical

Integrated microbial electrolysis with high-alkali pretreated sludge digestion: Insight into the effect of voltage on methanogenesis and substrate metabolism

Integrated microbial electrolysis with anaerobic digestion is proved to be an effective way to improve methanogenesis efficiency of waste activated sludge (WAS). WAS requires pretreatment for efficient improvement of acidification or methanogenesis efficiency, but excessive acidification may inhibit the methanogenesis. In order to balance these two stages, a method for efficient WAS hydrolysis and methanogenesis has been proposed in this study by high-alkaline pretreatment integrated with microbial electrolysis system. The effects of pretreatment methods and voltage on the normal temperature digestion of WAS have also been further investigated with emphasis on the effects of voltage and substrate metabolism. The results show that compared to low-alkaline pretreatment (pH = 10), high-alkaline pretreatment (pH > 14) can double the SCOD release and promote the VFAs accumulation to 5657 ± 392 mg COD/L, but inhibit the methanogenesis process. Microbial electrolysis can alleviate this inhibition effectively through the rapid consumption of VFAs and speeding up of the methanogenesis process. The optimal methane yield of the integrated system is 120.4 ± 8.4 mL/g VSS at the voltage of 0.5 V. Enzyme activities, high-throughput and gene function prediction analysis reveal that the cathode and anode maintain the activity of methanogens under high substrate concentrations. Voltage positively responded to improved methane yield from 0.3 to 0.8 V, but higher than 1.1 V is found to be unfavorable for cathodic methanogenesis and results in additional power loss. These findings provide a perspective idea for rapid and maximum biogas recovery from WAS.

Screening Enzymes That Can Depolymerize Commercial Biodegradable Polymers: Heterologous Expression of Fusarium solani Cutinase in Escherichia coli

In recent years, a number of microbial enzymes capable of degrading plastics have been identified. Biocatalytic depolymerization mediated by enzymes has emerged as a potentially more efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to the currently employed methods for plastic treatment and recycling. However, the functional and systematic study of depolymerase enzymes with respect to the degradation of a series of plastic polymers in a single work has not been widely addressed at present. In this study, the ability of a set of enzymes (esterase, arylesterase and cutinase) to degrade commercial biodegradable polymers (PBS, PBAT, PHB, PHBH, PHBV, PCL, PLA and PLA/PCL) and the effect of pre-treatment methods on their degradation rate was assessed. The degradation products were identified and quantified by HPLC and LC-HRMS analysis. Out of the three enzymes, Fusarium solani cutinase (FsCut) showed the highest activity on grinded PBAT, PBS and PCL after 7 days of incubation. FsCut was engineered and heterologous expressed in Escherichia coli, which conferred the bacterium the capability of degrading solid discs of PBAT and to grow in PBS as the sole carbon source of the medium.

Properties enhancement of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) biocomposites by incorporating surface-modified wheat straw flour: Effect of pretreatment methods

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) biocomposites filled with wheat straw flour (WSF) were enhanced through modifying WSF surface by pretreatments, i.e., alkali solution (NaOH 1–7 wt%) dipping, (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane solution (APTES 0.5–2 wt%) soaking, or NaOH+APTES synergistic impregnation. The WSF was characterized by microscopy, spectroscopy, diffractometry, thermogravimetry, and wetting. Through different levels of surface etching effect or grafting functional groups, all the pretreatments removed unstable, amorphous substances on WSF, obtaining higher crystallinity by 2–12 %, degradation temperature by 57–83 °C, and lower water contact angle by 7–24°. Compression-molded WSF/PHB biocomposites were examined by mechanical tests, microscopy (fracture morphology), water absorption, calorimetry, and thermogravimetry. Above pretreatments boosted mechanical-, moisture-, and heat-resistances of composites, owing to stronger interfacial interaction of PHB with surface-modified WSF, and the improved physicochemical properties of WSF itself. Alkali treatment worked better in raising mechanical, waterproof behaviors, while silane induced higher temperature for phase transition, decomposition. Enhancement achieved by alkali+silane could surpassed both single treatments. The best outcome occurred in 3 wt% NaOH + 0.5 wt% APTES, which increased strength (flexural, tensile, and impact), modulus (flexural, tensile) by 22–40 % and 14–23 %, respectively, decreased 300 h-water absorption by 18 %, and rose melting, degradation temperatures by 2 and 23 °C, respectively, showing new potential for construction-related application.

