Effect Of Nicotine Patch Research Articles

Effects of nicotine patches on early and late attentional bias to smoking cues: We may know less than we think.

In contrast to overnight deprivation versus satiety studies, a small number of placebo-controlled studies have failed to find that nicotine administration reduces attentional bias (AB) to smoking cues. To assess the reliability of this failure and to address the duration and salience of AB in smokers versus never-smokers, we used a longer-than-typical (i.e., 3,000 ms) smoking cue-presentation time in a placebo-controlled trial of smokers and never-smokers. We aimed to assess whether a nicotine patch (i.e., active vs. placebo) attenuates continuously assessed eye gaze-measured AB to smoking cues across 3,000 ms in 32 habitual, overnight-deprived smokers and smoker-nonsmoker differences compared to 32 never-smokers. We presented a series of picture pairs (i.e., one smoking-related and one affectively neutral control picture) simultaneously to assess AB. Participants attended a 14 mg nicotine patch and a placebo patch session in a randomized order. The habitual smokers were 12-18 hr nicotine-deprived during both sessions. Smokers demonstrated a stronger AB toward smoking cues than never-smokers across the entire 3,000 ms cue-presentation time. Nicotine did not significantly reduce the AB to smoking cues but the AB was strongly and positively related to deprivation-associated cravings in smokers. Patch-delivered nicotine did not reduce AB to smoking cues presented for up to 3,000 ms, even though smoker-nonsmoker differences in bias remained. Assessments of longer cue presentations and more subtle cues may provide nuance not currently captured by existing studies, because of potential demand effects in designs that contrast overnight versus sated state effects on AB. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The effect of nicotine patches on craving in the brain: A functional MRI study on heavy smokers.

Background:Smoking is a common phenomenon and kills over 6 million people every year. Many smokers try to quit smoking by using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Most of the time, relapse occurs in less than six months after finishing the program of NRT. We performed a single blinded study in which our aim was to figure out what the effect of the nicotine patch is on craving in the brain of smokers deprived from smoking.Methods:Five heavy smokers (Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence ≥4) underwent a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 4 random conditions: smoking (S); smoking deprivation (SD); SD combined with a NP (SD + NP); SD combined with a placebo patch (SD + PP). Visual stimulation provoked craving in block design by randomly displaying images of smoking related scenes. After image preprocessing, a fixed-effect analysis was performed to compare average group activations. The Questionnaire for Smoking Urges (QSU) was obtained before and after each scan.Results:The fMRI results showed higher activation in areas involved in craving in S compared with SD + NP, SD + PP, and SD. In the SD + NP, limbic circuit and attention area were higher activated compared with SD and SD + PP. The SD + PP and SD showed higher activation in the frontal cortex and limbic system compared with S and SD + NP. Nonsmokers showed higher limbic activation compared with SD.The QSU increased significantly after the fMRI experiment in S (P = .036).The SD had higher QSU scores compared with the S before (P = .002), and also after (P = .022) the fMRI experiment. The NP showed lower scores than the SD before the experiment (P = .046).Conclusion:The fMRI experiment revealed lower activity in areas associated with attention when subjects were nicotine deprived (SD + PP and SD). Areas involved with craving showed less activity when nicotine is present (S and SD + NP). The QSU showed a significant difference between SD and when nicotine is present (S and SD + NP).

Varenicline, combination NRT, and nicotine patch did not differ for smoking cessation at 6 mo.

Source Citation Baker TB, Piper ME, Stein JH, et al. Effects of nicotine patch vs varenicline vs combination nicotine replacement therapy on smoking cessation at 26 weeks: a randomized clinical tri...

