Effects Of Organophosphate Pesticides Research Articles

Association between blood lipid levels in early pregnancy and urinary organophosphate metabolites in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

BackgroundHigh low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (LDL-C) during pregnancy have been associated with adverse pregnancy and offspring outcomes. While previous studies have suggested a potential link between organophosphate pesticide (OPP) exposure and higher LDL-C in the general population and agricultural workers, the relationship in pregnant women and the effect of body mass index on this relationship remain unclear. We examined the association between the urinary concentrations of OPP metabolites (dialkylphosphates) and blood lipid levels in pregnant women. MethodsWe used data from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study, which included 5,169 pregnant women with urinary dialkylphosphate data. We examined the association between urinary concentrations of six dialkylphosphates (DEP, DETP, DEDTP, DMP, DMTP, DMDTP) and blood lipid levels (LDL-C, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides) during the first trimester using multiple linear regression under a Bayesian paradigm. We examined the association between high LDL-C, defined as ≥90th percentile of LDL-C, and urinary dialkylphosphate concentrations, using multiple logistic regression under a Bayesian paradigm. These analyses were repeated in underweight, normal-weight, and overweight participants. ResultsDEP, DMP, and DMTP were detected in >50 % of the participants. Multiple linear regression analyses did not show associations between LDL-C and these dialkylphosphates. Stratified analyses showed a positive association between DEP and LDL-C in overweight women (beta coefficient = 2.13, 95 % credible interval = 0.86–3.38, probability of direction (PD) = 100 %); however, the association was not significant (percentage in region of practical equivalence (% in ROPE) = 84.0). Higher DEP was significantly associated with high LDL-C (odds ratio = 1.32, 95 % credible interval = 1.13–1.55, PD = 100 %, % in ROPE = 0.2). ConclusionsAmong overweight pregnant women in the first trimester, higher urinary DEP concentrations were associated with high LDL-C. The effects of OPP on blood lipid profiles merit further investigation.

Review on Effects of Organophosphate Pesticides in Human Health and Way to Mitigates its Harmful Impacts

Due to increasing the human population day by day, for the control of the human population, needs to increase the agricultural productivity, for agricultural production is increasing we use pesticide. Pesticides not only kill the target pest species also affect non-target organisms. Pesticide pollution has become a significant problem all over the world. This is mainly due to the abuse and overuse of pesticides which remain in the soil for several years and leach into water bodies. Pesticides are chemical (synthetic or semi-synthetic) agents that control and destroy pest population. Organophosphate pesticides are major bulk that includes malathion, parathion, diazinon, fenthion, chlordecone, Imidacloprid, dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, ethion, nerve gases (soman, sarin, tabun, VX), ophthalmic agents (echothiophate, isoflurophate), and antihelmintics (trichlorfon). Herbicides (tribufos or DEF, merphos) are tricresyl phosphate etc. Though various pesticides were banned due to its harmful impacts on human health and environment, but still some has been used in paddy fields, greenhouse culture, horticulture and even hydroponics. They persistent in nature (bio-accumulation and bio-magnification by the food chain, especially through pieces) and cause acute or chronic toxicity. They contain very noxious components that harm our neuronal system by cholinergic effects. Pesticide also has an unfavorable effect on aquatic organisms such as ataxia causing late maturation in fish. Various physical and chemical methods are used for the reduction the toxicity of pesticides, physically and chemically pesticide reduction process is costly and hazardous. One good strategy is applied for the remediation of pesticides is bioremediation, i.e- use of various modified strain of agricultural microbes especially bacteria.

Effects of organophosphate pesticides on the olfactory organ of fish: a comprehensive review

Effects of organophosphate pesticides on the olfactory organ of fish: a comprehensive review

Effect of sublethal dose organophosphate pesticides on embryogenesis and hatching rate of silver rasbora eggs (Rasbora argyrotaenia)

Silver rasbora is a fish that lives in freshwater, especially in river waters. However, the presence of silver rasbora fish is currently difficult to find due to environmental pollution. One of them is organophosphate pollution. This research aims to know how the effect of organophosphate pesticides with sublethal doses on embryo development and the hatchability of silver rasbora fish eggs. The research method was an experiment with a Completely Randomized Design as an experimental design. The treatments used were different organophosphate concentrations: 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 ppm, each treatment repeated four times. The main parameters were embryo development and hatchability of silver rasbora fish eggs. Statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance and to find out the difference between one treatment and the other treatment is Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the treatment of different organophosphate concentrations had a significant effect (P <0.05) on the speed of embryo development and the hatchability of silverfish eggs. The fastest embryo development occurred in treatment two ppm and the slowest at treatment 0 ppm. The highest hatchability of silverfish eggs was found in treatment K (93%) and the lowest in treatment two ppm (19.5%), which was not significantly different from treatment 1.5 ppm (26%).

