Effect Of Oral Contraceptive Pills Research Articles

Exploring the Correlation Between Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (PTC) and the Usage of Oral Contraceptive Pills Among Affected Females.

The increasing incidence ofpapillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), particularly among women, has prompted an investigation into possible associated factors. The effect of oral contraceptive pill (OCP) usage is debatable, with varying and often conflicting results. It is not confirmed whether OCPs have a protective effect against thyroid cancer or an increased risk. The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence of OCPusage among females diagnosed with PTCat a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia. The study included females aged 18 and above diagnosed with PTC. An OCP user was defined as a female exposed to OCPs for at least one month. Data collection involved chart reviews and phone interviews, and statistical analyses were conducted using Excel and SPSS. Among 58 female patients diagnosed with PTC, 29.3% (n=17) reported using OCPs, and 70.7% (n=41) were non-users. The ages of OCP users ranged from 26 to 56 years, with a median age of 44 years. The duration of OCP usage varied from 1 to 72 months, with a median duration of seven months. Additionally, for the non-users of OCPs, the age range was from 21 to 85 years, with a mean age of 46.4 years. The median ages for the total sample, OCP users, and non-users were 43.5, 44, and 43 years respectively. The timing of OCP usage among users varied from 1 to 35, with a mean timing of 13. The study found about one-third 29.3% (n=17) of patients diagnosed with PTC reported using OCPs. These results contribute to the ongoing debate within epidemiological studies regarding the association between PTC and various reproductive factors, including OCP use. Further research is needed to clarify this relationship and its implications on public health.

The Effect of Oral Contraceptive Pills on the Detection of Pregabalin and Diazepam in Urine: Animal-Based Model

The Effect of Oral Contraceptive Pills on the Detection of Pregabalin and Diazepam in Urine: Animal-Based Model

Association Between Contraceptive Efficacy Knowledge and Method Choice: A Behavioral Economics Lens [ID 2683608

INTRODUCTION: Patients often use less effective contraception despite desire to avoid pregnancy, a decision considered “irrational” by neoclassical economic theory. “Bounded rationality,” a behavioral economics principle encompassing information failure, may underlie such decisions. We assess the role of bounded rationality on contraceptive decision-making by evaluating the relationship between contraceptive efficacy knowledge and contraceptive choice. METHODS: We used the Guttmacher’s publicly available “Continuity and Change in Contraceptive Use” dataset, a survey administered 2012–2014. Contraceptive effectiveness was grouped into Tier 1, Tier 2, “Other,” and “No Method” based on survey options and CDC classification. Contraceptive knowledge was assessed by two questions comparing effectiveness of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) versus condoms and OCPs versus intrauterine devices (IUDs). We used logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for the association between contraceptive tier used and contraceptive knowledge, adjusted for race/ethnicity and age, with each regression restricted to users of the two methods compared. RESULTS: Our sample included 4,634 respondents. 43.8% accurately compared OCPs and condoms; 30.1% accurately compared OCPs and IUDs. Answering that condoms are more effective than OCPs was associated with seven times greater odds of using other methods (OR 7.1; 95% CI, 4.5–11.1). Answering that OCPs are more effective than IUDs was associated with 0.01 odds of using Tier 1 over Tier 2 (95% CI, 0.005–0.05). CONCLUSION: Consistent with bounded rationality, respondents who incorrectly compared contraceptive efficacy were far more likely to use the less effective method. Contraception misconceptions, particularly regarding relative efficacy, should be assessed and addressed when offering patient-centered counseling.

Reduction in genital sexual arousal varies by type of oral contraceptive pill.