Effects of Nicotine Patch vs Varenicline vs Combination Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Smoking Cessation at 26 Weeks: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Smoking cessation medications are routinely used in health care; it is vital to identify medications that most effectively treat this leading cause of preventable mortality. To compare the efficacies of varenicline, combination nicotine replacement therapy (C-NRT), and the nicotine patch for 26-week quit rates. Three-group randomized intention-to-treat clinical trial occurring from May 2012 to November 2015 among smokers recruited in the Madison, Wisconsin, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, communities; 65.5% of smokers offered the study (2687/4102) refused participation prior to randomization. Participants were randomized to one of three 12-week open-label smoking cessation pharmacotherapy groups: (1) nicotine patch only (n = 241); (2) varenicline only (including 1 prequit week; n = 424); and (3) C-NRT (nicotine patch + nicotine lozenge; n = 421). Six counseling sessions were offered. The primary outcome was carbon monoxide-confirmed self-reported 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 26 weeks. Secondary outcomes were carbon monoxide-confirmed self-reported initial abstinence, prolonged abstinence at 26 weeks, and point-prevalence abstinence at weeks 4, 12, and 52. Among 1086 smokers randomized (52% women; 67% white; mean age, 48 years; mean of 17 cigarettes smoked per day), 917 (84%) provided 12-month follow-up data. Treatments did not differ on any abstinence outcome measure at 26 or 52 weeks, including point-prevalence abstinence at 26 weeks (nicotine patch, 22.8% [55/241]; varenicline, 23.6% [100/424]; and C-NRT, 26.8% [113/421]) or at 52 weeks (nicotine patch, 20.8% [50/241]; varenicline, 19.1% [81/424]; and C-NRT, 20.2% [85/421]). At 26 weeks, the risk differences for abstinence were, for patch vs varenicline, -0.76% (95% CI, -7.4% to 5.9%); for patch vs C-NRT, -4.0% (95% CI, -10.8% to 2.8%); and for varenicline vs C-NRT, -3.3% (95% CI, -9.1% to 2.6%). All medications were well tolerated, but varenicline produced more frequent adverse events than did the nicotine patch for vivid dreams, insomnia, nausea, constipation, sleepiness, and indigestion. Among adults motivated to quit smoking, 12 weeks of open-label treatment with nicotine patch, varenicline, or C-NRT produced no significant differences in biochemically confirmed rates of smoking abstinence at 26 weeks. The results raise questions about the relative effectiveness of intense smoking pharmacotherapies. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01553084.

Effect of nicotine patches in pregnancy on infant and maternal outcomes at 2 years: follow‐up from the randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled SNAP trial

Effect of nicotine patches in pregnancy on infant and maternal outcomes at 2 years: follow‐up from the randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled SNAP trial

Effect of nicotine patches in pregnancy on infant and maternal outcomes at 2 years: follow-up from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled SNAP trial

The SNAP (Smoking and Nicotine in Pregnancy) trial compared nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) patches with placebo in pregnant smokers; although NRT doubled cessation rates in the first 4 weeks, by delivery no differences in maternal smoking or birth outcomes were noted. As a result, NRT used in standard doses during pregnancy is considered ineffective for smoking cessation. Subsequent effects of NRT on the children of treated mothers are unknown because no trials have investigated the effect of gestational NRT use beyond birth. To assess whether NRT use in pregnancy might cause harm to infants, we aimed to compare effects of NRT and placebo on infant development 2 years after delivery. 1050 pregnant smokers aged 16-45 years, at 12-24 weeks' gestation, and smoking at least five cigarettes per day were recruited from seven hospitals in England between May 1, 2007, and Feb 26, 2010, and followed up until their infants were 2 years old. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive up to 8-weeks treatment with NRT (15 mg/16 h transdermal patches) or identically packaged and visually matched placebo patches (all patches manufactured by and purchased at market rate from United Pharmaceuticals, Amman, Jordan), issued as two 4-week supplies (521 for NRT group, 529 for placebo group) [Corrected]. Randomisation was stratified by site with participants, health-care professionals, and research staff masked to treatment allocation. The primary results for participants and infants at delivery were published in 2012; we present results from the trial cohort 2 years after birth. After delivery, questionnaires were posted to participants and, if there was no response, to family physicians. The primary outcome at 2 years was infants' survival without developmental impairment (ie, no disability or problems with behaviour or development). Treatment groups were compared on an intention-to-treat basis. The trial is registered with Controlled-Trials.com, number ISRCTN07249128. Questionnaires were returned at 2 years for 891 (88%) of 1010 live singleton births (445 of (88%) 503 given NRT and 446 (88%) of 507 given placebo). Because of missing data, developmental outcomes, including four infant deaths, were documented for 888 of (88%) 1010 singleton infants; 445 (88%) of 503 infants in NRT group and 443 (87%) of 507 infants in placebo. In the NRT group, 323 (73%) of 445 infants had no impairment compared with 290 (65%) of 443 infants in the placebo group (odds ratio [OR] 1.40, 95% CI 1.05-1.86, p=0.023). At 2 years, 15 (3%) of 521 mothers in the NRT group and nine (2%) of 529 mothers in the placebo groups self-reported prolonged smoking abstinence since a quit date set in pregnancy (OR 1.71, 95% CI 0.74-3.94, p=0.20). Adverse events were not collected after delivery, but previously reported adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes were similar in the two groups. Infants born to women who used NRT for smoking cessation in pregnancy were more likely to have unimpaired development. NRT had no effect on prolonged abstinence from smoking but did cause a temporary doubling of smoking cessation shortly after randomisation during pregnancy, which could explain findings. If findings are confirmed by subsequent research, this has potential implications for the management of smoking in pregnancy. National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment Programme.

