Effects Of Physical Appearance Research Articles

Examining the Associations of Physical Appearance Perfectionism with Disordered Eating Behaviors in Young Chinese Gay Men

Previous research has shown that those with a high level of perfectionism are more prone to the negative effects of body image exposure on self-evaluation. However, the negative effects of physical appearance, an area where individuals may present perfectionism, have not been studied well. This study aims to understand the relationships between the constructs of perfectionism, appearance comparisons, and body dissatisfaction with disordered eating behavior. The current study examined the association between the two sub-dimensions of physical appearance perfectionism scale (i.e., worry about imperfection and hope for perfection) and disordered eating behavior in young Chinese gay men. A total of 234 respondents were selected by convenience sampling and snowball sampling. Four questionnaires were administered (i.e., Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale, Eating Attitude Test, Physical Appearance Comparison Scale, Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Evaluation Subscale). The results indicated that 34% of gay men in the sample met criteria for elevated risk of eating disorders, multiple regression analysis found that worry about imperfections had a direct effect on disordered eating behavior in young Chinese gay men, whereas hope for perfection did not show a significant direct effect on disordered eating behavior. The two sub-dimensions of physical appearance perfectionism have an indirect effect on disordered eating behavior, mediated by physical appearance comparison. However, the results showed that worry about imperfection and hope for perfection did not have an indirect effect on disordered eating behavior with body dissatisfaction as mediators.

Effects of physical appearance of ad endorsers featured in gay-targeted ads, explained by endorser match-up and identification

Few studies have investigated the effects of using attractive endorsers in advertising in the context of ads targeting LGBTQ audiences. To address this research gap, this study investigates the underlying mechanisms that help explain the relationship between endorser attractiveness and advertising outcomes (interest in the ad and message attitudes): endorser match-up and endorser identification. The empirical study consists of a single-factor (three groups divided by their level of attractiveness), between-subjects experimental design, two LGBTQ-relevant advertisements, and 369 gay male participants. Our findings show similar effects between average and highly stereotypically attractive models (i.e., ASAMs and HSAMs), and strong evidence that average or high physical attractiveness would act as an effective match-up factor of gay-themed ads, and this in turn would increase attitudinal advertising outcomes. Similarly, individuals who identify with average- or good-looking endorsers report higher levels of interest in products associated with the respective endorsers. Despite the similar scores between ASAMs and HSAMs, they convey different associations, information that can be used in different advertising settings. Our main goal is to gain a better understanding of the gay male segment and help advertisers and scholars in delivering persuasive public service announcements.

Enhancing Physical Appearance On Self Esteem: The Intensity Of Learning As A Moderation

This study investigated the effect of physical appearance on self-esteem with the intensity of learning via media as a moderating variable. The data were processed by regression analysis to examine the effect of physical appearance on self-esteem without involving moderation. The data were also tested with sub-group analysis to test whether the intensity of learning via media as a moderating variable was able to strengthen the effect of physical appearance on self-esteem. The test results without moderation denote that physical appearance has a positive effect on self-esteem. The results of the sub-group analysis indicate that the effect of physical appearance on self-esteem will be stronger for respondents who have the intensity of learning to exercise their faces and bodies regularly. Physical appearance positively and significantly affects self-esteem in respondents who have routine learning intensity. However, physical appearance does not affect self-esteem in respondents who have low learning intensity and are not routine. There are 144 respondents who joined in this research.

KAJIAN TAMPILAN FISIK, CITRA MEREK DAN PEMASAR DARI MULUT KE MULUT TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN PADA SALON NOONA BEAUTY KOREA KOTA BARABAI KABUPATEN HULU SUNGAI TENGAH

The purpose of this study was to analyze the physical appearance, brand image and marketer's word of mouth either partially or simultaneously influence the purchasing decision at Noona Beauty Korea salon in Barabai, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency.The population in this study were all customers or consumers of the Noona Beuty Korea salon in Barabai, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency. The number of samples is 100 respondents. The sampling technique in this study used a random sampling technique, or random sampling. The data in this research were obtained directly from interviews by distributing questionnaires. The analytical tool used is the research instrument test, classical assumption test, multiple linear regression, t test, F test and R2 testThe results showed that there was an effect of Physical Appearance on Purchase Decisions at Noona Beauty Salon Korea Barabai, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency. There is an influence of Brand Image on Purchase Decision at Salon Noona Beauty Korea Barabai, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency. There is the influence of marketers by word of mouth on purchasing decisions at Noona Beauty Salon Korea Barabai, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency. There is a joint influence between the variables of Physical Appearance, Brand Image, and Word of mouth Marketers on Purchase Decisions at Noona Beauty Salon Korea Barabai, Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency.

