Effect Of Planting Methods Research Articles

Effect of Planting Methods and Weed Control Treatments on Weed Dynamics, Yield and Economics of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.)

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Gwalior (M.P.), during the 2019 kharif season to investigate the effects of different planting methods and weed control treatments on the weeds, growth, yield, and economics of green gram. The field experiment followed a split-plot design with three planting methods as main plot treatments (broadcasting on a flat bed, line sowing on a flat bed, and ridge and furrow) and five weed management practices as sub-plot treatments (Pendimethalin 1000 g/ha, Diclosulam 26 g/ha, Imazethapyr 75 g/ha, hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS and weedy check), replicated thrice. The experimental field was primarily infested with narrow-leaved weeds such as Cyperus rotundus, Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa spp., and Dactyloctenium aegyptium, and broad-leaved weeds like Digera arvensis, Celosia argentea, Commelina benghalensis, and Phyllanthus niruri. Among the herbicidal treatments, Imazethapyr at 75 g/ha effectively controlled both narrow-leaved and broad-leaved weeds, resulting in the lowest weed index. The ridge and furrow planting method recorded the highest values in growth parameters, yield attributes, and seed yield, proving to be more remunerative compared to other methods. These findings indicate that the combination of ridge and furrow planting with effective weed management, particularly using Imazethapyr, optimizes green gram productivity and economic returns.

Effect of planting methods and tillage practices on soil health and maize productivity.

To increase the crop yield, the amount of agrochemicals used in field has increased in recent years. Moreover, indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers has led to soil deterioration and compaction. Inclusion of straw and tillage practices to the field could play an important role in improving the soil quality and crop yield. Therefore, we hypothesized that combination of straw return and different tillage practices would result in improvement in soil health and crop productivity. Therefore an experiment was conducted a split plot design during 2018-2022. They were comprised of traditional planting with no straw return and straw return, accompanied by four different tillage methods: control (no tillage), rotary tillage (25cm tillage depth), subsoiling (35cm tillage depth), and subsoiling plus rotary tillage (35+25cm tillage depth). Results showed that subsoiling along with rotary tillage enhanced soil total nitrogen (TN) by 9.0%, soil organic carbon (SOC) 7.5%, soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) 6.8%, soil catalase (S-CAT) 9.6%, soil urease (S-UE) 4.1%, soil cellulase (S-CL) 14.5%, soil sucrase (S-SC) 10.8% and maize yield 3.0% compared to no tillage. Correlation analysis showed that (i) maize yield was significantly and positively correlated with S-SC, S-CL, S-UE, SOC, and TN. (ii) S-SC was significantly and positively correlated with TN, SOC, and MBC. (iii) TN was significantly and positively correlated with S-UE, and SOC was significantly and positively correlated with S-SC. It has been concluded that straw return coupled with subsoiling and rotary tillage is an appropriate approach to enrich soil nutrients, enzyme activities, and maize yield.

Effect of planting method and spacing on the growth parameters of three Bambara groundnut cultivars in two Agro-climatic zones of Sierra Leone

Effect of planting method and spacing on the growth parameters of three Bambara groundnut cultivars in two Agro-climatic zones of Sierra Leone

Effect of planting methods, hybrids and weed management on weeds and productivity of rainy season maize

Effect of planting methods, hybrids and weed management on weeds and productivity of rainy season maize

Effect of weed control treatments and planting method on the yield and yield parameters of rice in Sudan savannah of Nigeria.

