Effect Of Non-genetic Factors Research Articles

Effect of non genetic factors on herd life and productive life of Gir crossbreds maintained at organized farm

Effect of non genetic factors on herd life and productive life of Gir crossbreds maintained at organized farm

Effect of non-genetic factors on growth performance in Sohagi sheep

Effect of non-genetic factors on growth performance in Sohagi sheep

Effect of Non-Genetic Factors on Productive Traits in Jersy-Sahiwal Crossbred Cows in Andhra Pradesh

Effect of Non-Genetic Factors on Productive Traits in Jersy-Sahiwal Crossbred Cows in Andhra Pradesh

Temporal variation and risk factors associated with reproductive disorders in Hardhenu (Bos taurus × Bos indicus) dairy cattle.

This study aimed to investigate the incidence and effect of non-genetic factors on reproductive disorders in the Hardhenu cattle population over a period of 11 years (2010-2021). The study included a total of 1340 cattle for calculating the incidence of reproductive disorders and analysed the occurrence of different reproductive disorders. In the present study, retention of placenta had highest frequency, accounting for approximately 18.36% of the incidence, followed by repeater cows (11.19%), metritis (6.27%), dystocia (0.60%), anestrus (0.45%) and prolapse (0.37%). Chi-square analysis revealed a significant relationship between the year and the incidence of reproductive disorders (p < .05). Logistic regression analysis of temporal variability of reproductive disorders was also analysed, with an increase in the odds from 2014 to 2020, peaking in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. Logistic regression analysis showed that season and parity did not significantly influence the incidence of reproductive disorders. However, period of calving had a significant impact. Cows calving between 2008 and 2014 had a significantly lower odds ratio (0.13, 95% CI: 0.06-0.30), indicating a decreased risk, while those calving between 2014 and 2017 had a higher odds ratio (0.59, 95% CI: 0.38-0.90), suggesting an increased risk of reproductive disorders. Compared to parity 3, parity 1 (1.344, 95% CI: 0.869-2.08) and parity 2 (1.193, 95% CI: 0.768-1.851) showed highest odds ratio. Similarly, the odds ratio for winter (1.64, 95% CI: 0.93-2.89), summer (1.71, 95% CI: 0.89-3.26) and rainy season (1.64, 95% CI: 0.92-2.91) was higher as compared to autumn. The present results provided valuable insights into the incidence of various reproductive disorders and associated risk factors in Hardhenu cattle. These results can be utilized for targeted interventions to enhance reproductive health and overall productivity in dairy cattle.

Effect of nongenetic factors on milk compositional aspects and bacteriological quality in Tunisian Maghrebi dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) reared under a traditional pastoral management system

This study was planned to evaluate the impact of nongenetic factors on physicochemical composition and microbial quality of milk from Maghrebi camels kept under traditional system in oasis areas of Tunisia. Milksamples from 69 animals were collected from lactating Negga over winter and summer. Animals belonging to private flocks were between 5 and 17.5 years of age, with parity numbers ranging from first to sixth. Samples were analyzed for basic composition and microbiological features according to standard methods. No significant association (P &gt; 0.05) between physical characteristics and nongenetic factors has been observed. The maximum contents of total solids, protein, casein, and fat content were observed during winter. The third lactation was characterized with the highest content of total solids, protein, casein, and lactose; while the highest fat content was recorded in the second lactation. The highest levels of Ca, P, and K were recorded in the winter (P&lt;0.01) whereas Na showed an opposite pattern (P&lt;0.01). All major minerals were higher in milk from multiparous than primiparous camels, with maximum concentrations at the fourth lactation. The uppermost levels of mineral concentrations and chemical constituent were recorded in the age class of 7≤ age ≤ 9 years. The microbial analysis of raw milk which is affected by season, parity, and age showed higher overall contamination levels in all studied bacterial counts. The highest levels were observed in winter, among the multiparous and oldest Negga. The results highlighted the complete absence of the two dangerous pathogens Salmonella and CSR in all analyzed samples.