It grows on you: Perceptions of sales/service personnel with facial hair

Service and sales personnel researchers have long been interested in the effects of physical appearance on sales and service outcomes. In the current work, we examine a specific physical feature—facial hair. Interestingly, evolutionary psychologists have found that facial hair does not consistently increase perceived attractiveness (Dixson & Vasey, 2012; Dixson, Vasey, & Brooks, 2013), but it does serve as an indicator of masculine traits. The present research examines how males with beards are perceived in a sales/service specific context. We present five studies, in which the power of the beard (versus other facial hair styles or no hair) is evident. Sales personnel with a beard are perceived as having more expertise across various industries; furthermore, increased perceptions of expertise predict higher ratings of trustworthiness and, subsequently, increase consumers’ purchase likelihood.

Lonely, Poor, and Ugly? How Cultural Practices and Forms of Capital Relate to Physical Unattractiveness

Physical attractiveness is increasingly framed as a meritocratic good that involves individual benefits, such as higher wages or success in the partner market. Investing in one’s physical appearance is thereby seen as a means to increase one’s human capital. While the positive effects are well documented, its counterpart, the dark side of physical appearance, has received much less attention from social science research. This article sheds light on the negative effects of physical appearance using a theoretical framework based on the cultural sociology of Bourdieu, integrating both structure and agency perspectives. Using data from the German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) from 2014, we demonstrate that unattractiveness is socially stratified by economic, cultural, and social capital. The article highlights the relevance of cultural factors (e.g. forms of cultural capital and cultural practices) for the analysis of the interplay between physical appearance and stratification as well as the relevance of physical appearance for cultural sociology.

The heterogeneity of beauty premium in China: Evidence from CFPS

Using a nationwide representative sample of the Chinese population, we examine the effect of physical appearance on the hourly wage. Our theoretical framework that connects physical appearance and the hourly wage has two predictions. First, the beauty premium is larger for high-skilled workers than for low-skilled workers. Second, this statistical-based discrimination arises from the hiring manager’s belief that beauty contributes to productivity through non-cognitive skills. Empirical results confirm both predictions. Good-looking individuals earn roughly 5.4% more than the rest, and bad-looking individuals earn roughly 3.3% less than the rest. Moreover, quantile estimates show that the effect of physical appearance at the 0.75 quantile is more than twice as the one at the 0.25 quantile. Finally, social skills, communication skills, and self-confidence are three transmission channels through which physical appearance can positively affect one’s hourly wage in our sample. Our findings imply that the beauty premium is widespread in the labor market and relevant anti-discrimination regulations are needed.

Implicit preference towards slim bodies and weight-stigma modulate the understanding of observed familiar actions

Mounting research evidence suggests that motor resonance (MR, i.e., the mapping of others’ actions onto one’s own motor repertoire) can be influenced by diverse factors related to individual differences. However, no evidence has been reported so far on the effects of physical appearance and negative attitudes toward obesity to the mechanism of MR. Thirty-six participants (18 normal-weight and 18 overweight) performed a weight discrimination task, in which they were observing amateur actors reaching and grasping a light or heavy cube with or without deception (true vs. fake actions). At the end of each video clip, participants were instructed to indicate the correct cube size (light or heavy). Importantly, body similarity between observers and actors was manipulated by presenting videos of normal-weight or overweight actors. Fat phobic attitudes and automatic preference for normal-weight than obese people were also examined. Signal detection analysis (d′) on the acquired accuracy data has shown that both normal- and overweight participants were able to better discriminate truthful actions when performed by the normal-weight as compared to overweight actors. Furthermore, this finding was negatively correlated with increased scores of fat phobic attitudes in both groups. Hence, for the first time, we provide experimental evidence of action simulation being modulated by an implicit visual sensitivity towards slim bodies.

