Effects Of Penconazole Research Articles

Bioaccumulation and toxic effects of penconazole in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) following soil exposure.

As an agricultural fungicide, penconazole (PEN) is widely used and has adverse effects on various organisms. In order to evaluate the ecological safety risks of PEN, the bioaccumulation and toxic effects of PEN in earthworms were studied. Specifically, the results show that the biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) of PEN in earthworms reaches its maximum within 1day, and then decreases slowly. It reached its lowest value after 14days of PEN exposure and then rose again. In addition, oxidative stress and metabolic disorder of the earthworm with PEN exposure were assessed. After PEN exposure, the related indicators of oxidative stress involved in the activities of SOD and CAT and the contents of GSH and MDA all changed significantly in earthworms. Moreover, metabolomics analysis of earthworms showed disturbed metabolic profiles following PEN exposure. Respectively, PEN exposure significantly altered the relative abundances of 14 metabolites in earthworms. In general, exposure to PEN caused oxidative stress and metabolic profile disorders of earthworms. The results of this study will be helpful for further evaluation of soil ecological security of PEN.

Differential proteomics: Effect of growth regulators on salt stress responses in safflower seedlings

Productivity of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is markedly reduced by salt stress. This study is based on analysis of proteins profile of safflower plants treated with 200 mM NaCl, with exogenously applied salicylic acid (SA) and penconazole (PEN), as growth regulators. Plants were investigated through a gel-based proteomic approach, which resulted in the identification of 17 salt-responsive proteins related to different metabolic modifications. Of these, seven different proteins were up or down regulated by both SA and PEN, suggesting the synergistic and antagonistic effects of SA and PEN. The classification of differentially expressed proteins showed that salt-responsive proteins were mainly involved in photosynthesis, ion homeostasis, and oxidative stress response, as well as nitrogen, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism. The identified stress-responsive proteins in this study could pave the way to develop salt tolerance in safflower, thus sustaining its productivity under salinity. In addition, SA and PEN may be considered as a foliar application to ameliorate salinity effects, due to their low price and availability.

Different Effects of Penconazole on Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Antioxidants of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Under Salinity

Different Effects of Penconazole on Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Antioxidants of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Under Salinity

Different effects of calcium and penconazole on primary and secondary metabolites of Brassica napus under drought

The effects of penconazole (PEN) and calcium (Ca2+) on physiological and biochemical parameters were investigated in two canola cultivars (RGS003 and Sarigol) under water stress. Drought increased protein content in RGS003, but PEN, Ca2+ and PEN-Ca2+ treatment induced protein content in Sarigol. PEN, Ca2+ and PEN-Ca2+ treatment enhanced soluble sugar content in RGS003. In contrast to Sarigol, drought and PEN treatment induced total phenol content in RGS003. Flavonoid content increased by drought, but Ca2+ and PEN-Ca2+ treatment decreased it in both cultivars. Ca2+ and PEN-Ca2+ treatment enhanced tocopherol content in both cultivars under drought stress. Drought stress increased Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in Sarigol. PEN-Ca2+ treatment increased relative expression of PAL and its activity in RGS003. Fatty acid composition was modified by drought, PEN and Ca2+. Saturated fatty acid (stearic acid) content declined but unsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) content enhanced in both cultivars under drought. The application of PEN and Ca2+ decreased unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acid) in RGS003 under drought. According to our results, PEN and Ca2+ changed physiological and biochemical parameters and therefore these compounds are suggested for reductionof the negative effects of drought stress in canola.

Penconazole and calcium improves drought stress tolerance and oil quality in canola

ABSTRACTIn this study, the effects of penconazole (PEN) and calcium (Ca) on growth amelioration and quality of seed oil in canola (Brassica napus L.) under drought stress were investigated. Drought stress reduced the growth parameters (fresh weight and dry weight) in canola; however the application of PEN and Ca improved these parameters under drought condition. Inducing effect of Ca on protein content was more prominent than PEN. Proline content increased under drought stress and PEN and Ca treatment caused more induction it under drought. PEN and Ca alleviated the negative effects of drought stress in canola by inducing antioxidant defense. The application of PEN and Ca caused a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide and mitigation of the drought induced oxidative stress. Drought stress induced protein content, total phenol, flavonol content, soluble sugar, palmitic acid and palmitoloic acid, and reduced flavonoid content, oleic acid, linolenic acid, and linolonoic acid in canola seed. PEN and Ca increased palmitic acid, linoleic acid (Omega-6), linolenic acid (Omega-3), oleic acid, protein, and soluble sugar. Our results indicated that application of PEN and Ca enables canola plants to withstand the deleterious impact of drought stress and caused improvement of antioxidant capacity, essential fatty acids (linolenic acid and linolonoic acid) and oil quality in canola seed.