Effect of Non Genetic Factors and Sire on Lactation Length in Frieswal Cattle

Lactation length is a very important trait of dairy animals directly affecting the milk yield. Shorter or extended lactation lengths are not desirable as it affects the milk yield. Therefore the study of factors affecting lactation length is of most important. The present study was conducted on data of 9094 lactations collected from 3425 Frieswal lactating cattle (Holstein Friesian x Sahiwal cattle) born to 239 sires maintained at Military Farm, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra from the year 1983 to 2018 to quantify effect of certain non genetic factors on lactation length. The normalized data were analyzed using PROC GLM procedure of SAS to study the effect of various genetic (sire) and non genetic (period, season and parity) factors on lactation length. The age at first calving was used as a covariate. The effect of period of calving was found to be highly significant ( less than 0.001) on lactation length. The season, parity and age at first calving were significantly affecting the lactation length. Parity two to six does not differ significantly in lactation length. Among the genetic factors effect of sire was significant on lactation length.

Effects of non-genetic factors on growth traits and survival rate in Karacabey Merino lambs.

This study was conducted with the aim of determining the growth characteristics and survival rate of Karacabey Merino lambs, as well as the non-genetic factors affecting these traits. The study included data from a total of 17659 lambs and 12263 ewes raised in 30 herds between the years 2011 and 2016 as part of the National Sheep and Goat Improvement Project. The average birth weight of the lambs was determined as 3.73±0.05 kg, the average 45th day live weight was 18.43±0.58 kg, the average weaning (average 91.8 days) weight was 31.83±0.24 kg, and the average daily live weight gain until weaning was 289.1±3.91 g. The average survival rate of lambs at weaning was calculated to be 95.67% ± 1.15. The effects of the factors herd, birth year, birth type, birth season and sex were found significant for all traits (p<0.01). It was established that the mortality rate in lambs in large herds was higher during 6 years in which the project was carried out. Due to the high twinning rate in large herds, the number of lambs per worker is increased, and as a result, they cannot be adequately cared for. For this reason, large farms may be encouraged to increase workmanship services in addition to being provided with protective health practices for lambs throughout the birth period. On the other hand, it was determined that the twinning rate was low in small farms. On farms with fewer sheep populations, it may be advised to flush or administer exogenous hormone treatments to ewes in order to increase fertility and help them bear twins.

Effect of Non-genetic Factors on Growth and Production Traits in Two Strains of Japanese Quails

Background: The growth of birds is a function of both genetics and environment involving change leading into improvement in weight, shape, size, volume, etc. Study of important non-genetic factors is important in view of formulating future selection and breeding strategies in different poultry species. Methods: The present study was done on 1246 numbers of Japanese Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) of two strains i.e., black and white distributed in three generations during 2020-21. The fixed effects of gender, season of hatch, strain and generations on various fortnightly body weights (FNBW), average daily weight gain (ADWG), relative growth rate (RGR) and some production traits were studied. Result: Significant (p≤0.01) differences in black and white strain as well as male and female quails for hatch weights were observed. The maximum ADG was during 4th to 6th wk whereas the RGR was highest during first fortnight (hatch-2nd wk). Significantly (p≤0.01) higher average egg weights (AEW) were observed in white quails. Part egg production (PEP) and AEWs were higher during summer and winter hatches, respectively. The present investigation elucidates the significance of different non-genetic factors on important growth and production performances for further selection in quails.