Effects of pretreatment methods on the properties of recycled aggregates and prepared concrete under CO2-curing

In this study, the standard CO2-curing, CO2-curing with pre-saturated Ca(OH)2 immersion and CO2-curing with cement slurry pre-wrapping as enhancement methods for recycled aggregates (RAs) and prepared concrete were investigated. The fundamental properties of the cured RAs were measured. The effects of different treatment methods on the stress-strain curve, capillary water absorption property and chloride penetrability of the prepared concrete were explored. Moreover, the pore structure analysis, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and thermo-gravimetric analysis were conducted on the RAs and prepared concrete. The results indicated that (1) the qualities of the carbon treated RAs with different pretreatment methods were improved by the formation of CaCO3, which filled the pores and micro-cracks from the microstructural analysis. (2) The mechanical properties of the prepared concrete were enhanced with more brittle behavior. (3) The permeability, pore structure, microstructure and chloride resistance of the cured RAC improved significantly. (4) The CO2-curing with pre-saturated Ca(OH)2 immersion method recorded the highest enhancing efficiency due to the addition of calcium ion.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF POLLEN PRETREATMENT METHODS TO
 OBTAIN QUALITATIVE DNA SAMPLES

The effectiveness of pretreatment methods in obtaining of DNA preparations isolated from the pollen of six plant species was evaluated. The quality and concentration of DNA samples were assessed using spectrophotometry, fluorimetry and real-time PCR. Several of the most universal methods that allow increasing the DNA yield in all the studied plants have been identified. A positive effect of homogenization with metal balls and subsequent treatment with xylene has been established; homogenization with metal balls and rubbing with quartz sand; rubbing with quartz sand and subsequent treatment with xylene.

Usage of UV-Curable Soybean Oil Based Coating Formulations for Pretreated Cotton Fabrics

This study aims to design an alternative way for the laminated fabric manufacturing with a cleaner production method, by using a bio-based coating formulation and time/cost saving, environmentally friendly UV-curing technology, compared to the conventional petroleum based, heat and solvent requiring laminating process. For this purpose, acrylated epoxidized soybean oil oligomer was synthesized and included in coating formulations for the application on cotton fabrics via UV-curing. The obtained oligomer was characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopies. In order to enhance the bonding between the fabric and coating layer, fabrics were pretreated by sodium hydroxide, pectinase enzyme, and a commercial washing agent prior to the coating process. The effects of pretreatment methods on the wettability, tensile and peel strength, and abrasion resistance of the fabrics were all examined before/after coating process. Enzyme pretreatment revealed promising results by increasing the surface roughness, fibrillation, and hydrophilicity of the cotton fabrics.

Long-term operation of ultrafiltration membrane in full-scale drinking water treatment plants in China: Characteristics of membrane performance

The installed capacity of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) has increased significantly, it is necessary to summarize the long-term characteristics of UF membranes in full-scale DWTPs in China. Firstly, the characteristics of UF membranes applied in large-scale DWTPs in China were systematically evaluated based on capacity, location, membrane materials and filtration mode. By 2020, the total capacity of large-scale DWTPs using UF membranes has reached ~10 million m3/d. Polyvinylidene fluoride was the dominant UF membrane material with a proportion of 73.7 %, followed by polyvinyl chloride. Secondly, the performance of UF membranes in various typical DWTPs during long-term operation was analyzed. UF membrane in five typical treatment processes displayed good contaminant removal performance, while the combination of UF membrane with coagulation, sedimentation and filter was widely used. The fouling evolution of UF membranes during long-term operation was systematically analyzed. Then, the effect of pretreatment methods and cleaning approaches on membrane in full-scale DWTPs were assessed. The use of hydraulic cleaning, maintenance cleaning and recovery cleaning could ensure the stable operation of UF membranes, while these cleaning methods may adversely influence membrane lifetime. This study could provide useful guidance for long-term operation of UF membrane in full-scale DWTPs.

