Effects Of Need For Cognition Research Articles

Effects of dispositional greed and need for cognition on consumer judgments of cryptocurrency and stocks

AbstractThe volatile cryptocurrency market offers investors the chance for substantial capital gains. In this research, we examine the role of dispositional greed and need for cognition (NFC) on judgments about crypto and stocks. Drawing on the dualistic model of passion, we examine two potential mediators of the effects: harmonious passion (HP) and obsessive passion (OP). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(4), 756–767. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000031, we examine two potential mediators of the effects: harmonious passion (HP) and obsessive passion (OP). Following a preregistered survey (N = 258), we found that the effect of greed on crypto judgments was mediated by HP rather than OP. This result was replicated for stocks. The effect of NFC on attitudes was mediated by HP. The findings show that (1) dispositional greed and NFC offer insights into consumer judgments of crypto and stocks, (2) HP rather than OP mediates the effects of greed and NFC on crypto and share judgments, and (3) that the effects of dispositional greed and NFC on judgments is similar for crypto and stocks.

Effect of need for cognition on the sequential processing of brand extension: Evidence from Korean women

The study aimed to investigate the effect of consumers’ need for cognition on their sequential processing of brand extension. An online experiment was thus conducted with a sample of Korean women aged 30–39 years. The results revealed that perceived product-feature fit between a parent brand and its extension product category enhanced perceived similarity between the parent brand and its brand extension among participants low and high in need for cognition. Next, for participants low in need for cognition, the perceived similarity increased brand extension attitude and brand extension buying intention. For participants high in need for cognition, the perceived similarity and an interaction of perceived product-feature fit and parent-brand image fit between the parent brand and its extension product category influenced the brand extension attitude. Lastly, the brand extension attitude enhanced the brand extension buying intention among participants low and high in need for cognition. The study is among the first to empirically examine (a) the perceived sequential relationships among a brand extension, its parent brand and its extension product category and (b) differential effects of the perceived sequential relationships among them on brand extension attitude and brand extension buying intention between consumers low and high in need for cognition.

Need for Cognition is associated with a preference for higher task load in effort discounting

When individuals set goals, they consider the subjective value (SV) of the anticipated reward and the required effort, a trade-off that is of great interest to psychological research. One approach to quantify the SVs of levels of difficulty of a cognitive task is the Cognitive Effort Discounting Paradigm by Westbrook and colleagues (2013). However, it fails to acknowledge the highly individual nature of effort, as it assumes a unidirectional, inverse relationship between task load and SVs. Therefore, it cannot map differences in effort perception that arise from traits like Need for Cognition, since individuals who enjoy effortful cognitive activities likely do not prefer the easiest level. We replicated the analysis of Westbrook and colleagues with an adapted version, the Cognitive and Affective Discounting (CAD) Paradigm. It quantifies SVs without assuming that the easiest level is preferred, thereby enabling the assessment of SVs for tasks without objective order of task load. Results show that many of the 116 participants preferred a more or the most difficult level. Variance in SVs was best explained by a declining logistic contrast of the n-back levels and by the accuracy of responses, while reaction time as a predictor was highly volatile depending on the preprocessing pipeline. Participants with higher Need for Cognition scores perceived higher n-back levels as less effortful and found them less aversive. Effects of Need for Cognition on SVs in lower levels did not reach significance, as group differences only emerged in higher levels. The CAD Paradigm appears to be well suited for assessing and analysing task preferences independent of the supposed objective task difficulty.Protocol registrationThe stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on August 19, 2022. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/CPXTH.

Teaching presence promotes learner affective engagement: The roles of cognitive load and need for cognition

The association between teaching presence and learners' affective engagement was examined, along with the mediating effect of cognitive load and the moderating effects of need for cognition. A self-report survey of 883 university students was carried out. Results showed that teaching presence enhanced affective engagement, in part through cognitive load, and that need for cognition amplified teaching presence's beneficial effect while attenuating cognitive load's detrimental one on affective engagement. The results may help us better understand how instructional elements affect learners' affective-motivational outcomes by supporting the integrated expectancy-value-cost theory and cognitive load theory perspective. Practical implications were discussed.