The experimentswerecarried out in 2020 and 2021 rainy seasons to determine the performance ofrice as influenced by planting method and weed control treatments. The treatments consists of three planting methods (dibbling broadcasting and transplanting and weed control methods (hoe weeding, pre emergence application of gramazone (200g/L of paraquat/ha), pre and post emergence of gramazone (200g/L of paraquat/ha) and propanil (360g/L of propanil + 200g/L 2-4D) and weedy check). The treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and were replicated three times.The results revealed the plots weeded twice and those treated with pre and post emergence application of gramazone and propanil respectively resulted in more number of spikelet per panicle, longer panicle, increase in number of effective tillers per hill, more grains per panicle and grain yield. The effect of planting methods on the rice growth revealed that rice sown under transplanting methods gave more number of effective tiler per hill, longer panicle, more grain per panicle and increases in grain yield compared to the others methods while broadcasting resulted in the least value of the parameters than others methods.Therefore,it can be concluded that rice farmers in the sudan savanna zone of Nigeria can adoptpre and post emergence application of gramazone and propanil with transplanting method since the combination of these treatments gave better weed control, growth and yield of paddy rice. Key words: Herbicide, length of panicle, number of grain per panicle andgrain yield

Enhancing crop productivity, water and nitrogen use efficiency of kharif maize through planting methods, mungbean intercropping and nitrogen management practices

A field experiment was carried out during kharif season of 2020 at research farm of Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University (RPCAU), Pusa, Samastipur, Bihar to find out the effect of planting methods, mung intercropping and nitrogen management on system productivity, water and nitrogen use efficiency of kharif maize. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four planting methods viz., M1- Flat sown maize, M2- Bed planting maize, M3- Flat sown maize + mungbean, M4- Bed planting maize + mungbean in main plot and four nitrogen management practices viz., N1- 120:50:40:: N:P2O5:K2O kg ha-1, N2- 100:50:40:: N:P2O5:K2O kg ha-1, N3-80:50:40:: N:P2O5:K2O kg ha-1, N4- 0:50:40:: N:P2O5:K2O kg ha-1 (control plot) in sub-plot replicated thrice. The result showed that the highest maize grain yield (3.17 t ha-1), stover yield (4.5 t ha-1), system productivity (5.05 t ha-1), WUE (11.74 kg ha-1mm), water productivity (133.10 ₹ m-3), NUE (5.86 kg kg-1), PFP (25.33 kg kg-1) and NHI (0.79 kg kg-1) was recorded under bed planting maize + mungbean while among N management options the maximum grain yield of maize (3.67 t ha-1), stover yield (4.43 t ha-1), system productivity (4.68 t ha-1), WUE (10.82 kg ha-1 mm), water productivity (117.70 ₹ m-3), NUE (7.98 kg kg-1) and NHI (0.80 kg kg-1) were obtained with 120 N kg ha-1.

Effects of Greenhouse and Open-field Cultivation on Heavy Metal Uptake During Carrot Growth

Clarifying the absorption dynamics of heavy metal(loid)s by crops under different cultivation methods is critical for risk management and control for heavy metal pollution. Here, taking carrots as an example, the pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and contents of heavy metals in soil and carrots were analyzed. We compared the absorption and transport characteristics of six metal(loid)s (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) during the three key growth periods under greenhouse and open-field cultivation methods. In addition, the effects of planting methods on carrot biomass and heavy metal content over time were studied, and a health risk assessment was conducted. The results showed that the greenhouse and open-field cultivation methods had the following in common:① As the carrots continuously grew, the metal uptake and biomass in the belowground part (edible part) and the metal(loid) concentrations in the aboveground and belowground parts both showed trends of increasing first and then decreasing or stabilizing. ② The absorption of As, Cd, Cr, and Pb in carrots was mostly accumulated in the aboveground part. ③ The content of Cd in the edible part exceeded the standard, and the total target hazard quotient was>1, indicating potential adverse health risks, most of which were contributed by As and Cd. Compared to that under open-field, the short-term greenhouse cultivation had a harvest time approximately 15 d earlier. The As, Cd, and Pb concentrations in the aboveground part during the seedling and fast-growing periods were significantly lower in the greenhouse than that in the open-field (P<0.05) but did not differ between greenhouse and open-field (except As) at the mature stage. The concentrations of As and Cd in the belowground part of greenhouse carrots were lower in the greenhouse than those of carrots grown in the open-field at the seedling stage (P<0.05). The absorption of As and Cd was decreased significantly from 0 to 95 d (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the metal concentration and absorption in the rest of the growth stages. The bioconcentration factors (BCF) of As, Cd, and Pb in the aboveground part in all stages and those of As and Cd in the belowground part in the seedling stage were lower in the greenhouse than that in the open-field. This study emphasizes the possibility of short-term changes in cultivation mode to reduce the risks of metal(loid)s in contaminated farmland vegetables.