Although oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) have been associated with decrements in self-reported genital arousal and vaginal lubrication, 1,2 little is known about how these outcomes vary across types of OCPs. The present study examined differences in physiological lubrication and vaginal blood flow, as well as rates of self-reported vulvovaginal atrophy and female sexual arousal disorder, among women using OCPs with varying androgenic properties. Participants in this study were 130 women: 59 naturally cycling control women, 50 women taking androgenic OCPs, and 21 women taking antiandrogenic OCPs. Participants watched sexual films while their sexual arousal responses were measured, completed questionnaires, and participated in a clinical interview. Vaginal blood flow, vaginal lubrication, self-reported vulvovaginal atrophy, and female sexual arousal disorder were assessed. Results indicated deficits in vaginal pulse amplitude and lubrication for women taking either form of OCP, with marked inhibitory effects found in women taking antiandrogenic OCPs. Rates of self-reported vulvovaginal atrophy and female sexual arousal disorder were also significantly greater in the antiandrogenic group compared with the control group. It is recommended that prescribing clinicians consult patients on such physiological effects of OCPs. To our knowledge, this was the first study to compare multiple measures of physiological sexual arousal across groups of women taking OCPs with varying hormonal profiles. Because all OCPs included in this study contained low doses of ethinylestradiol, we were able to identify the specific effects of the androgenic properties on women's sexual arousal responses. However, the self-administered lubrication test strip was subject to user error. Additionally, the generalizability of findings is limited by the largely heterosexual and college-aged sample. Compared with naturally cycling women, women taking OCPs that contain antiandrogenic progestins experienced decreased vaginal blood flow and lubrication as well as higher rates of self-reported vaginal bleeding and female sexual arousal disorder.

Effect of oral contraceptive pills on the retinal microvascular structure: An optical coherence tomography angiography study

BackgroundTo investigate the effect of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) on foveal avascular zone (FAZ), peripapillary capillary plexus, and superficial and deep capillary plexus (SCP and DCP) measurements. MethodsThis cross-sectionally designed study included 32 healthy female participants using OCPs (3 mg drospirenone and 0.03 mg ethinylestradiol) for at least one year for contraception and 32 healthy controls that did not use any drugs. All subjects were evaluated using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Using OCTA, the measurements of SCP, DCP, radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) vessel density; FAZ area and perimeter; acircularity index (AI); and foveal density (FD) were undertaken. Each participant's measurements were taken while they were in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycles (day 3). ResultsAge and body mass index did not significantly differ between the groups (p = 0.56 and p = 0.15, respectively). The DCP vessel densities in all the regions were lower in the OCP group (p<0.05 for all). The vessel densities of SCP and RPC, FAZ area and perimeter, AI, and FD were similar between the two groups (p>0.05 for all). ConclusionWe determined that the DCP vessel density was reduced in women using this drug. OCPs can cause changes in retinal microvascular structures. Therefore, OCTA can be used in the follow-up of healthy women using OCP.

Treatment of ovarian cyst after clomiphene citrate ovulationinduction

Infertility is a commen problem around the world . About one in six of all couples have some problem in getting pregnant and that includes some trying for a second or subsequent baby!) . The most common causes of it is ovulation defects and the famous treatment of this cause is by ovulation induction drugs especially clomiphene citrate which used for long period , but this treatment is not without side effects and one of the side effects is ovarian cyst . The aim of this study is to assess the effect of oral contraceptive pills , provera tablets (medroxyprogesterone acetate tablets) and expectant management in the resolution of ovarian cysts induced by clomiphene citrate ovulation induction Study design : a prospective randomized study Setting: patients complained of ovarian cyst more than 2.5 mm were diagnosed by ultrasound&#x0D; after clomiphene citrate ovulation induction and randomized into 3 groups . Group ( !) received oral contraception , group ( 2) received oral progesterone tablets treatment and group ( 3) had expectant management. Follow up of patients were done monthly by ultrasound&#x0D; and resolution of cyst was observed as a main out come measure .