Beauty Contest Revisited: The Effects of Perceived Attractiveness, Competence, and Likability on the Electoral Success of German MPs

We test the effects of physical appearance on electoral outcomes for the 2013 German national elections. We find that a candidate's perceived attractiveness and, to a lesser extent, competence vis‐á‐vis his or her closest contestant increases the chances of winning a direct mandate, while likability plays a minor role. Additionally, we find the appearance effects to be conditioned by gender, age, and incumbency status. Our study advances existing research in four ways. First, we capture relative differences in appearances, which resembles real‐world situations more closely than absolute measures. Second, we proceed beyond a one‐dimensional assessment of appearance by simultaneously analyzing attractiveness, competence, and likability, including interactions. Third, the central role of parties in the German mixed electoral system makes an especially tough test for appearance‐based effects. Fourth, we use rater response latency to weight our measurement with an assessment of ambivalence.Related Articles Arbour, Brian, and Ernest B. McGowen, III. 2017. “.” Politics & Policy 45 (): 224‐252. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12197/full McKenzie, Mark Jonathan, Cynthia R. Rugeley, and Michael A. Unger. 2015.“” Politics & Policy 43 (): 562‐585. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12123/full Galdieri, Christopher J., Kevin Parsneau, and J. Scott Granberg‐Rademacker. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 680‐703. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00367.x/abstract Related Media Video Clip: Fox Business. 2012. “Appearance Matters in Presidential Elections.” http://video.foxbusiness.com/v/1383561524001/?#sp = show-clips Study.com. 2012. “Factors that Influence Voters During Presidential Elections.” http://study.com/academy/lesson/factors-that-influence-voters-during-presidential-elections.html Websites: Mlodinow, Leonard. 2012. “.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jun/17/candidate-winning-look-voters-romney-obama Shah, Yagana. 2016. “.” The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/heres-how-looks-could-affect-the-2016-elections_us_56ddb12fe4b03a4056793bb6

Politics & Policy: Note from the Editor

<i>Politics &amp; Policy</i>: Note from the Editor

Cathodal tDCS evidence on how perceived body weight similarity and weight stigma can modulate the understanding of observed familiar actions

Previous experimental evidence has shown that motor resonance (i.e. the mapping of others’ actions onto one’s own motor repertoire) can be influenced by individual differences in personality traits. However, no evidence has been reported so far of the effects of physical appearance and negative attitudes toward obesity to the mechanism of MR. In the present study, normal-weight and overweight participants performed an implicit task, in which they were observing amateur actors reaching and grasping a light or heavy cube with or without deception (true vs. fake actions). Physical similarity between observers and actors was manipulated by presenting videos of slim or overweight actors. Before the task, all participants received cathodal or sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left motor cortex, previously shown to decrease excitability of the aforementioned cortical area. At the end of each video-clip participants were instructed to indicate the correct cube size (light or heavy). Fat phobic attitudes and automatic preference for thin than fat people were also examined. Signal detection analysis (d’) on the currently acquired accuracy data (N=15) has indicated a significant 3-way interaction between type of stimulation (cathodal, sham), type of action (true, fake) and model weight. Overall, both normal and overweight participants were able to better simulate the actions performed by the slim as compared to overweight actors. However, this effect was diminished after cathodal stimulation of the left hemisphere motor area. Hence, we provide experimental evidence of action simulation and understanding being modulated by an implicit preference towards slim bodies.

Beauty in Mind: The Effects of Physical Attractiveness on Psychological Well-Being and Distress

Attractive people enjoy many social and economic advantages. Most studies find effects of attractiveness on happiness or life satisfaction, but based on traditional cross-sectional approaches. We use a large longitudinal survey consisting of a sample of male and female high school graduates from Wisconsin followed from their late teens to their mid-1960s. The panel construction of the data and the fact that interviews of the siblings of the respondents are available allow us to analyze the effects of physical appearance on psychological well-being (human flourishing) and ill-being (distress and depression) conditioning on unobserved individual heterogeneity via random effects. We find a significant positive relationship between measures of physical attractiveness (greater facial attractiveness at high school, and lower BMI and greater height in middle age) and a measure of psychological well-being, and a significant negative relationship between measures of physical attractiveness and distress/depression. These effects are slightly smaller when we adjust for demographics and mental ability but, with the exception of