Effect of Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Quitting by Young Adults in a Trial Comparing Cessation Services

Young adult smokers have the highest smoking prevalence among all US age groups but are least likely to use evidence-based cessation counseling or medication to quit. Use and effectiveness of nicotine patch were explored in a randomized trial evaluating smoking cessation interventions with this population. Smokers aged 18 to 30 (n = 3094) were recruited through online and off-line methods and from telephone quit lines and analyzed. Smokers were enrolled in a pretest-posttest trial, and randomized to 1 of 3 cessation services. Trial delivering counseling services by self-help booklet, telephone quit lines, or online expert system in the 48 continental United States. Smokers could request a free 2-week course of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) patches from the project. Follow-up surveys at 12 and 26 weeks assessed smoking abstinence, use of NRT, counseling, and other cessation medications, and smoking-related variables. Overall, 69.0% of smokers reported using NRT (M = 3.2 weeks) at 12 weeks and 74.8% (M = 3.3 weeks) at 26 weeks. More smokers who were sent the free nicotine patches (n = 1695; 54.8%) reported using NRT than those who did not receive them (12 weeks: 84.3% vs 41.9%, P < .001; 26 weeks: 87.6% vs 51.1%, P < .001). The use of NRT was associated with greater smoking abstinence at 12 weeks (P < .001) and 26 weeks (P < .05), especially if used for more than 2 weeks (P < .001). Smokers assigned to a self-help booklet or cessation Web site and heavier smokers were most likely to use NRT (P < .05), whereas those reporting marijuana use and binge drinking used NRT less (P < .05). Many young adults were willing to try NRT, and it appeared to help them quit in the context of community-based cessation services. Strategies should be developed to make NRT available to this age group and support them in using it to prevent lifelong smoking.

Effect of nicotine patch on energy intake and weight gain in postmenopausal women during smoking cessation

IntroductionPost-cessation weight gain is a commonly cited barrier to smoking cessation. Some evidence suggests that nicotine replacement therapy may limit post-cessation weight gain by reducing energy intake. This project aims to assess differential changes in energy intake and body weight during smoking cessation in a sample of postmenopausal women randomized to receive 21mg nicotine or placebo patch for 12weeks. MethodsPostmenopausal women who smoked ≥10cigarettes/day were enrolled in this double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Total energy intake (via four-day food diaries), body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), cigarettes/day and smoking status (self-report verified by exhaled carbon monoxide) were assessed at three time points: 2weeks prior to quit date,12weeks after quit date, and 12months after smoking cessation treatment. ResultsParticipants (n=119) were, on average, 55.8±6.7years old with a baseline BMI of 27.0±5.2 and average cigarette/day was 21.1±8.6. At Week 12, participants randomized to nicotine patch increased their mean caloric intake by 146.4±547.7kcal/day whereas those on placebo patch decreased their caloric intake by 175.3±463.2 (f-value=10.1, p-value=0.002). Despite the differences in caloric intake, body weight remained similar between groups. ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that nicotine patch may increase energy intake during treatment, and does not prevent post-cessation weight gain in postmenopausal smokers. Additional research is needed to replicate these findings and assess whether different forms of nicotine replacement therapy influence caloric intake and post-cessation weight gain in postmenopausal smokers.

Reliability of striatal [11C]raclopride binding in smokers wearing transdermal nicotine patches

In studies where [(11)C]raclopride (RAC) positron emission tomography (PET) is used to assess changes in striatal dopamine, it is important to control for cognitive states, such as drug craving, that could alter dopamine levels. In cigarette smokers, transdermal nicotine patches (TNP) can control nicotine craving, but the effects of nicotine patches on RAC binding are unknown. Thus, we sought to determine the test-retest reliability of RAC binding in the presence of nicotine patches. Eleven male smokers were scanned twice with RAC on separate days while wearing TNP. Across the striatum, test-retest variability was 7.63 ± 5.88; percent change in binding potential was 1.11 ± 9.83; and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.91 (p < 0.0001). Baseline RAC binding is highly reproducible in smokers wearing nicotine patches. This suggests that TNP are an acceptable method for controlling cigarette craving during studies that utilize RAC to examine changes in dopamine.