Positive effects of Penconazole on growth of Brassica napus under drought stress

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to compare the effects of drought on some physiological and biochemical parameters and to assess the inducing effects of Penconazole (PEN) on drought tolerance in two cultivars (RGS003 as a drought tolerant and Sarigol as a drought sensitive) of canola. Plants were treated with various PEG concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 15%) without or with PEN (15 mg l−1). Decrease in fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) in Sarigol under drought was higher than that of RGS003. Surprisingly, PEN reversed prominently the negative effects of drought on FW and DW in RGS003. Concomitantly, PEN treatment decreased malondialdehyde content in RGS003 under drought. Moreover, higher content of proline in RGS003 under all drought levels could be considered as a factor for drought tolerance of this cultivar. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities were induced by PEN in both cultivars under drought. Inducing effects of PEN on phenylalanine ammonia lyase and thyrosine ammonia lyase activities decreased by increasing of drought levels in both cultivars. In summary, PEN alleviated the negative effects of drought in RGS003 cultivar by inducing activities of SOD, CAT and PPO and proline content comparing to Sarigol.

Exogenous application of penconazole regulates plant growth and antioxidative responses in salt-stressed Mentha pulegium L.

The mechanism of growth amelioration in salt-stressed pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) was investigated by exogenous application of penconazole (PEN). Seven weeks after sowing, seedlings were treated with increasing NaCl concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 75 mM) with or without PEN (15 mg l−1) and were harvested randomly at different times. Results showed that some growth parameters and the relative water content (RWC) decreased under salt stress, while lipid peroxidation, H2O2 content, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), peroxidase (POX; EC 1.11.1.7), polyphenol oxidase (PPO; EC 1.10.3.1), catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.1) remarkably increased. Exogenous application of PEN increased some growth parameters, RWC, antioxidant enzyme activities, and H2O2 content, but the effects of PEN were more significant under salt stress conditions. PEN treatment also decreased lipid peroxidation. These results suggest that PEN-induced tolerance to salt stress in M. pulegium plants may be related to regulation of antioxidative responses and H2O2 level.

Penconazole induced changes in photosynthesis, ion acquisition and protein profile of Mentha pulegium L. under drought stress

Effect of penconazole (PEN) treatment on drought-stressed Mentha pulegium L. plants was investigated. Six weeks after sowing, seedlings were grown under soil moisture corresponding to 100, 75, 50 and 25% field capacity (FC) with or without PEN (15mgl(-1)) for 4weeks. Results showed that the seedlings at 75% FC showed maximum growth and water supply lower than 75% FC was the threshold of drought-initiated negative effects on seedling growth. Drought stress significantly induced proline and carbohydrate contents and the decreased chlorophyll, photosynthesis parameters, soluble proteins and ion accumulations. Exogenous PEN increased the growth parameters, pigments, photosynthesis and ion accumulations in drought stressed and unstressed plants, but the effects of PEN were more significant under water deficit conditions. PEN also reduced the negative effects of drought by osmotic balance and protein accumulations. Electrophoretic patterns indicated that PEN treatment increased the intensity of some protein bands with the molecular weights of 30kDa in shoot and 31kDa in roots, and several new protein bands with the molecular masses between 116 and 14kDa appeared in leaves, shoots and roots. These results suggest that the PEN application can be a useful tool in alleviation of effects of drought stress in M. pulegium plants.

Effects of penconazole and water deficit stress on physiological and antioxidative responses in pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.)

The effects of penconazole (PEN) on physiological parameters and several antioxidative enzyme activities were investigated in pennyroyal (Menthapulegium L.) under water deficit stress. Six weeks after sowing, plants were grown under soil moisture corresponding to 100, 75, 50, and 25% field capacity (FC) with or without PEN (15 mg l−1) for next 4 weeks. The exogenous application of PEN to drought-stressed plants increased some growth parameters, the relative water content (RWC), lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, H2O2 content, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and the total phenol content. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) indicated different isoform profiles under water deficit stress in non-PEN-treated and PEN-treated plants concerning antioxidant enzymes. A higher capacity for oxygen scavenging and phenolic content could possibly explain the ability of M. pulegium plants to grow at higher water stress under PEN treatment.

Effects of penconazole on two yeast strains: Growth kinetics and molecular studies

The aim of this study consisted to evaluate the impact of a pesticide (penconazole) on the growth kinetics and genotoxicity on two yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Metschnikowia pulcherrima). When the penconazole was added at different phases of the growth of M. pulcherrima, no effect was noticed on the kinetics of yeast growth but DNA adducts were observed when penconazole was added in the exponential phase. Increasing doses (1-15 maximum residue limit) of the pesticide added at the beginning of the fermentation did not induce DNA adducts while kinetics were affected.

Effects of penconazole on plasma membranes isolated from radish seedlings

The triazole derivative penconazole at concentrations from 10 −4 to 3 × 10 −4 M inhibited the plasma membrane H +-ATPase when its activity was assayed both on native membranes and on the partially purified enzyme. The same concentrations of penconazole also inhibited the plasma membrane Ca 2+-ATPase and increased the membrane permeability to ions. A possible dependence of these three effects on the interaction between penconazole and plasma membrane phospholipids is proposed.