Influence of non-genetic factors on first lactation and lifetime performance traits in Nili-Ravi buffaloes

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of various non-genetic factors on first lactation and lifetime productivity in Nili-Ravi buffaloes, including season of birth, period of birth, age at first calving, season of first calving, period of first calving, and number of lactations completed. The livestock data on first lactation and lifetime performance traits relevant to 501 Nili-Ravi buffaloes were collected from the history sheet of the animal for a period from 1983 to 2017 (i.e., 35 years) and maintained at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research—Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes (ICAR-CIRB) sub-campus, in Nabha, Punjab, India. To evaluate the least-squares means (LSMs) and the effect of non-genetic factors on performance traits, a least-squares analysis model was applied. The overall LSM for age at first calving (AFC) was 45.03 ± 0.40 months and ranged from 34 to 54 months. The results indicated that the effect of AFC was highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) on first lactation total milk yield (FLTMY), first lactation standard milk yield (305 days or less) (FLSMY), first peak milk yield (FPY), and first lactation length (FLL) in the Nili-Ravi breed of buffaloes. FLTMY, FLSMY, and FPY were highest (2,250.08 ± 48.16 kg, 1,944.68 ± 31.20 kg, and 9.32 ± 0.16 kg/day, respectively) for animals with an AFC of 42–48 months. Furthermore, FLTMY, FLSMY, and FLL were highest (2,411.02 ± 68.68 kg, 2,008.81 ± 44.49 kg, and 357.43 ± 8.13 days, respectively) in animals that first calved in the autumn season. However, the lowest first dry period (FDP), first service period (FSP), and first calving interval (FCI) (110.63 ± 7.42 days, 125.48 ± 9.04 days, and 443.63 ± 9.00 days, respectively) were found for animals that first calved in the rainy season. The overall LSM for herd life (HL), productive life (PL), productive days (PDs), unproductive days (UDs), total lifetime milk yield (total LTMY), standard lifetime milk yield (standard LTMY), milk yield per day of productive life (MY/PL), milk yield per day of productive days (MY/PDs), and milk yield per day of herd life (MY/HL) were estimated as 3,779.84 ± 31.86 days, 2,078.55 ± 24.32 days, 1,552.74 ± 20.06 days, 525.81 ± 12.44 days, 10,229.71 ± 195.31 kg, 9,203.64 ± 173.52 kg, 4.86 ± 0.08 kg/day, 6.46 ± 0.08 kg/day, and 2.66 ± 0.04 kg/day, respectively. The effect of AFC on HL, PDs, UDs, total LTMY, and standard LTMY was highly significant (p ≤ 0.01). Furthermore, the effect of season of first calving on HL, PL, and PDs was significant (p ≤ 0.05). In addition, the effect of the period of first calving on HL, PDs, standard LTMY, and total LTMY was significant (p ≤ 0.05). In these contexts, it can be concluded that the buffaloes of the Nili-Ravi breed with an AFC of 42–48 months performed better than animals with a later AFC in terms of production, reproduction, and lifetime traits.

Effect of non-genetic factors on body weights in Malpura sheep

Effect of non-genetic factors on body weights in Malpura sheep

Study on effect of various non-genetic factors on performance traits of Murrah buffaloes

In this study, the data was collected on production traits of Murrah buffaloes w.r.t. 1 to 4 parities for the period of 25 years maintained at Directorate Livestock Farm, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana. The effect of non-genetic factors viz; period of calving, season of calving, age at first calving and parity on daily milk yield were found to be significant and subsequently data were corrected to study the comparison of various lactation curve models to define the shape of lactation curve and to develop a suitable lactation curve model for Murrah buffaloes. The data used in the study pertained to 517293 daily milk yield records pertaining to 1524 lactations of 644 Murrah buffaloes sired by 213 bulls. The analysis was done using SAS 9.3 Least squares analysis. The period of calving showed significant (P&lt;0.01) effect on 305 MY, complete lactation milk yield (CLMY), peak yield, lactation length and service period. The season of calving showed significant (P&lt;0.01) effect on peak yield, lactation length and service period. The age at first calving showed significant (P&lt;0.05) effect on peak yield. The parity showed significant (P&lt;0.01) effect on 305 MY, complete lactation milk yield (CLMY), peak yield, lactation length and service period.