The effects of oral birth control pills (contraceptive pills) intake on lyophilized saliva and its oral manifestations

A woman is susceptible to oral diseases at various stages in her life span. Besides, multiple biological, behavioral, and social factors affect the general health condition. Many drugs or chemicals can influence the oral cavity &amp; associated structures. An example of these drugs group is oral contraceptive pills (OCS) which women widely use to prevent pregnancy and determine the number of children, and hormonal therapy. This study aims to evaluate the effect of oral contraceptive pills use on salivary secretion and composition in addition to the occurrence of any oral manifestations with the uses of these drugs among women aged 16-45 years. The total number of sample subjects is 51 women. The samples were separated into two groups: The first group included 21 unmarried women with no previous experience with oral contraceptive pills (control group). In contrast, the second group consisted of 30 women who were married and using this drug (study group). This study is considered to be a comparative study between these two groups concerning the analysis of the salivary composition, unstimulated salivary flow rates and PH level: The results obtained from this study showed a marked significant difference in salivary analysis between the drug user &amp; nonuser drug groups concerning the salivary flow rate while the PH had no statistical differences between them. However, the two groups had a significant difference in alkaline phosphatase enzyme. The salivary analysis showed highly substantial variations in immunoglobulin A (IgA) &amp; total protein levels in saliva between control &amp; study groups; also, in this study, there was a positive association between gingival inflammation with gingival index score (2) (80%), gingival index score (3) (100%) and duration for taking the drug. By this drug administration, the altered salivary flow rate &amp; levels of salivary contents that include (secretary proteins, IgA and enzymes) may influence and play an essential role in oral &amp; dental health. Keywords: saliva; oral health; oral contraceptive pills.

High-Grade Serous Carcinoma at Risk-Reducing Salpingo-Oophorectomy in Asymptomatic Carriers of BRCA1/2 Pathogenic Variants: Prevalence and Clinical Factors.

To investigate the prevalence of and clinical factors associated with high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) at risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) in asymptomatic BRCA1/2-pathogenic variant (PV) carriers. We included BRCA1/2-PV carriers who underwent RRSO between 1995 and 2018 from the Hereditary Breast and Ovarian cancer in the Netherlands study. All pathology reports were screened, and histopathology reviews were performed for RRSO specimens with epithelial abnormalities or where HGSC developed after normal RRSO. We then compared clinical characteristics, including parity and oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use, for women with and without HGSC at RRSO. Of the 2,557 included women, 1,624 had BRCA1, 930 had BRCA2, and three had both BRCA1/2-PV. The median age at RRSO was 43.0 years (range: 25.3-73.8) for BRCA1-PV and 46.8 years (27.6-77.9) for BRCA2-PV carriers. Histopathologic review confirmed 28 of 29 HGSCs and two further HGSCs from among 20 apparently normal RRSO specimens. Thus, 24 (1.5%) BRCA1-PV and 6 (0.6%) BRCA2-PV carriers had HGSC at RRSO, with the fallopian tube identified as the primary site in 73%. The prevalence of HGSC in women who underwent RRSO at the recommended age was 0.4%. Among BRCA1/2-PV carriers, older age at RRSO increased the risk of HGSC and long-term OCP use was protective. We detected HGSC in 1.5% (BRCA1-PV) and 0.6% (BRCA2-PV) of RRSO specimens from asymptomatic BRCA1/2-PV carriers. Consistent with the fallopian tube hypothesis, we found most lesions in the fallopian tube. Our results highlight the importance of timely RRSO with total removal and assessment of the fallopian tubes and show the protective effects of long-term OCP.

Oral Contraceptive Pills and Hypertension: A Review of Current Evidence and Recommendations.

Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) have been used as effective and popular forms of contraception since the middle of the last century. By 2019, over 150 million reproductive-aged individuals were using OCPs to prevent unintended pregnancies worldwide. Safety concerns regarding the effects of OCPs on blood pressure were reported soon after these pills gained approval. Although OCP doses were subsequently reduced, epidemiologic evidence continued to support a smaller, but significant association between OCPs and hypertension. Given the rising prevalence of hypertension, as well as the adverse effects of cumulative exposure to blood pressure elevations on cardiovascular disease risk, understanding the nature of the association between OCPs and hypertension is important for clinicians and patients to assess the risks and benefits of use, and make individualized decisions regarding contraception. Therefore, this review summarizes the current and historical evidence describing the association between OCP use and blood pressure elevations. Specifically, it identifies the pathophysiologic mechanisms linking OCPs to hypertension risk, describes the magnitude of the association between OCPs and blood pressure elevations, and distinguishes the effects of various OCP types on blood pressure. Finally, it describes current recommendations regarding hypertension and OCP use, as well as identifies strategies, such as over-the-counter OCP prescribing, to safely and equitably improve access to oral contraception.