Myth or fact? The beauty premium across the wage distribution in Germany

We allow for differential effects of physical appearance across the wage distribution using a technique traditionally used in the finance literature. We find an average beauty premium of 2%–4% for women, which is concentrated at the bottom of the wage distribution. The average beauty premium for men is larger at 5%–7% and is present throughout the wage distribution. Both of these vary by education level. We find that differences in characteristics (such as age, family composition, labor market attributes, etc.) between beautiful and plain people contribute to the beauty premium identified using traditional regression models. Isolating this characteristic effect from the unexplained effect using decomposition techniques leads to smaller beauty premia.

A new perspective on sexual mixing among men who have sex with men by body image.

Background“Casual sex” is seldom as non-selective and random as it may sound. During each sexual encounter, people consciously and unconsciously seek their casual sex partners according to different attributes. Influential to a sexual network, research focusing on quantifying the effects of physical appearance on sexual network has been sparse.MethodsWe evaluated the application of Log odds score (LOD) to assess the mixing patterns of 326 men who have sex with men (MSM) in Hong Kong in their networking of casual sex partners by Body Image Type (BIT). This involved an analysis of 1,196 respondents-casual sex partner pairs. Seven BITs were used in the study: Bear, Chubby, Slender, Lean toned, Muscular, Average and Other.ResultsA hierarchical pattern was observed in the preference of MSM for casual sex partners by the latter's BIT. Overall, Muscular men were most preferred, followed by Lean toned while the least preferred was Slender, as illustrated by LOD going down along the hierarchy in the same direction. Marked avoidance was found between men who self-identified as Chubby and men of Other body type (within-group-LOD: 1.25–2.89; between-group-LOD: <−1). None of the respondents reported to have networked a man who self-identified as Average for casual sex.ConclusionsWe have demonstrated the possibility of adopting a mathematical prototype to investigate the influence of BIT in a sexual network of MSM. Construction of matrix based on culture-specific BIT and cross-cultural comparisons would generate new knowledge on the mixing behaviors of MSM.

Spanish version of Adonis Complex Questionnaire. A questionnaire to test the muscle dimorphism and vigorexy

To validate the Spanish version of Adonis Complex Questionnaire in bodybuilders. Participants included 99 bodybuilders who train regularly (age: 25.45±5.19 y; BMI=24.53±1.89). In order to test the discriminant and concurrent validity the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised (EDS-R) and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) were used. The scale's psychometric properties were obtained through a concurrent validity process, factorial analysis of principal components, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. The internal consistency of this questionnaire was high (Cronbach's Alpha= 0.880) in total scale. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to test the temporal consistency of the questionnaire was 0.707 (95% IC=0.336- 0.871). The questionnaire obtained concurrent validity with the EDS-R (r=0.613, p<0.001), and EAT-26 (r=0.422, p<0.001). The results have shown a three-factor structure Factor 1: psychosocial effect of physical appearance, Factor 2: control of physical appearance, Factor 3: concern about physical appearance which explain 65.29% of variance. The Adonis Complex Questionnaire shows a proper psychometric properties and it is a valid and reliable measure of vigorexy and muscle dimorphism in bodybuilders.

Juger la recrutabilité des candidats : quels effets de l’apparence et des aptitudes en fonction des types de postes ?

Scientific research has shown the influence of norms and of gender and beauty stereotypes on evaluations and hiring decisions. Recent studies (Desrumaux, 2005; Jawahar & Mattson, 2005) have shown an evolution of the lack of Fit model (Heilman, 1983). The objective of this research is to test the effects of physical appearance, GMA and normative pieces of information (internality/externality) related to the candidate on the candidates’ recrutabilty. This study has also taken into account hierarchy level and sexual connotation of the job. We have tested its effects on medical jobs, of higher level (surgeon, doctor nutritionist) or subordinate (ambulance man and dental assistant). The results indicate that an attractive candidate is judged more recrutable for a subordinate job than a superior one. Moreover, for a subordinate job, the effect of the attractiveness was more important for male target than for feminine target. Results show also that men are judged less hirable than the women for female type jobs. Moreover, the effect of the aptitude is more discriminating for the external ones than for the internals. Results were discussed on the line of the lack of fit correspondence model.