The body weight heritability and the effect of non-genetic factors on the body measurement traits in Qinchuan cattle

This study aimed to understand the influence of the non-genetic factors that include breeding year, season, and sex of growth and development traits of Qinchuan cattle and to estimate the heritability of body weight at different growth stages. The Qinchuan cattle measurement records were by the Experiment farm of the National Beef Cattle Improvement Center (Yangling, China) from 2000 to 2017. SPSS and R software were used to analyze the influence of non-genetic factors on body size traits that include body weight (BW), withers height (WH), hip height (HH), body length (BL), chest circumference (CC), abdominal girth (AG), and calf girth (CG), at birth, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age. Meanwhile, the single-trait animal model of DMU software was used to estimate the variance component and the heritability of body weight. The results of GLM analysis showed as follows: sex, birth year, and birth season had effects on the body size traits of Qinchuan cattle at different growth stages. Respectively, the heritability of body weight at birth, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age were 0.43, 0.32, 0.37, 0.32, and 0.38.

Pharmacogenomics in Psychiatry Practice: The Value and the Challenges.

The activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes is influenced by genetic and nongenetic factors; hence, the metabolism of exogenous psychotropic medications and potentially some endogenous neuropeptides is variably affected among different ethnic groups of psychiatric patients. The aim of this review is to highlight the most common cytochrome P450 isoenzymes associated with the metabolism of psychotropic medications (antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers), their variations among different populations, their impact on endogenous neurotransmitters (dopamine and serotonin), and the effect of nongenetic factors, particularly smoking, age, and pregnancy, on their metabolic activity. Furthermore, the adverse effects of psychiatric medications may be associated with certain human leukocytic antigen (HLA) genotypes. We also highlight the gene variants that may potentially increase susceptibility to obesity and metabolic syndrome, as the adverse effects of some psychiatry medications. Collectively, the literature revealed that variation of CYP450 activity is mostly investigated in relation to genetic polymorphism, and is directly correlated with individualized clinical outcomes; whereas adverse effects are associated with HLA variants, projecting the value of pharmacogenetics implementation in psychiatry clinics. Only a few previous studies have discussed the impact of such genetic variations on the metabolism of endogenous neuropeptides. In this review, we also report on the prevalence of key variants in different ethnicities, by demonstrating publicly available data from the 1000 Genomes Project and others. Finally, we highlight the future direction of further investigations to enhance the predictability of the individual gene variants to achieve precision therapies for psychiatric patients.

Non-genetic factors affecting pre-weaning growth and survival rate in Barbari kids under semi-intensive management system

The effect of non-genetic factors on pre-weaning growth and survival performance in Barbari kids was assessed to maximize pre-weaning growth and survival rates. Performance records of 10,013 Barbari goats maintained at ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura, India, from 1995 to 2020 were analyzed for non-genetic factors. The effect of period and season of birth, type of births, sex of kids, parity of doe and dam’s 90- days milk yield were significant on birth weight and pre-weaning growth. Kids born in spring and winter had higher birth weight than those born in summer, monsoon and autumn, and maintained their superiority up to weaning. Male and single-born kids at birth were heavier than their counterparts and maintained superiority up to weaning. Significant linear association was observed in body weight at birth, 3 months and average daily weight gains with the increase in doe’s milk yield. Multiparous does produced kids with higher birth weight than primiparous does. Kidding in inclement seasons such as the peak of monsoon, summer and winter was associated with higher mortality. Autumn-born kids had the lowest pre-weaning mortality followed by the spring season. Higher mortality incidences were obtained in multiple-born kids, kids with low birth weight (&lt;1.5 kg) and doe’s with low milk yield. The results suggest that to obtain higher growth and survival of kids, breeding should be planned to obtain maximum kidding during the spring and autumn seasons. Adequate care should be given to kids born from does with lesser milk yield, triplet or less birth weight, and for first 15 days of birth.