Effects of organophosphate pesticides on siderophore producing soils microorganisms

Abstract The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of four organophosphate pesticides on the siderophores producing soil microorganisms or plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Individual effects of acephate, glyphosate, monocrotophos and phorate as well as in combinations of two were tested against the five siderophore producing soils microorganisms viz, Pseudomonas fluorescens (NCIM-5096), Rhizobium leguminosarum (NCIM-2749), Bacillus brevis (NCIM-2532), Azotobacter vinelandii (NCIM-2821), and Salmonella typhimurium (NCIM-2501). The dose dependent effect was observed for the siderophore production assay. The effects of combinations were found to be more significant as compared to single pesticide(s). The overall sequence of adverse effect of the four pesticides on the siderophore production observed was: phorate > acephate > monocrotophos > glyphosate which was linear with the toxicity of pesticides. Further, it was noticed that PGPR strain Pseudomonas fluorescens (13–66%) was the least affected by the pesticides under study and Salmonella typhimurium (20–75%) was the most affected PGPR strain. The overall order of adverse effect of pesticides on the PGPR strains was as: Bacillus brevis (19–80%) > Salmonella typhimurium (20–75%) > Rhizobium leguminosarum (21–72%) > Azotobacter vinelandii (22–81%) > Pseudomonas fluorescens (13–66%). In combination, applications of Acpt + Phor have shown more adverse effects as compared to other combinations. Combination of Gly + Mono has no or least adverse effects on the PGPR strains. Present study may contribute to understand the role of siderophores and siderophores producing microorganisms in the metal ion uptake and risk associated with the applications of pesticides.

Effect of organophosphate pesticide (chlorpyrifos, fipronil, and malathion) on certain organs of Rattus rattus

Effect of organophosphate pesticide (chlorpyrifos, fipronil, and malathion) on certain organs of Rattus rattus

Effect of organophosphate pesticide (chlorpyrifos, fipronil, and malathion) on certain organs of Rattus rattus

The study was conducted to evaluate efficacy of pesticide that effect on histopathology of Rattus rattus under laboratory conditions of 30±20 ˚C and 60±50% room humidity in the Biocontrol laboratory at the Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Baits were prepared by pesticides chlorpyrifos, fipronil and malathion as well as adding flour, sugar, cheese, and oil. Baits were given to rats as 4000mg/kg of body weight. Animals were kept into four groups, one as control while others as treated with Pesticides chlorpyrifos, fipronil, and malathion. Observations concerning the morphological changes were recorded in the laboratory on regular basis. Visible physiological changes observed. Highly significant (at p ≤0.01) variations found in the results of physical parameters like feed consumption and water intake. Histopathological records showed momentous changes in tissues of the kidney and liver. Necrosis of tissues was noteworthy in all organs. ANOVA was applied on the histopathological level that showed significant variations due to the application of the pesticide.

Topical gel might protect humans from pesticides

A group of researchers in India has developed a topical skin gel they hope farmers and landscape workers can use to minimize the neurotoxic effects of organophosphate pesticides (Sci. Adv. 2018, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau1780). The gel, called polyoxime, contains a nucleophilic pyridine-2-aldoxime on a chitosan base and works by cleaving the phosphate or thiophosphate group off of pesticides like methyl parathion (MPT) before they absorb into the skin and irreversibly inhibit an enzyme called acetylcholine esterase. The goal, says lead researcher Praveen K. Vemula of the Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, was to create a heat- and cold-stable compound that worked catalytically and would be inexpensive to produce. Initial tests in rats showed that after treatment with the gel, exposing the animals to MPT did not lead to the same decline in active acetylcholine esterase that they saw in either the sham group (gel with no active ingredient)

Effect of Organophosphate Pesticides on The Oxygen Consumption of A Freshwater Leech, Hirudo Birmanica (Blanchard)

Effect of Organophosphate Pesticides on The Oxygen Consumption of A Freshwater Leech, Hirudo Birmanica (Blanchard)

Effect of Organophosphate Pesticide, Chlorpyriphos on Biochemical Constituents In Snakehead Fish, Channa Gachua (F. Hamilton)

Effect of Organophosphate Pesticide, Chlorpyriphos on Biochemical Constituents In Snakehead Fish, Channa Gachua (F. Hamilton)

Chlorpyrifos modifies the expression of genes involved in human placental function

The effects of organophosphate pesticides on human placenta remain poorly investigated although an increased risk of pregnancy alterations has been reported in women chronically exposed to these pesticides. Here, we have addressed whether chlorpyrifos (CPF) modifies the expression of genes relevant for placental function. Human placental JEG-3 cells were exposed to increasing CPF concentrations up to 100μM for 24 and 48h and cell viability, mRNA, protein and hormone levels were analyzed. Quantitative RT-PCR assays revealed that CPF increased the expression of ABCG2, GCM1 and, even more significantly, βhCG mRNAs in conditions where cell viability and morphology were not compromised. In addition, βhCG protein synthesis and secretion were time-dependently augmented. Present results may reflect a CPF nocive effect on placenta cells or a placental-defense mechanism to preserve its function. These novel CPF trophoblast target genes should be considered in future studies of pregnancy outcomes associated with in vivo exposures.