Specialty coffee consumption intervention illustrates the utility of behavior feedback messages

Despite having similar amounts of caffeine, “specialty” coffee drinks (SCDs; e.g., lattes and frappes) contain nearly 10 times as many calories and cost nearly double the price compared to more traditional coffee drinks (e.g., brewed and iced coffee). The current study examined the efficacy of generic and personalized behavior feedback messages to reduce participants' intention to consume SCDs, as well as the moderating effects of Need for Cognition (NC; i.e., one's willingness and tendency to engage in critical thinking; Cacioppo & Petty, 1989) on this intervention. Furthermore, participants' immediacy of likelihood-to-reduce their SCD consumption was also analyzed. Participants completed an online survey that included one of four behavior feedback messages (personalized feedback, generic feedback with a memory prompt, generic feedback without a memory prompt, and no message), pre- and post-intervention measures of SCD consumption and likelihood to reduce their consumption, and the NC Scale (Cacioppo, Petty, & Fao, 1984). Although each of the three behavior feedback messages were successful at reducing SCD consumption intention compared to the no message control, no moderating effect of NC was established. Furthermore, NC predicted both post-intervention specialty coffee consumption intention and likelihood of reducing consumption “in the next few days,” but in a surprising manner. Although further investigation into the application of behavior feedback and the moderating effects of NC are necessary, these data suggest that behavior feedback, whether generic or personalized, may be a useful dietary intervention for high-cost, high-calorie coffee consumption.

OTT 스포츠 콘텐츠 몰입이 PPL 광고효과에 미치는 영향 : 인지욕구 및 관여도의 조절효과

The purposes of this study was to examine the impact of engagement in an OTT sport program on advertising effectiveness and determine if there is a moderating effect of need for cognition and involvement in the relation between engagement in an OTT sport program and advertising effectiveness. In order to achieve study objective, a total of 256 undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in metropolitan area was selected using convenient sampling method and responded to the survey questionnaire. Data analyses included frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, two-way MANOVA, two-way ANOVA and independent sample t-test with SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 22.0. The results of this study were as follows. Firstly, engagement in OTT sport program had a significant effect on advertising effectiveness, however, engagement did not affect advertising recognition. Secondly, there was no moderating effect of need for cognition in the relation between engagement in OTT sports program and advertising attitude and advertising recognition. Thirdly, there was no moderating effect of involvement in sports in the relation between engagement in OTT sports program and advertising attitude and advertising recognition. Additionally, managerial implications and future research opportunities were also suggested.

Partner influences on ICT use variety among middle-aged and older adults: The role of need for cognition

This exploratory study examined individual and dyadic predictors of variety of ICT use. Need for cognition is associated with engaging in a variety of intellectually stimulating practices and a prominent individual difference predictor of the types of ICTs people use. Participants were a subset of 542 heterosexual couples (N = 1084 individuals; 50% women; Mage = 63.65; 83.9% Caucasian) from the Health and Retirement Study with access to the internet. Individuals high in need for cognition were more likely to use ICTs for a variety of reasons. Being married to someone high in need for cognition was associated with a greater variety of ICT ownership, use of ICTs for financial/transactional activities, and use of ICTs for miscellaneous reasons (e.g., research), although these effects were relatively small and the evidence for partner effects was relatively weak according to the distribution of p-values. Partner effects were not significant for social technology or internet-enabling ICTs; cross-partner interactions provided suggestive evidence for compensatory partner effects of need for cognition. Findings are discussed with respect to the relational and contextual determinants of ICT use in older adulthood.

Thinking Inconsistently

Abstract. People tend to simultaneously accept mutually exclusive beliefs. If they are generally prone to tolerate inconsistencies, irrespective of their content, we say they are prone to doublethink. We developed a measure to capture individual differences in this tendency and demonstrated its construct and predictive validity across two studies. In Study 1, participants ( N = 240) filled in the doublethink scale, the rational/intuitive inventory, and three measures of conspiratorial beliefs (conspiracy mentality, belief in specific and contradictory conspiracies). Doublethink was meaningfully related to all measured variables and was predictive of all conspiratorial beliefs over and above rational/intuitive thinking styles. In Study 2 ( N = 149), we included the need for cognition and preference for consistency in the predictor set alongside doublethink, while the criterion set remained the same. Once again, doublethink related in an expected way to other measured variables and was predictive of belief in conspiracy theories after accounting for the effects of need for cognition and preference for consistency. We discuss the properties of the scale and how it relates to other consistency measures, and offer two ways to conceptualize doublethink: as a lack of metacognitive ability to spot inconsistencies or as a thinking style that easily accommodates inconsistent beliefs.

More Than Politics: How Personality Trait and Media Technology Use Affect Vote Likelihood During the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election

Considerable work has been devoted to studying voter behavior in U.S. presidential elections by analyzing their political participation and attitude toward political advertising. Less is known about how other factors may alter voter behavior like personality traits and use of information and communication technology (ICT). This study analyzes vote likelihood among American young voters and their parents ( N = 674) after they watched four presidential campaign commercials . It proposes a hierarchical mediation model highlighting the need for cognition (NFC) impact on vote likelihood through the mediation of power use of ICT applications, political participation and trust in negative advertising. This study has revealed both the direct effect of NFC on vote likelihood, and the indirect relationship between NFC and vote likelihood that is mediated by power use of ICT applications. The findings should enrich the literature of vote likelihood by highlighting the effects of need for cognition and ICT usage.