Effects of Non-genetic Factors on Production and Reproduction Traits in Tharparkar Cattle under Arid Region of Rajasthan

Background: Tharparkar is one of the important milch breed of cattle for the arid western region of India, which has the capacity to withstand harsh desert climatic conditions and has high thermo-tolerance gene (Bhat et al. 2016) with better reproductive efficiency and milk production. Methods: The present investigation was undertaken on 422 lactation record of 95 cows spread over 30 years from 1990 to 2020, available at ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Various lactation and reproduction traits in Tharparkar cattle were analysed by using Linear Mixed Model methodology. Result: The overall least-square means were 1803.05±31.59 litre for 305-days lactation yield, 1915.38±36.87 litre for total lactation yield (TLY) in 313.12±4.28 days of lactation length (LL). The peak yield (PY) was 10.29±0.12 litre and days to attain peak yield was 68.12±2.16 days of calving. The least-square means of dry period (DP) and calving interval (CI) were 114.23±4.81 and 427.01±5.49 days, respectively. Significant improvement in production and reproduction traits was observed may be due to selection of high yielding animals and improving management condition of herd. Rigid culling of animals should be followed after 5th lactation onwards to make the dairy farm profitability. Non-significant effect of season of calving indicated the adaptive character against the extreme climatic conditions of the arid zone.

​Effect of Non-genetic Factors on Reproductive Parameters and Greasy Fleece Yield in Kashmir Merino Sheep

Background: A study was undertaken to estimate gestation length, birth weight, dam weight and greasy fleece yield in Kashmir Merino sheep and factors influencing these traits at Sheep Breeding Farm, Kralpathri in 2020-21. Methods: The traits considered in the study were overall all body weight of dams at tupping (DWT), average wool yield of dams (AWY), gestation period (GP) and birth weight (BW). The averages of 39.00±0.27 (kg), 2.38±0.02 (kg), 150.17±0.17 (days) and 3.87±0.04 (kg) for DWT, AWY, GP and BW with coefficient of variation 12.83%, 12.75,1.65 and 17.70, respectively were observed in the present study. The data was analyzed by Harvey, 1990. Result: Highest and lowest CV (%) was observed for BW and GP, respectively. Overall estimates of 37.43±0.41 (kg) and 2.21±0.02 (kg), 150.59±0.56 and 2.84±0.11 for DWT, AWY, GP and BW, respectively was observed in the present study. Effect of age of dam was significant (p less than 0.05) on DWT and AWY whereas effect of lamb weight at birth was significant on GP. The effect of genetic group of sire, dam weight, parity of dam, body weight of dam at tupping, sex and birth type of lamb had significant (p less than 0.05) effect on BW. Heaiver lambs were born to heavier dams. Therefore, increasing selection pressure at tupping for dam weight will result in improvement of birth weight and hence overall production performance of Kashmir Merino sheep.

Effect of Non-Genetic Factors on Reproduction of Extensive versus Intensive Florida Dairy Goats.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the production system and other environmental/phenotype factors on age at first kidding (AFK), kidding interval (KI) and prolificacy of 19,772 Florida goats reared between 2000 and 2019 on 49 dairy farms (38 farms intensively managed and 11 extensively managed with grazing). AFK was lower on intensive (490.2 ± 0.9 days; n = 13,345) than on extensive farms (511.7 ± 2.5 days; n = 2357; p < 0.001), and highest during the spring season (533.9 ± 2.7 days; n = 1932; p < 0.001) in both production systems. The average KI was 355.7 ± 0.4 days, mainly varying according to dry period, kidding season and lactation number and kidding type (p < 0.01). A significant interaction between production system, kidding season and dry period was observed with the highest AFK on intensive farms during spring and summer for goats presenting a dry period of up to six months. The overall prolificacy (1.64 ± 0.01) increased in recent years in both systems, and it was affected by the production system, but with different patterns; so, the highest prolificacy of primiparous and multiparous goats was observed on extensive and intensive farms, respectively. Besides that, the prolificacy and other reproductive parameters, such as AFK, significantly increased in the last decade, which could be related to management improvements. Besides that, the existence of inter-annual variations should be considered to compare data between farms and years, and to establish the farms’ objectives according to their production systems and production goals.