Effects of nicotine patch or nasal spray on nicotine and cotinine concentrations in pregnant smokers

Effects of nicotine patch or nasal spray on nicotine and cotinine concentrations in pregnant smokers

P.6.e.007 Effect of nicotine patches on craving in a workplace smoking cessation program

P.6.e.007 Effect of nicotine patches on craving in a workplace smoking cessation program

The effectiveness of nicotine patch and nicotine lozenge in very heavy smokers

The efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) among very heavy and highly dependent smokers was examined in a secondary analysis of two randomized clinical trials of NRT. In the first trial, smokers were assigned to active patch ( n = 249) or placebo ( n = 253) plus intensive behavioral treatment. In the second trial, smokers were assigned to active 4-mg nicotine lozenge ( n = 450) or placebo ( n = 451) plus brief behavioral treatment. Nicotine patch and lozenge significantly increased 6-month continuous abstinence quit rates in both very heavy (≥40 cigarettes per day) and highly dependent (Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire or Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence score > 7) smokers. The effect of active NRT treatment did not differ significantly by smoking rate or nicotine dependence, with the exception that the nicotine patch was significantly more effective than placebo in highly dependent smokers. The nicotine patch and lozenge are effective (vs. placebo) even in heavy and highly dependent smokers.

Effects of nicotine on brain responses to emotional pictures

Given that nicotine reduces negative affect, one would expect nicotine to have different effects on brain responses to emotionally negative stimuli than it does on responses to emotionally neutral or positive stimuli. However, no studies have assessed this possibility. The present study assessed the effects of nicotine patch versus placebo patch on brain event-related potential (ERP) responses to emotion-inducing negative, positive, and neutral color pictures in 16 smokers in a double-blind, counterbalanced, within-subjects design. The study included four experimental sessions. After overnight smoking deprivation (12 hr or more), active nicotine patches were applied to participants during one of the first two sessions and during one of the last two sessions. Placebo patches were applied during the other two sessions. Nicotine reduced frontal ERP processing voltage negativity (from 144-488 ms poststimulus onset) evoked by viewing emotionally negative pictures to a greater extent than it did when emotionally neutral pictures were viewed, whereas it had no effect on processing negativity evoked by positive pictures. Nicotine also enhanced P390 amplitudes evoked by emotionally negative pictures more than it did when emotionally neutral and positive pictures were viewed. Across picture types, nicotine (relative to placebo) reduced N300 amplitude (more at anterior and dorsal sites) and increased P390 amplitude. Overall, nicotine influenced ERPs to emotionally neutral and positive pictures less than it did to negative pictures.

Effectiveness of nicotine patches in relation to genotype in women versus men: randomised controlled trial

Effectiveness of nicotine patches in relation to genotype in women versus men: randomised controlled trial

Effectiveness of nicotine patches is overstated

Effectiveness of nicotine patches is overstated

Acute effect of nicotine patch on gastric emptying of liquid and solid contents in healthy subjects.

The effect of nicotine on gastric emptying remains controversial. Gastric emptying is delayed in chronic smokers after smoking high-dose nicotine cigarettes, but it is unchanged after chewing nicotine gums. No information is available on the effect of transdermal nicotine patches on the gastric emptying of solid and liquid contents in healthy nonsmokers. Our objective was to prospectively evaluate the effect of the nicotine patch on gastric emptying of liquid and solid contents in healthy nonsmokers. Ten healthy nonsmoking volunteers underwent a baseline dual-isotope gastric scintigraphy with [111In]-diethylenetriaminepantaacetic acid (DTPA) and [99mTc]sulfur colloid isotopes to evaluate prospectively the gastric emptying of liquid and solid contents, respectively. The gastric scintigraphy was repeated after placing a transdermal nicotine patch (Habitrol) for 12 hr designed to deliver 14 mg of nicotine per day. Plasma nicotine level was measured prior to baseline gastric scintigraphy and after 12 hr placing the nicotine patch. Plasma nicotine was absent in all subjects at baseline and but was significantly elevated after 12 hr of nicotine patch (P < 0.009). The mean half-emptying times (T1/2) for the gastric emptying of liquids before and after nicotine patch placement were 31.2+/-23.3 and 25.6+/-8.4 min, respectively (P = 0.498). The mean T1/2s for the gastric emptying of solids before and after nicotine patch placement were 70.1+/-34.0 and 59.7+/-31.4 min, respectively (P = 0.202). There was no correlation between the plasma nicotine level and gastric emptying of liquid and solid contents (correlation coefficient = -0.23 and -0.01, respectively). In conclusion, acute transdermal delivery of nicotine does not affect the gastric emptying of solid and liquid contents in healthy nonsmoking subjects.

