Effects Of Non-digestible Oligosaccharides Research Articles

Palm Kernel Cake Oligosaccharides Acute Toxicity and Effects on Nitric Oxide Levels Using a Zebrafish Larvae Model.

One of the beneficial effects of non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs) is their anti-inflammatory effects on host animals. While conventional animal studies require that analysis be done after samples have been taken from the host, zebrafish larvae are optically transparent upon hatching and this provides an opportunity for observations to be made within the living zebrafish larvae. This study aimed to take advantage of the optical transparency of zebrafish larvae to study the nitric oxide (NO) reducing effects of NDOs through the use of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella enterica serovar (ser.) Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) to induce cardiac NO production. Prior to running the above experiment, an acute toxicity assay was conducted in order to determine the appropriate concentration of oligosaccharides to be used. The oligosaccharides tested consisted of oligosaccharides which were extracted from palm kernel cake with a degree of polymerization (DP) equal to or less than six (OligoPKC), commercial mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) and commercial fructooligosaccharide (FOS). Acute toxicity test results revealed that the OligoPKC has a LC50 of 488.1 μg/ml while both MOS and FOS were non-toxic up to 1,000 μg/ml. Results of the in vivo NO measurements revealed that all three NDOs were capable of significantly reducing NO levels in LPS stimulated zebrafish embryos. In summary, at 250 μg/ml, OligoPKC was comparable to MOS and better than FOS at lowering NO in LPS induced zebrafish larvae. However, at higher doses, OligoPKC appears toxic to zebrafish larvae. This implies that the therapeutic potential of OligoPKC is limited by its toxicity.

The effects of non digestible oligosaccharides in a murine model for chronic allergic asthma

The effects of non digestible oligosaccharides in a murine model for chronic allergic asthma

Effects of short-chain galacto- and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides on systemic and local immune status during pregnancy

Nondigestible oligosaccharides can positively influence health via various mechanisms. During pregnancy, supplementation of nondigestible oligosaccharides has positive effects on hypertension and metabolism and may be used to ameliorate pregnancy-related metabolic disturbances. In the nonpregnant state, nondigestible oligosaccharides have been shown to induce a tolerogenic immune response mediated by T-regulatory cells. Since relatively little is known about the effects of nondigestible oligosaccharides on the immune system during pregnancy, pregnant mice were supplemented with a specific mixture of short-chain galacto- and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS; ratio 9:1). Systemic and local immune parameters were analyzed on day 18 of pregnancy. This study shows that, compared with virgin mice, scGOS/lcFOS supplementation appears to elicit a more tolerogenic immune reaction in pregnant mice and supplementation does not increase the Th1-dependent delayed type hypersensitivity response in pregnant mice as it does in virgin mice.

Effects of non-digestible oligosaccharides with differentproperties on growth, osmotic diarrhea, lipid metabolism, fecal hydrolase activity and production of short chain fatty acids of cecal contents in rats.

Effects of non-digestible oligosaccharides with differentproperties on growth, osmotic diarrhea, lipid metabolism, fecal hydrolase activity and production of short chain fatty acids of cecal contents in rats.

Methodological considerations in measuring human calcium absorption: relevance to study the effects of inulin-type fructans

During the last 50 years, a variety of methods have been developed to estimate Ca absorption in man. Mass balances were initially used, but these were unable to accurately measure fractional Ca absorption because they cannot distinguish unabsorbed dietary Ca from endogenous faecal Ca excretion (excretion of previously absorbed Ca back into the gut). A number of isotopic methods have been developed that can measure true fractional Ca absorption, employing radioisotopes, stable isotopes, or both. Different methods involve collection of urine, faecal or plasma samples. Of the currently available methods, the dual isotope tracer method with a timed urine collection is probably the most precise and reliable. It is also relatively straightforward to carry out and avoids the need for a faecal collection. The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the general advantages and disadvantages of the different methods of Ca absorption. In addition, the limitations the different methods have in examining the possible effects of non-digestible oligosaccharides on Ca absorption will be discussed.

Inulin, oligofructose and mineral metabolism — experimental data and mechanism

Numerous investigations performed in animal models in the past 10 years have shown repeatedly that non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDO), such as inulin, oligofructose or transgalacto-oligosaccharides (TOS), stimulate mineral absorption, mainly calcium and magnesium. Long-term beneficial effects on bone health have been indicated by accumulation of bone mineral content in growing rats or prevention of bone loss in ovariectomized rats. However, bone mineral content or density are not necessarily associated with bone quality. In recent studies both oligofructose and calcium prevented loss of trabecular bone area induced by oestrogen deficiency, this, however, occurred at different trabecular shapes. The effects of NDO on mineral metabolism may be based on the enhancement of passive and active mineral transport across the intestinal epithelium, mediated by an increase in certain metabolites of the intestinal flora and a reduction of pH. The possible impact of short-chain fatty acids, butyrate in particular, and of polyamines on the stimulation of mineral absorption capacity, and the interaction of oligofructose and antibiotics is discussed.

Inulin, oligofructose and mineral metabolism - experimental data and mechanism.

Numerous investigations performed in animal models in the past 10 years have shown repeatedly that non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDO), such as inulin, oligofructose or transgalacto-oligosaccharides (TOS), stimulate mineral absorption, mainly calcium and magnesium. Long-term beneficial effects on bone health have been indicated by accumulation of bone mineral content in growing rats or prevention of bone loss in ovariectomized rats. However, bone mineral content or density are not necessarily associated with bone quality. In recent studies both oligofructose and calcium prevented loss of trabecular bone area induced by oestrogen deficiency, this, however, occurred at different trabecular shapes. The effects of NDO on mineral metabolism may be based on the enhancement of passive and active mineral transport across the intestinal epithelium, mediated by an increase in certain metabolites of the intestinal flora and a reduction of pH. The possible impact of short-chain fatty acids, butyrate in particular, and of polyamines on the stimulation of mineral absorption capacity, and the interaction of oligofructose and antibiotics is discussed.