Three‐dimensional study on the effect of organophosphate pesticide ‘monocrotophos’ on lens of fish and its recovery

The present studies are based on the feedback provided by fish farmers practicing composite fish culture of carps. According to them, fish habitats are affected by pesticides draining from agricultural fields into their catchments, especially during the rainy season. The lenses of most of the cultured fish became opaque, resulting in poor overall growth. In the literature, there was mounting evidence of pesticide toxicity involving multiple tissues. However, the fish visual system has never been investigated particularly from the toxicological perspective. In this regard, we carried out comparative toxicological studies on the lens of Cyprinus carpio communis using three different sublethal concentrations (0.038, 0.062 and 0.126 p.p.m.) of monocrotophos along with untreated controls for 30 days. Lenses from all the groups were extracted and preserved in gluteraldehyde and osmium tetraoxide and dehydrated in increasing grades of acetone. After dehydration, tissues were conducted with gold to observe under SEM. The fish exposed to monocrotophos developed cataract. Furthermore, when fish from the monocrotophos-treated tanks were transferred to normal environmental conditions for the next 60 days, progressive lens degeneration was noted. To conclude, monocrotophos induces irreversible cataractous changes in the lens of C. carpio communis. The fish visual system has many similarities to mammals and may serve as a good model for comparative toxicologic and ophthalmologic studies.

In vitro effect of organophosphate pesticides, Malathion and chlorpyriphos, on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes

In vitro effect of organophosphate pesticides, Malathion and chlorpyriphos, on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes

Organophosphorus pesticide exposure decreases sperm quality: association between sperm parameters and urinary pesticide levels

Several studies have suggested that human semen quality has declined over the past decades and some of them have associated it with occupational exposure to pesticides. However, most of these studies have not been associated with a reliable exposure level and have been designed mostly as cross-sectional studies. The present work evaluates, in a longitudinal follow-up study, the effect of organophosphate pesticides (OP) at three occupational exposure levels on semen quality. In addition, the study examined the association between OP urinary levels and sperm parameters in exposed and unexposed workers. A total of 139 semen samples from 52 volunteers were assessed. Urinary OP levels were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. The results revealed that the poorest semen quality was found among the subjects with the highest OP exposure and the highest urinary OP levels. Seasonal variations in sperm concentration and sperm count were registered. The results showed a significant decrease in total sperm count among subjects with the highest exposure to OP. Further studies assessing the effects of OP on male reproductive health should be controlled by the variability in human sperm parameters, sperm seasonality, spermatogenesis time and the changing OP exposure level in men highly exposed to OP.

The Effect of Organophosphate Pesticides on the Blood Glucose Levels in the Mouse

The aim of the present study was to study the effect of two selected agents of this group on blood glucose levels in an animal model. Forty-two adult male mice were divided into 7 groups of 6 each. Animals were exposed by their entire tail for 10 sec once a day for 7 successive days to either 0, 0.1, 1, or 10% azynphos methyl (AZP) malathion (MLT). On days 1,4 and 8, a small drop of blood was taken from tail of the animals that had been kept fasted overnight. Blood glucose levels were measure using a glucometer. The animals then were fed and after 1 h the blood glucose measurement was performed again. Results of this study indicated that the administration of organophosphate agents significantly prevented from the rise of blood glucose after feeding in comparison to the control animals. This reached the level of statistical significance on day 1 with MLT 1% (p < 0.001). It is concluded that exposure with organophosphate pesticides may suppress excessive blood glucose levels with no effect on the basal blood glucose in the fasting animals.

Effect of diazinon on life stages and resting egg hatchability of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

The effects of organophosphate pesticide, diazinon, on life history parameters and hatchability of resting eggs of rotifer Brachionus plicalitis were assessed. Newly hatched (<1 h-old) neonates were individually cultured in six varying concentrations (0/control, 0.1, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/l) of diazinon. The life history parameters such as time (h) the rotifers bear first egg and release first neonate, reproductive period, net reproductive rate, mixis, intrinsic rate of population increase, and life span were evaluated. Results showed that among the life history parameters, the time the rotifers took to release neonates is the most sensitive, giving the lowest EC50 value of 1.24 mg/l. The fecundity of maternal females, amictic and mictic daughters was also investigated. Rotifers exposed to 10.0 mg/l produced significantly fewer amictic daughters, and at this concentration, rotifers did not produce any mictic daughter. At 5.0 mg/l, the number of male offspring was significantly lower than the control. Furthermore, the hatchability of resting eggs produced by the rotifers was evaluated when exposed to diazinon: from birth until they produced resting eggs (early development); during late developmental stage of resting eggs (before diapause); and during diapausing stage. The hatchability of the resting eggs was not affected when exposure was timed at late developmental and diapausing stages. Overall results showed that even though amictic females reproduced normally in the presence of low-concentration of diazinon, sexual reproduction is severely affected, especially the hatchability of resting eggs when the exposure was timed on its early developmental stages.