The effect of physical appearance and accent on the elicitation of vowel hyperarticulation by British English native speakers in speech to foreigners

Speech aimed at infants and foreigners has been reported to include the physical exaggeration of vowels, that is vowel hyperarticulation. Although infants have been demonstrated to experience hyperarticulated vowels in speech directed at them, little research has been done on whether vowel hyperarticulation occurs as a result of foreign appearance, foreign accent or as a consequence of both looking and sounding foreign. The present study explored if appearance and speech separately affect the native speakers’ hyperarticulation. Fifty-two White British adult speakers communicated with one of four different confederate groups (2 types of appearance x 2 types of accent) to solve three modified versions of the DiapixUK tasks. Results indicate that not appearance but speech had an effect on native speakers’ production of vowels. Specifically, vowel space was significantly larger in speech directed to foreign-accented individuals than to individuals with native accent irrespective of their physical appearance. The acquired samples of hyperarticulatory speech will be used in perceptual identification and clarity tasks to ascertain which speech samples help native speakers to understand speech better.

Myth or Fact? The Beauty Premium Across the Wage Distribution

We apply an innovative technique to allow for differential effects of physical appearance and self-confidence across the wage distribution, as traditional methods can confound opposing effects at either end of the wage distribution. Comparing the effects of beauty and confidence measures in two countries (Germany and Luxembourg), we find that wages are more driven by looks than self-esteem. Counterfactual wage distributions, constructed using distribution regression, show a beauty premium for women at the bottom of the wage distribution. However, most of this is explained by the fact that attractive women have better labor market attributes than their unattractive counterparts. We find a large wage premium for attractive men throughout the wage distribution which is largely unexplained by labor market attributes. There is a small wage penalty for self-confident individuals, particularly men, although their labor market characteristics are generally better than their less confident counterparts. We show that the difference in characteristics between beautiful and plain people contributes to the beauty premium identified using traditional models, particularly for women. Isolating the characteristic effect from the unexplained effect of beauty on wages leads to smaller beauty premium for women.

Meta-Cognition about Biological Sex and Gender-Stereotypic Physical Appearance: Consequences for the Assessment of Leadership Competence

Previous findings are inconsistent with regard to whether men are judged as being more or less competent leaders than women. However, masculine-relative to feminine-looking persons seem to be judged consistently as more competent leaders. Can this different impact of biological sex and physical appearance be due to the disparate availability of meta-cognitive knowledge about both sources? The results of Study 1 indicated that individuals possess meta-cognitive knowledge about a possible biasing influence of persons' biological sex, but not for their physical appearance. In Study 2, participants judged the leadership competence of a male versus female stimulus person with either masculine or feminine physical appearance. In addition, the available cognitive capacity was manipulated. When high capacity was available, participants corrected for the influence of stimulus persons' sex, but they fell prey to this influence under cognitive load. However, the effect of physical appearance was not moderated by cognitive capacity.

Effects of physical appearance on masculine trait ratings of boys and girls with gender identity disorder.

University students, masked to group status, rated the physical appearance of boys and girls with gender identity disorder (GID) and same-sex controls using traits with stereotypical masculine connotations (for boys: all-boy, handsome, masculine, and rugged; for girls: handsome, masculine, rugged, and tomboyish). Three traits (all-boy, masculine, and rugged) were judged to be significantly less characteristic of the boys with GID as compared to the same-sex controls; for the fourth trait (handsome), the inverse result was obtained. All four traits (handsome, masculine, rugged, and tomboyish) were judged to be significantly more characteristic of the girls with GID as compared to the same-sex normal and/or clinical controls. These results were the inverse of the results obtained in two previous experiments, in which traits with stereotypical feminine connotations were used (Fridell et al., 1996; Zucker et al., 1993). Taken together, the results suggest that boys and girls with GID have a sex-typed physical appearance that distinguishes them from same-sex controls. Possible determinants of these differences are discussed.