Effects of planting methods on the utilization of temperature and sunshine resources and yield of rice under cabbage/rape-paddy cropping system.

Light simplified cultivation and high quality rice are the main directions of rice production in China. Meteorological factors are the most important environmental factors affecting rice growth and yield. Few studies examined the relationship between rice yield and microclimate under different light simplified cultivation modes. To explore the relationship between rice yield and climatic factors (temperature, sunshine and water) at different growth stages of hybrid rice under different forecrops in southwest China, we carried out a split-plot design experiment in 2019 and 2020, with two forecrops of green cabbage and rape as the main plot, and three planting methods, direct-seeding, blanket-transplanting, and artificial transplanting as the subplots, taking Yixiangyou 2115 as the experimental variety. Results showed that compared with rape-paddy cropping system, cabbage-paddy cropping system significantly improved the accumulated temperature and precipitation production efficiency and consequently improved the effective panicles, setting rate, and 1000-grain weight. The yield was increased by 12.7% and 8.3% under cabbage-paddy and rape-paddy cropping system, respectively. Compared with manual transplanting, mechanical transplanting improved effective panicles, production efficiency of radiation, accumulated temperature and precipitation, and the radiation use efficiency of grain during the whole growth period. The mean yield was increased by 4.6% in 2019 and 2020. However, the above parameters of direct-seeding significantly decreased, but the yield decreased by 8.7%. Compared with 2019, mechanical transplanting and artificial transplanting were sown one month earlier in 2020 under the same stubble, which shortened growth period, reduced air temperature, and increased precipitation after flowering, leading to a significant decrease in effective accumulated temperature and light radiation; production efficiency of accumulated temperature, light energy, and precipitation; and utilization efficiency of light energy of grain, spikelets per panicle, setting rate, and 1000-grain weight. However, the yield was significantly reduced. Partial least squares regression analysis was used to establish the production forecast equation of standardized regression coefficients of meteorological factors. There was a positive correlation between rice yield and effective accumulated temperature and total radiation during the growth stage or the whole growth period. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between rice yield and precipitation during the whole growth period. In conclusion, mechanical transplanting under cabbage-paddy cropping system was a rice planting method that optimised the seasonal sunshine and temperature resources in southwest China. The method facilitated the full utilization of temperature and sunshine resources, resulting in high yield. However, it was not advisable to sow or transplant too early.

Effect of planting methods on soil moisture, growth and productivity of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) - wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cropping system in Shiwalik Foothills of Punjab, India

Effect of planting methods on soil moisture, growth and productivity of rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) - wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cropping system in Shiwalik Foothills of Punjab, India

Growth and Yield Component of Ethiopian White Fleshed Sweet Potato Varieties under Ridge and Flat Planting in Arba Minch Condition, Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, sweet potato is grown by smallholder farmers and considered as one of the major food crop among root crops. It is mainly grown around a densely populated area in the South, Southwestern and Eastern parts of the country. Recently, there are many varieties released with varying potential from different centers of the country. The adoption of these varieties is in need to different areas of the country with adaptation and productivity trials being prior activities. Arba Minch is among the potential locations of the country for the production of root and tuber crops. Even if the crop have high potential for yield; the area coverage, yield and diversity of varieties in Arba Minch is much less than that of other locations known in sweet potato production. The present study is conducted to evaluate some of the Ethiopian white fleshed sweet potato varieties under Arba Minch condition. Five white fleshed sweet potato varieties ( Berkume, Beletech, Tola, Awassa-83 and Hawassa-09 ) are tested with ridge and flat planting methods using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in a factorial arrangement. Among the tested parameters, the interaction effect of varieties and planting method is statistically very highly significant (P<0.001) on number of nodes per vine and internode length. The effect of planting methods is statistically significant (P<0.05) on internode length and root weight per plant only. While considering varieties, all the parameters tested are significantly influenced by variety type. The highest emergency rate ( 91.33 %) is recorded for variety A-83, while the lowest emergency rate ( 77.33 %) is recorded for variety Berkume. The highest number of nodes per vine (55.67) and the tallest internodes length (9 cm) was recorded for Beletech and Berkume under ridge planting respectively. Similarly, variety Beletech showed tallest vine length ( 314.33 cm ) than the other. The highest number of roots per plant (12.67) and highest mean root weight per plant (2.87 kg/plant) was recorded for variety Hawassa-09. Considering the economic parts, variety Hawassa-09 and variety Tola are recommended for Arba Minch area with ridge planting.