The effect of non-genetic factors on Bali Cattle (Bos javanicus) growth traits

Abstract Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) is one of the native cattle of Indonesia, which have excellent performance though reared in hot tropic condition with low quality of feed. As generally known, livestock performance is influenced by genetic and non-genetic such as environmental factors. Therefore, this study aims to determine the non-genetic factors on growth traits of Bali cattle. The material used in this study was Bali cattle that participated in the progeny test program, consisting of 20 bulls, 122 cows and 176 calves born three years in row. The data included sex, birth season, mating system, parity, and data on growth traits which included: birth weight (BW), weaning weight at 205 days (WW205), yearling weight at 365 days (YW365) and mature weight at 730 days (MW730). Data were then analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The result shows that BW, YW365 and MW730 were influenced by birth season and sex (p&lt;0.05), and WW205 was influenced by sex and parity (p&lt;0.05). Based on the result, we concluded that the performance of the Bali cattle population in this study was influenced by non-genetic factors that are birth season, sex and parity affect the growth traits of Bali cattle.

Milk yield, composition, and lactation curve models of Bargur cattle under farmers' production system in their native habitat.

Milk yield and composition traits (fat (%) and SNF (%)) from 1229 test day records of 205 Bargur cattle maintained under a farmers' production system were studied. This breed is known for its adaptability to the hilly tracts of Erode District in Tamil Nadu. Performance recording was done in the natural habitat through the test-day milk yield from lactating cows in the farmers' herds. Effects of non-genetic factors like season, year, parity, stage of lactation, and days from calving were studied using mixed models with animal taken as a random effect. Estimated marginal means for daily milk yield (DMY, L/day), fat (%), and SNF (%) were 2.05 ± 0.03, 4.08 ± 0.03%, and 8.19 ± 0.01%, respectively. Stage of lactation was highly significant (P < 0.01) for DMY, fat, and SNF. Season and year were significant for DMY and SNF, where higher productivity was obtained in the monsoon season, but fat remained constant in all the seasons. Parity was significant (P < 0.05) only for SNF, and year was significant for DMY (P < 0.01) and SNF (P < 0.05). Persistency was 5.9% calculated using Wood's gamma function and 63.0% calculated using the ratio of predicted yields. This was slightly lower compared to dairy breeds of cattle. Thirteen different lactation curve models were used for fitting of Bargur cattle lactation curve, and the Parabolic exponential model was the best fitting model based on model diagnostic criteria.

The effect of nongenetic factors on calf birth weight and growth performance in Anatolian buffaloes

The aim of the current study is to determine the growth performances of Anatolian buffaloes such as birth weight (BW$_{0}$), body weight at 6 months (BW$_{6}$), body weight at 12 months (BW$_{12}$), average daily weight gain from birth to 6 months (ADG$_{0 - 6}$), average daily weight gain from birth to 12 months (ADG$_{0 - 12}$) and average daily weight gain from 6 to 12 months (ADG$_{6 - 12}$), and to identify various nongenetic factors affecting these traits. In the study, the data of 2821 head buffalo calves born from buffaloes bred from the Anatolian Buffalo Breeding Project in Bartın province between 2015?2021 were used. In the present study, the effects of nongenetic factors such as district, calving year and season, calving age, and sex on BW0 and growth performance characteristics were investigated. The mean and standard errors of the BW$_{0}$, BW$_{6}$, BW$_{12}$, ADG$_{0 - 6}$, ADG$_{0 - 12}$, and ADG$_{6 - 12}$ values of buffalo calves were calculated as 28.33 ± 0.090 kg, 119.13 ± 0.459 kg, 173.53 ± 0.743 kg, 504.64 ± 2.31 g, 398.24 ± 1.88 g, and 304.27 ± 2.45 g respectively. In the study, except for the effect of calving age on ADG$_{0 - 6}$ and ADG$_{6 - 12}$ (p > 0.05), the effect of all other nongenetic factors on growth performance was found to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). There is not enough research on environmental factors affecting growth performance at different ages in Anatolian buffaloes. The data on growth performances and significant nongenetic factors obtained in this study will be useful in the selection program and improvement in buffalo husbandry and enlighten future studies.