Oral contraceptive pill (OCP) treatment alters the gene expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women compared to drug-naive PCOS women

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) presents clinical symptoms of menstrual abnormalities, excessive hair growth (hirsutism), scalp hair loss, acne and infertility. Metabolic abnormalities such as obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and cardiovascular problems constitute an essential part of PCOS, all of which can have significant long-term health consequences. Low-grade chronic inflammation demonstrated by persistent moderately elevated serum levels of inflammatory and coagulatory markers plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) constitute the mainstay of pharmacologic therapy for women with PCOS to regularize cyclicity and ameliorate androgen excess. On the other hand, OCP use is associated with various venous thromboembolic and proinflammatory events in the general population. PCOS women always carriers the increased lifetime risk of these events. The studies on the effect of OCPs on inflammatory, coagulation and metabolic parameters in PCOS are less robust. Therefore in this study, we investigated and compared the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression profiles of genes implicated in inflammatory and coagulation pathways between drug-naive and OCP-treated PCOS women. The selected genes include intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Furthermore, the correlation between the selected markers and various metabolic indices in the OCP group has also been explored.MethodThe relative amounts of ICAM-1, TNF-α, MCP-1 and PAI-1 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 25 drug-naive PCOS subjects (controls) and 25 PCOS subjects who received OCPs containing 0.03 mg-ethinyl-estradiol and 0.15 mg-levonorgestrel for at least six months (cases) were estimated using real-time qPCR. The statistical interpretation was conducted using SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL), Epi Info version 2002 (Disease Control and Prevention Centres, Atlanta, GA) and GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA) software.ResultSix months of OCP therapy enhanced the expression of inflammatory genes viz ICAM-1, TNF-α and MCP-1 mRNA in PCOS women by 2.54, 2.05 and 1.74 folds, respectively, in this study. However, PAI-1 mRNA in the OCP group showed no significant increase. Furthermore, in cases, ICAM-1 mRNA expression positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.01), fasting insulin (p = 0.01), insulin 2 h p = 0.02), glucose 2 h (p = 0.01) and triglycerides (p = 0.01). TNF-α mRNA expression positively correlated with fasting insulin (p = 0.0007). MCP-1 mRNA expression positively correlated with (BMI) (p = 0.002).ConclusionOCPs helped reduce clinical hyperandrogenism and regularise menstrual cycles in women with PCOS. However, OCP use was associated with increased fold expression of inflammatory markers which positively correlated with metabolic abnormalities.

Effects of peroral hormonal contraception on cardiovascular system: analysis of selected cardiovascular parameters in an adolescent cohort; a pilot project.

Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) have some strong advantages over more traditional types of contraception, including their consistently high contraceptive effect as well as multiple additional positive side effects. OCPs went through decades of intense pharmaceutical development and current formulas are well optimized - however, a handful of their negative side effects remain, including some that affect cardiovascular system, for example higher risk of hypertension, venous thromboembolism and increased arterial stiffness. The gold standard for arterial stiffness assessment is currently applanation tonometry, a method that relies on arterial pulse wave velocity measurement (PWV). Another possible method for arterial stiffness measurement is the use of the VaSera device, which measures cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). The aim of this study was to discover the effect of OCPs use on selected cardiovascular parameters related to arterial stiffness. We measured these cardiovascular parameters in the OCPs using group (OCP) and in the control group (CTRL) using applanation tonometer Sphygmocor and the VaSera device. Comparison of the data from both groups showed us significantly increased diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and carotid-radial pulse wave velocity (crPWV) as well as significantly lower subendocardial viability index (SVI) in the OCP. These results imply a negative effect of hormonal contraceptives on the cardiovascular system with most of the negative changes affecting the peripheral arteries. Despite this evidence supporting the hypothesis of OCPs having a negative effect on cardiovascular health, further research is necessary.