Effect of Planting Methods and Nutrition on Yield of Three Rice Varieties

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important cereal crop. The effect of planting methods and nutrition on the yield of three rice varieties was assessed under the greenhouse. Factorial experiment, three cultivation methods [dry direct seeding (DDS), wet direct seeding (WDS) and transplantation (TP)], three nutrient levels, [100% inorganic, 50% inorganic +50% organic and 100% organic], and three rice varieties (Pathumthani-1, RD57, and RD41) was considered with the layout of completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. Moreover, yield and yield components data were collected from the rice plant. ANOVA was carried with IRRISTAT 5.0. The result showed that 100% inorganic level had more productive tiller than the other two levels. 50% inorganic +50% organic under DDS method, 100% organic under WDS and 100% inorganic under TP method had performed well on filled grain per panicle. However, all varieties suffered from the nutrient deficit under the TP method which caused high unfilled grain under 100% inorganic and 50% inorganic+50% organic and 100% organic levels were decreased by 21.05 under the DDS method. Finally, seed weight was high for Pathumthani-1vareity with no significant difference among the variety, but RD57 reduced by 13.88% under WDS than the TP method and no difference was found for RD41 under TP and WDS methods. The yield of Pathumthani-1 variety was increased by 22% under TP than WDS and DDS methods. The nutrient level has no significant differences on grain yield of RD41 variety. RD57 grain yield was high under TP and DDS methods and no significant difference was found for RD41 under TP and WDS methods of cultivation.

Effect of planting methods on growth and yield of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) varieties at Luyengo, midlevel of Eswatini

Effect of planting methods on growth and yield of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) varieties at Luyengo, midlevel of Eswatini

Effects of planting methods on yield attributes and yield of paddy (Oryza sativa L.)

Effects of planting methods on yield attributes and yield of paddy (Oryza sativa L.)

Effect of planting method on C:N:P stoichiometry in soils, young silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and stone pine (Pinus cembra L.) in the upper mountain zone of Karpaty Mountains

C/N/P stoichiometry offers important indicators of ecosystem function and productivity. The aim of this research was to determine how planting methods in biogroups influence C/N/P stoichiometry in soil and plants. We hypothesised that planting methods, consisting in different initial spacing and shape would affect the growth characteristics of trees, and consequently, change soil properties – microbiological activity, in particular. This research examined two species that have different ecological requirements, silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.), grown in the upper mountain zone, 1200 m above sea level. We established 48 experimental plots with two planting methods and two species in 2011. The soil and plant samples for laboratory analysis were taken in September 2020. In the first planting method 49 seedlings at regular 1 × 1 m spacing in a square plot (PM1) were planted, while in the second method 50 seedlings in two rhombus plots with 50 × 50 cm spacing (PM2) were planted. We determined the basic physicochemical properties and enzymatic activity in soil samples, and we recorded the content of C, N and P in testing needle samples from the trees. We also calculated the C/N, C/P and N/P ratios for both the soil samples and the plants. We found that the formation of biogroups with smaller spacing during stand renewal influenced the selected soil properties; within the biogroups with smaller spacing, an increase in soil biochemical activity was found. Our research confirms that planting methods and species are essential contributors to the C/N/P stoichiometry of soils and plants. The C/N/P stoichiometry of the soil samples from the different species and the different planting methods ranged between 928/37/1 and 1087/42/1. In the case of the Swiss stone pine needles, we noted a narrower C/N/P stoichiometry compared to the fir needles, regardless of the planting method. C/N/P stoichiometry is a useful tool for reflecting the nutrient cycle in mountain ecosystems, and our research shows that in the case of species with higher ecological requirements, stoichiometry can indicate nutrient limitation. In higher mountainous locations, nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies are the main limiting factor. In the case of fir trees, the method of planting helps to reduce nutrient limitation and improve growth characteristics.