Effects of pretreatment methods on biomethane production kinetics and microbial community by solid state anaerobic digestion of sugarcane trash

Solid state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) of lignocellulose is effective in improving biomethane productivity but is limited by low biomass digestibility and lack of substrate-specific working microorganisms. In this study, the effects of different pretreatment methods on biomethane production by SS-AD of sugarcane trash were studied. The biomethane production, fitted to a modified Gompertz’s model, predicted a maximum methane yield of 214.2 L/kg volatile solids (VS) and productivity of 6.9 L/kg VS/day from KOH-pretreated trash, respectively. Microbial community analysis showed that bacterial community was significantly associated with volatile acids and pretreatment types while archaeal community was significantly associated with methane yield. Microbial community dynamics was revealed in SS-AD. Main genera related to pretreatment method were identified and discussed. This study generated important information on SS-AD of lignocellulosic biomass pretreated by different methods, which is useful for developing bioaugmentation strategies to improve biomethane production by SS-AD.

The effect of pre-treatment methods on membrane flux, COD, and total phenol removal efficiencies for membrane treatment of pistachio wastewater

In this study, the effect of pre-treatment methods was investigated for membrane treatment of pistachio processing wastewater (PPW). Chemical coagulation, electrocoagulation, and electrooxidation processes were tested as the pretreatment methods to understand the effect of pretreatment on membrane performance. Alum (Al2(SO4)3·18H2O), iron (III) chloride (FeCl3·6H2O) and iron(II) sulfate (Fe(SO4)·7H2O) were used as coagulant and anionic polyelectrolyte was used as flocculant. Al–Al and Fe–Fe electrode pairs were used in the electrocoagulation experiments while platinum (Pt), boron doped diamond (BDD), and graphite were used in the electrooxidation experiments. UP150, NF270, and NF90 were used as the membranes. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total phenol removal efficiencies from wastewater were determined by considering membrane flux. For chemical coagulation experiments, the highest COD removal efficiency was determined as 44.9% for Al2(SO4)3.18H2O at 1000 mg/L when the wastewater pH value was 8.0. However, the highest total phenol removal efficiencies were obtined as 62.5% at 4000 mg/L for FeCl3.6H2O at pH 8. For electrocoagulation experiments, the highest COD and total phenol removal efficiencies were determined as 63.9% at pH 4.0 and 74.2% at pH 7.0, respectively, for 100 A/m2 current density when aluminum electrode pairs were used. For electrooxidation experiments, the highest COD and total phenol removal efficiencies were determined as 61.2% at pH 4.0 and 83.1% at pH 10, respectively, for 200 A/m2 current density when BDD-Pt electrode pairs were used. Raw PPW and pre-treated PPW with chemical coagulation, electrocoagulation, and electrooxidation processes were progressively further treated with ultrafiltration (UP150) and nanofiltration (NF270, NF90) membranes to improve COD and total phenol removal efficiencies. The results showed that the permeate of NF90 membrane supplied the highest COD (96.0%) and total phenol removal (97.5%) efficiencies for the raw wastewater. However, COD and total phenol removal efficiencies were determined as 98.6% and 100% for electrocoagulation + NF90, 97.9% and 100% for electrooxidation + NF90, 96.6% and 100% for chemical coagulation + NF90, respectively. The steady-state fluxes for NF90 membranes were 2.9, 7.0, and 8.6 L/m2h after chemical coagulation, electrooxidation, and electrocoagulation, respectively. The results depicted that electrocoagulation and electrooxidation were the most suitable pre-treatment methods for water recovery using NF90 membrane.