Variability of the urinary and blood steroid profiles in healthy and physically active women with and without oral contraception.

The steroidal module of the athlete biological passport (ABP) targets the use of pseudo-endogenous androgenous anabolic steroids in elite sport by monitoring urinary steroid profiles. Urine and blood samples were collected weekly during two consecutive oral contraceptive pill (OCP) cycles in 15 physically active women to investigate the low urinary steroid concentrations and putative confounding effect of OCP. In urine, testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (E) were below the limit of quantification of 1 ng/ml in 62% of the samples. Biomarkers' variability ranged between 31% and 41%, with a significantly lesser variability for ratios (except for T/E [41%]): 20% for androsterone/etiocholanolone (p< 0.001) and 25% for 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol/5ß-androstane-3α,17β-diol (p< 0.001). In serum, markers' variability (testosterone: 24%, androstenedione: 23%, dihydrotestosterone: 19%, and T/A4: 16%) was significantly lower than in urine (p< 0.001). Urinary A/Etio increased by >18% after the first 2 weeks (p< 0.05) following withdrawal blood loss. In contrast, serum T (0.98 nmol/l during the first week) and T/A4 (0.34 the first week) decreased significantly by more than 25% and 17% (p< 0.05), respectively, in the following weeks. Our results outline steroidal variations during the OCP cycle, highlighting exogenous hormonal preparations as confounder for steroid concentrations in blood. Low steroid levels in urine samples have a clear negative impact on the subsequent interpretation of steroid profile of the ABP. With a greater analytical sensitivity and lesser variability for steroids in healthy active women, serum represents a complementary matrix to urine in the ABP steroidal module.

Biochemical Effects of Oral Contraceptive Pills on Serum Bilirubin, Creatinine and Antioxidants System Among Females

Both estrogens and progestogens antifertility agents are used by huge number of females. Excessive use of antifertility agents caused toxic effects on body systems. Liver play its key role in the metabolic process of these toxic antifertility agents. Objective: To examine the biochemical effects of oral contraceptive pills on serum bilirubin, creatinine and antioxidants system among females. Methods: Participants of the study were categorized in to two groups i.e. control group (CG) (female using no contraceptive pills) and experimental group (EG) (females using contraceptive pills). Five (05) ml of blood was collected from each subject by vein cut and an expendable syringe. All blood samples were marked with separate identification code or mark. Ferric reducing assay protocol (FRAP) was applied for measuring oxidative stress and liver functions test (LFTs) was performed for measuring serum bilirubin and creatinine. Results: The collected data were tabulated and were analyzed by using mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage etc. through the application of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, version-26.0). Conclusions: Based on analysis the researcher draws the conclusion that oral contraceptive pills (OCP) have significant effect on serum bilirubin (p-value was 0.004), serum creatinine (p-value 0.023) and oxidative stress (p-value 0.002).

Evaluation the effect of oral contraceptive pills on coagulation profile in Sudanese women in Shendi -Sudan

Evaluation the effect of oral contraceptive pills on coagulation profile in Sudanese women in Shendi -Sudan

Evaluation the effect of oral contraceptive pills on coagulation profile in Sudanese women in Shendi -Sudan