Establishing &lt;i&gt;Cratylia argentea&lt;/i&gt; in an Ultisol in the West of Acre, Southwestern Amazon, Brazil

Cratylia argentea is a multi-purpose shrub with potential as a source of protein for livestock, but is rarely used in production units. This study aimed to monitor the establishment of a stand of this plant in a sandy Ultisol (Red-Yellow Argisol), in an area of 4,000 m2 on a rural property in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil, comparing 2 planting methods: (i) transplanting seedlings (78 in total); and (ii) direct seeding (3,820 seeds in 1,910 pits). The existing pasture was sprayed with glyphosate before planting C. argentea. Subsequently, herbicide and mechanical methods were used to control weeds, while fertilizer was applied and the area was mulched. In the first year after planting, activities performed and inputs were recorded along with costs in order to create a reference model for those intending to cultivate this species in the humid tropics. At 10 months after planting, average height of plants was 162 cm (range 70‒240 cm) with no effect of planting method. Ninety-seven per cent of plants established from seedlings survived, while 81% of pits established from direct seeding in the field had surviving plants. The cost of establishing a hectare of C. argentea was US$ 1,654.17, with 85.8% of the cost for labor and only 14.2% for other inputs, although costs of producing seedlings and hand-planting them were not considered. Studies to develop planting systems using less labor seem warranted.

Effect of planting methods and varieties on performance of modified TNAU cassava harvester

Cassava is one of the most important tropical tuber crops that ensure food and nutritional security in the developing countries. In India, cassava is cultivated mainly in the southern states viz., Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. Harvesting is one of the major difficult and labour intensive operations in cassava cultivation. In India, cassava is mostly harvested manually by hand. This study was attempted to evaluate the performance of tractor operated Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) cassava harvester with two industrial varieties (H-165 and Mulluvadi) and two commercial planting system (Mound and Ridge) using six treatments in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Based on the field performance trial, the shank length and width of digging blade were modified and then their dimensions were optimized for better performance. Among the selected treatments, it was found that a minimum damage of 4.12% was observed for H-165 variety under manual harvesting and a maximum damage of 9.05% for Mulluvadi variety in mound planting system under mechanized harvesting was noticed. The tuber spread length was highly correlated with the per centage damage (%) of cassava tubers. Thus, the tuber spread length is an important agronomical parameter to be considered while selecting the variety for mechanization of cassava harvesting. This study also confirmed that the ridge planting system is highly suitable for operating mechanized harvester as compared to mound planting system.

The Effect of Different Planting Methods on Growth and Yield of Selected of Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Cultivars

Background: Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a source of carbohydrate among the population after maize and rice and highly contributes to food security and livelihood to majority of small scale farmers in Sri Lanka as well as in African continent. The production of these starchy plants is declining due to the problem of low yield, high labor cost, pest and diseases damage and shortage of land. However among the yield limiting factors of cassava, the planting method of stem cuttings which depend on plant cultivar and environmental conditions. Therefore, the present study was carried out to reveal information on the effect of planting methods on the growth and yield attributes of cassava. Methods: The field experiment was conducted at the Farmer’s field in the Batticaloa and laboratory experiment was led in South Eastern University of Sri Lanka which is located in Sri Lanka. The field trail was carried out over a period of four months during from May to September in 2018. The treatments used were three planting positions (Angled, vertical and horizontal) and two cultivars (“cv. Local” and “cv Kirikawadi”) were combined in factorial arrangement and laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Result: The result revealed that root yield was significantly (P d” 0.05) affected by the interaction effects of the planting position and varieties. Significant differences were observed among planting methods in all tested variables. Based on the study, storage roots yield of cassava could be enhanced by planting method of angled position.