Effect of chronic nicotine administration on trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis

Smoking, probably due to nicotine, has a bivalent effect on inflammatory bowel disease, ameliorating disease activity in ulcerative colitis and with a deleterious effect on Crohn's disease. The effect of nicotine patches in ulcerative colitis is controversial. To investigate the effect of chronic nicotine use in a rat model of colitis. Colitis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by rectal administration of 30 mg trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) in 50% ethanol. Nicotine was dissolved in drinking water (2.5, 12.5, 25 and 250 microg/ml), with rats drinking ad libitum. Nicotine administration started 10 days prior to damage induction and had no effect on weight gain or daily food intake of rats. Rats were sacrificed 1 and 5 days after TNBS administration, their colons resected, rinsed, weighed, damage assessed macroscopically (mm2) and microscopically and tissue processed for myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) generation and interleukin-1 (IL-1) serum levels. Nicotine, by itself, caused no damage to the colon. Nicotine had a dose-dependent bivalent effect on colitis, significantly reducing macroscopic damage from 983 +/- 10 mm2 on TNBS alone to 429 +/- 118 mm2 on TNBS plus 12.5 microg/ml of nicotine, and escalating to 1086 +/- 262 mm2 on 250 microg/ml of nicotine. Segmental weight declined significantly (from 2.4 +/- 0.2 to 1.65 +/- 0.20 g/10 cm), on 12.5 microg/ml nicotine, as did MPO activity (from 3.2 +/- 0.4 to 0.7 +/- 0.1 units/g). All these parameters returned to the levels of TNBS alone when the dose of nicotine was increased to 250 microg/ml. Nicotine had no effect on NOS activity, PGE2 generation and serum IL-1 levels, but increased LTB4 generation. Nicotine has a dose-dependent bivalent effect on TNBS-induced colitis which is not due to reduction in IL-1 serum levels or PGE2 generation, and is not NOS-mediated.

Cessation of Smoking Rapidly Decreases erectile Dysfunction

To assess the relationship between cessation of smoking and rapid improvement in erectile capacity as well as the effect of nicotine patches on nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity. Nocturnal penile erections were studied in 10 smokers with use of the RigiScan portable home monitor. Two nights were monitored: for the first night, the patients had not stopped smoking; for the second night, the patients had stopped smoking for 24 hours. In addition, four men were monitored after cessation of smoking and wearing nicotine patches for 1 month. Multiple variables studied showed a statistically significant improvement in nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity in the men who had stopped smoking for 24 hours. Continued improvement was noted in the four men who were monitored while not smoking and wearing nicotine patches for 1 month. Stopping cigarette smoking is a factor that rapidly improves penile tumescence and rigidity. Because the improvement continues while the patient is receiving nicotine from transdermal patches, some factor or factors other than the nicotine are responsible for the erectile dysfunction.

Effectiveness of Nicotine Patches in a Workplace Smoking Cessation Program

Transdermal nicotine patches are widely prescribed as part of smoking cessation programs, but their efficacy beyond 6 months is not well established. We evaluated the efficacy of a 70-day treatment regimen among 75 subjects in an industrial setting where follow-up was conducted for 11 months. The median time free of cigarettes was 73 days, and the overall smoking abstinence rate was 9% after 11 months of follow-up. Smoking abstinence was significantly higher among those subjects who completed the full course of treatment than among those who did not (25 vs 6%, respectively). Smoking abstinence was also higher among subjects who started smoking after age 17 than among those who started at younger ages and was higher among male than female subjects. We conclude that transdermal nicotine patches are of limited efficacy in achieving long-term smoking cessation and that the relative costs and benefits of this treatment are not adequately specified.

Meta-analysis reveals effectiveness of nicotine patch

Meta-analysis reveals effectiveness of nicotine patch