The most side effects associated with hormonal contraceptive use is predisposition to higher risk of thromboembolic phenomena. Progestins have antiplasmin and antithrombin activity. Its increase platelet count and aggregability, thus predisposing to hypercoagulability. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Shendi - Sudan during the period from April to August 2018 to evaluate the effect of contraceptive pills on coagulation tests (Prothrombin Time (PT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) and platelets count). A total of eighty women were selected as volunteers according to inclusion criteria and considered as case, and other forty women not taken these pills, were selected and considered as control group. Seven ml of fresh venous blood were collected after filling the questionnaire, about (4.5) ml of blood was drawn in trisodium citrate solution as anticoagulant and (2.5) ml was drawn in EDTA container to perform the platelet count by using hematology analyzer (Mindray bc-3000), citrated blood was centrifuged at 3000 round/min for 15 minutes for preparation of platelets poor plasma (PPP). The PPP were tested for the PT and APTT by using the coagulometer instrument (Clot). The results revealed that the mean of APPT, PT and platelet count in test group was (33.4 seconds, (14.0) seconds and 519.000c/cmm) respectively, while in control group was (30.7 seconds, (13.4) seconds and 271.000c/cmm) respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there was significant variation in APTT value in test group when compared with control group with P value of (&lt; 0.05), also there was no significant variations was noticed in PT and with P value of (&gt; 0.05), and significant variation was observed in count of platelet with P. value (&lt;0.005) which indicate the hypercoagulability, significant changes were noticed between age groups, type of oral contraceptives and duration of uses. This study concludes that OCP users had more tendency of hypercoagulability and therefore these women are at higher risk of thromboembolic effects.

Effects of oral contraceptive pill on female health

Oral contraceptives, also known as birth control tablets/pills, are medicines that stop pregnancy. About 75% of married women who use contraception in the research location (Purba Medinipur district) reported they prefer the combined hormonal pill with oestrogen and progesterone. Thirty women were chosen at random to participate in the study. Of the 50% who routinely used contraceptive pills and 50% never used them or occasionally did so. Her male partner likely uses a condom when necessary. The hormone progesterone is responsible for preventing conception, whereas the oestrogen component regulates menstrual blood loss. An questionnaire survey is used in one-on-one interviews. Statistics used in the study were descriptive. To examine the data, an unpaired ‘t’ test was employed. In order to provide effective contraception using oral contraceptives, this study investigates the adverse effects of oral contraceptive pills. It highlights the significance of better care coordination among occupational therapist. According to this study, one of the most common oral contraceptive regimens decreases women's quality of life while not affecting depressive symptoms. However, ovarian and menstrual issues and increased bone mineral density are very noticeable in women in their forties and significantly impact their behaviour. Younger women are more receptive to oral contraceptives' positive benefits on acne. It has been shown that birth control pill side effects can include complications including cystic acne, anxiety or irritability, sore breasts, weight gain, or some trouble conceiving after discontinuing the pill. The study makes predictions about the menstrual flow type, dysmenorrhea, blood pressure, waist-hip ratio, and pattern of contraceptive use. Consuming oral contraceptives is linked to some symptoms, including breast soreness, weight gain, missing periods, vaginal discharge, alterations in vision with contact lenses, and irregular or spotty bleeding.

Assessment of Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill Side Effects among Women Attending Maternal Child Health Centers in Erbil

Purpose: Studies exploring the adverse effects of oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use among women living in Erbil/Iraq are lacking. This study aimed to assess the patterns of use and associated side effects among women in Erbil.&#x0D; Patients and methods: A face-to-face questionnaire survey inquiring about demographic information and issues related to the use of OCPs and related side effects was completed by 235 women who had used OCPs at least once in their lifetime.&#x0D; Results: The women exhibited positive attitudes towards OCP efficacy and safety, positively associated with their patterns of use. The following common side effects of OCPs were reported: pain (69.4%), vision problems (60%), headache and fatigue (59%), speech impairment (53%), irregular bleeding and breast tenderness (52%), nausea (51%), chest pains (40%), chloasma (37%), weight gain (33 %), abdominal pain (28%), shortness of breath (26%), swelling (20 %), spotting (12%), and allergy (7%).&#x0D; Conclusion: The study revealed that women who have many side effects toward OCPs nevertheless tend to use them appropriately. However, educational programs are advisable to improve knowledge about OCP use among women in Erbil.

Effects Of Estrogen and Progesterone Used in Oral Contraceptive Pills: A review

Introduction Contraception is a method of avoiding unplanned pregnancy. Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have become a prominent birth control method due to their contraceptive efficacy and acceptability profile. The use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) is linked to several health advantages as well as problems. Oral contraceptive pills can alter carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, including increased in blood glucose, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein LDL and total cholesterol. However, these changes may be affected by modification in type of progesterone used in oral contraceptive formulation.Objective: the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of oral contraceptives on glucose levels and lipid profile by emphasizing many studies that show the effect of oral contraceptive pills on the metabolic parameters such as (Fasting serum glucose, HbA1c%, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglyceride level).