Acute and chronic effects of organophosphate pesticides (Basudin) to amphibian tadpoles (Ptychadena bibroni)

Toxicity of basudin (an organophosphate pesticide) on the larval stages of the dominant amphibian; Ptychadena bibroni of the Niger Delta ecological zone of Nigeria was assessed using acute and chronic toxicity in the laboratory. Mortality and body glycogen levels were used as ecological endpoints. The American society of testing and material (ASTM) recommended semi-static renewal bioassay was employed and LC50 was measured at 96 h. The amphibian larval stages were exposed to basudin concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10.0 and 25 ug/l. Derived 96 h LC50 values decreased with increased exposure duration. Estimated 96 h LC50 was 0.860 ug/l. Substantial mortality and incidence of abnormal avoidance response occurred more at higher concentrations. Body glycogen levels in all test concentrations were significantly different between the test and the control experiments at P<0.05. The decrease in glycogen level varied negatively with mortality, exposure duration and concentrations. The amphibian assaydescribed in this study can be used to assess the toxicity of basudin pesticides in the course of regulatory surveillance and monitoring of the waters of the Niger Delta ecological zones of Nigeria. Key words: Acute toxicity, basudin, glycogen, amphibian tadpoles.

The impact of organophosphate pesticides in orchards on earthworms in the Western Cape, South Africa

Earthworm population density was measured in and adjacent to an orchard in an agricultural area in the Western Cape, South Africa. Worm densities were very low in orchards (22/m 2) compared to adjacent uncultivated fields (152/m 2) at a distance from the orchards. The possible effect of organophosphate pesticides on the earthworms was investigated. Background soil concentrations of chlorpyrifos prior to the start of the spraying season were low (0.2–2.7 μg/kg) but persistent for up to 6 months after the last spraying event, and the pesticide was, as a result of rainfall, transported to nontarget areas by runoff. Background concentrations of azinphos methyl were higher than those of chlorpyrifos (1.6–9.8 μg/kg) but not detectable 2 weeks after a spraying event. Azinphos methyl was mostly transported by wind (spray drift) to adjacent areas. A microcosm study indicated effects of chlorpyrifos on earthworms as determined by measuring biomass change and Cholinesterase inhibition. It is concluded that earthworms were affected detrimentally by the pesticides due to chronic (chlorpyrifos) and intermittent (azinphos methyl) exposure.

EXPERT PANEL REPORT OF HUMAN STUDIES ON CHLORPYRIFOS AND/OR OTHER ORGANOPHOSPHATE EXPOSURES

A panel of toxicology and medical experts was convened on 7-9 April 1997 to consider the available scientific literature on chlorpyrifos, both published and unpublished, to determine the acute and chronic toxicology reference dose (RfD). In the course of reviewing this literature it became apparent that there was a large body of literature on human exposures to chlorpyrifos, as well as chlorpyrifos and/or other organophosphates. This literature, although not useful for determining the RfD for chlorpyrifos, needed to be analyzed for potential critical human effects resulting from either acute or prolonged chlorpyrifos exposures, or inferred from exposures to other organophosphates. The expert panel proceeded to review these data also, and the evaluations and discussions of these studies are contained in this report of the proceedings. The expert panel concluded that for acute poisonings there was no clear evidence for long-term effects from organophosphates, other than finding cases of organophosphorus-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN) from suicidal ingestion. In animal experimental data (mainly from studies on nerve gases), seizures during acute poisoning by organophosphates occur, resulting in morphological damage. Neurobehavioral effects observed are the result of the seizures. The panel agreed that long-term exposure to organophosphate compounds does not cause problems in the peripheral or central nervous system, unless poisoning is acute and severe. With respect to neurobehavioral effects, manifestations of clinical neurobehavioral effects are unlikely. All of the available evidence shows that disturbances do not occur unless cholinesterase inhibition has been clearly exhibited. The review of these papers was considered to be of interest in allaying some of the potential concerns regarding long-term effects of organophosphate pesticides, including chlorpyrifos.

Effects of organophosphate pesticides on protease activities in M. domestica and man.

Effects of organophosphate pesticides on protease activities in M. domestica and man.