Effect of planting methods and irrigation intervals on productivity of some bread wheat cultivars

A field experiment was carried out at Experimental Farm, in Al- kalahyn, Al- Hajer village, Qeft, Qena governorate, Egypt during 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons, to evaluate of three planting methods (Drilling, broadcasting and furrows) and three irrigation intervals (21 , 28 and 35 days) on productivity of three wheat cultivars ( Sids 12 –Misr 2 and Giza 168 ). The results showed that exposing wheat plants to drought stress by increasing irrigation intervals significantly decrease (1000-grain weight, grains spike weight, number of spikes/m2, grain yield (ardab/fed) (argab = 150 Kg, fed= feddan= 42002 m² = 0.420 hectares = 1.037 acres), straw yield (ton/fed) and protein %). Irrigation intervals showed highly significant difference in for all characters studies. The highest value resulted from application irrigation intervals at 21 day compare with the other irrigation intervals. Planting methods significantly affected by all a previous characters. The highest value for all studies characters resulted from using drilling method. There were highly significant differences among wheat cultivars for all characters under study. The wheat cultivar sids-12 gave of the highest values of all traits compared to the other wheat cultivars used in both seasons.

Effect of Planting Methods on Growth and Yield of Groundnut Cultivars

Background: The low yield in groundnut which can be partly attributed to poor land preparation methods necessitated the need for alternative strategy of land preparation that will promote higher productivity in groundnut farming. Methods: A field experiment was carried out in two separate locations between May and August in 2016 to assess the effect of planting methods on growth and yield of groundnut cultivars. Result: The results revealed that groundnut crop sown on modified ridges and furrow with narrow furrow planting recorded significantly higher plant height, number of leaves, 50% flowering, yield attributes and yield when compared to other methods of planting All the groundnut cultivars responded positively to all planting methods except those grown on flat surface without beds. However, modified ridges and furrow with narrow furrow planting proved to be the best method.

EFFECT OF PLANTING METHODS ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF SPRING RICE IN BARDIYA, NEPAL

Most of the farmers are planting rice manually in Nepal due to lack of adequate knowledge and farm equipments. A field experiment was conducted using Hardinath-1 variety of rice during the spring season 2019 to evaluate the effect of planting methods on yield and yield attributes of rice in Bardiya district of Nepal. Four planting methods: manual transplanting, mechanical transplanting, drum seeder seeding and seed drill seeding were replicated five times in randomized complete block design with each plot size of 6m2. The highest plant height was recorded on drum seeder seeding (68.46 cm) followed by mechanical transplanting (66.08 cm) and seed drill method (65.10 cm) but the lowest height was recorded on manual transplanting (60.84 cm). The highest number of effective tiller/m2, panicle length and number of filled grain per panicle was obtained with mechanical transplanting (429.8, 24.82cm, 188.2) followed by drum seeder seeding (351.2, 24.02 cm, 171.6). The sterility percent was found higher at seed drill (22.78%) and drum seeder seeding (20.58%) as compared to mechanical (19.95%) and manual transplanting (18.91%). Thousand grains weight was higher at manual transplanting (22.12g) followed by mechanical transplanting (21.80g). The highest yield was obtained with mechanical transplanting (5.64 mt/ha) followed by drum seeder seeding (4.13mt/ha), whereas the lowest yield was obtained with seed drill (3.25mt.ha) followed by manual transplanting (3.73mt/ha). Therefore, mechanical transplanting could be the appropriate method of rice planting to increase productivity of rice in Nepal.