Effect of Oral Contraceptive Pill and Metformin on Metabolic and Endocrine Parameters in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Prospective Interventional Study

Introduction: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrinopathies, affecting women of reproductive age group worldwide. There is no comprehensive data, regarding the outcome of various treatment modalities. Aim: To assess the effect of Oral Contraceptive Pills (OCP) and metformin on metabolic and endocrine parameters in PCOS. Materials and Methods: It was a prospective interventional study, done over a period of 12 months from January 2017 to January 2018 at the Outpatient Department (OPD) of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Medical College, Kolkata. A total of 162 PCOS patients were recruited. The selected patients were divided into two groups A and B, based on the clinician’s assessment with respect to the patient profile. Group A received lifestyle intervention plus metformin (started at 500 mg / day and according to patient’s response and the clinical judgement titrated upto 2000 mg/day for 6 months) and group B received lifestyle intervention plus oral contraceptive pill. (fixed dose combination of ethinyl estradiol 50 micrograms and cyproterone acetate 2 milligrams per day for 6 months). The patients were assessed for metabolic parameters [Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Post-Prandial Blood Sugar (PPBS), Haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), lipid profile] and endocrine parameters [testosterone, prolactin and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)]. The Student t-test, Chisquare test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test were used to compare the data. Results: A total of 162 patients were recruited for the present study with the mean age in group A was 23.75±1.7 and in group B was 22.40±1.6 years. The mean HbA1C levels of group A before the initiation of the treatment was found to be 7.51±0.89% which was reduced to 7.45±0.49% and 6.83±0.34% at the end of two months and six months respectively (p-value=0.001). In group B, serum testosterone was significantly reduced from 2.86±0.48 to 2.18±0.42 (p-value=0.0001), however the glycemic control worsened. Conclusion: OCPs and metformin do not significantly correct metabolic abnormalities associated with PCOS, although, gynecological symptoms are improved significantly. Comparatively, metformin helps in control of blood sugar levels but high BMI and deranged lipid profile remains unaltered by both metformin and OCP.

The Role of Oral Contraceptive Pills in Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Cohort Study.

There is a need to establish the role of antiandrogens as an alternative or concomitant therapy for hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). Thus, the objectives of this study are (1) to assess the effectiveness of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) at week 12 in HS women, and (2) to describe the clinical profile of patients receiving oral contraceptive pills (OCPs). A prospective observational study was designed. This study included 100 participants, 50 women with HS who started OCPs for the first time at our HS Clinic and 50 participants without OCP treatment. The main outcome of interest was the percentage of reduction in total abscess and inflammatory nodule (AN) count at week 12. Thirty-three women received combined OCPs and 17 non-combined OCP. HS patients with OCPs treatment were younger (31.7 vs. 40.9 years, p < 0.001), thinner (28.62 vs. 33.35 kg/m2), and have a higher number of areas affected (2.32 vs. 1.38, p = 0.02) than those without OCPs. After 12-weeks of treatment, it was observed that the percentage of AN reduction was higher in HS women receiving OCP than in patients without OCP (53.9% vs. 38.42%, p = 0.049). It was observed that OCP prescription (β = 3.79, p = 0.034) and concomitant therapy (β = 3.91, p = 0.037) were independently associated with a higher % AN when controlling for disease duration, concomitant therapy, and treatment with/without OCP (R2 = 0.67). The factors potentially associated with the percentage AN reduction at week 12 in HS women treated with OCPs were disease duration (β = −1.327, p = 0.052), concomitant therapy (β = 11.04, p = 0.079), and HS worsening with the menstrual cycle (β = 10.55, p = 0.087). In conclusion, OCPs might be effective for improving AN count in women with HS. Women whose HS worsens in relation to the menstrual cycle and have a shorter disease may benefit more from the therapeutic effect of OCPs.