The role of need for cognition in consumers' mental imagery: a study of retail brand's Instagram

PurposeDrawn from the concepts of processing fluency and mental imagery, the present study aims to fill the void by developing the mechanism underlying consumers' cognitive processing of visually appealing digital content in social media (i.e. Instagram) of retail brands.Design/methodology/approachData were gathered using a web-based survey method with consumers residing in the USA (N = 328). Structural equation modelling (SEM) was employed to investigate the proposed hypotheses. In addition, measurement invariance and multigroup analyses were conducted to test the moderation effect of need for cognition (NFC).FindingsThe results supported the pivotal role of mental imagery when consumers process visual messages in the context of a retail brand's Instagram. Both comprehension fluency and imagery fluency positively influence mental imagery, which in turn cultivates positive attitude towards the brand. The mediating role of mental imagery is confirmed. Furthermore, individuals' NFC interacts with imagery fluency but not with comprehension fluency such that high NFC strengthens the effect of imagery fluency on mental imagery. That is, when high-NFC consumers process information on Instagram, their perceptions of ease of generating imagery likely evoke visual representation of the brand's messages on Instagram in their minds.Practical implicationsThis research provides feasible ways for brands to increase the effectiveness of digital marketing communications in social media (e.g. optimising of the contextual features of visual information and employing interactive features such as filters of social media to enhance processing fluency).Originality/valueWithin the context of digital retailing, this study provides a new perspective of consumers' imagery processing to investigate the effectiveness of visual-focussed messages.

The influence of consumer anthropomorphism on attitudes towards artificial intelligence trip advisors

This research note investigates how consumers’ individual differences are associated with their attitude towards trip advice that has been curated by artificial intelligence (AI). Individual difference factors (anthropomorphic tendency, need for cognition, disillusionment toward marketing, life satisfaction) and variables such as smart phone usage were correlated with attitude towards AI-curated reviews (AAICR). A survey of 212 individuals from Taizhou, China found that anthropomorphic tendency, need for cognition, and smart phone usage were positively associated with AAICR. When controlling for the effect of need for cognition and smart phone usage, the effect of anthropomorphism on attitudes was still robust. Disillusionment toward marketing and life satisfaction were not associated with AAICR. The results contribute to the tourism literature by showing the effect of anthropomorphism on AAICR. Tourism practitioners who wish to inspire consumers with AI-curated destination reviews should target consumers with a high anthropomorphic tendency.

인공지능 스피커의 시각 피드백 유형에 따른 사용자 경험 연구: 인지욕구와 멀티태스킹 조절 효과를 중심으로

인공지능 스피커의 시각 피드백 유형에 따른 사용자 경험 연구: 인지욕구와 멀티태스킹 조절 효과를 중심으로

The effects of need for cognition, gender, risk preferences and marketing education on entrepreneurial intentions

Purpose Entrepreneurial aspirations are essential to the creation and survival of many businesses and to the economic development of nations. Understanding the drivers of entrepreneurial intentions is therefore of central importance from both academic and public policy perspectives. This study aims to explore how entrepreneurial intentions are affected by an individual’s need for cognition (NFC), gender, risk preferences and educational profile. Design/methodology/approach Using survey data from 668 individuals, the effects of the above factors are empirically established and the mediating role of decision confidence is also examined. Findings The results indicate that NFC, gender and risk preferences affect entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore cross-disciplinary differences in entrepreneurial intentions are found within the different sub-disciplines of business. Research limitations/implications This paper expands the current body of literature by exploring the combined NFC with risk preferences and gender, on individuals’ entrepreneurial intentions. Furthermore, the entrepreneurial intentions of marketing majors are also contrasted with those of other majors. Practical implications The findings of the study identify drivers of entrepreneurial intentions and their varying effects. The results can assist in the development and customization of training programs for entrepreneurs. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study to examine the combined effects of NFC, gender, risk preferences and educational profile on entrepreneurial intentions.

Exploring Perceptions of Novelty and Mirth in Elicited Figurative Language Production

ABSTRACT Most research of figurative language production examines naturalistic discourse. However, laboratory studies of elicited figurative language production are useful because they provide insight into whether specific individual differences are associated with differences in figurative language production ability. In this sense, elicited figurative language production studies mirror the approach many studies of figurative language processing and comprehension take. Accordingly, this study is an investigation into perceptions of novelty and mirth associated with figurative language production. Data in this study come from elicited figurative language production tasks for metaphorical comparisons and sarcastic replies, which were rated based on perceptions of novelty and mirth as well as conceptual distance (metaphors) and incongruity (sarcastic replies). Two individual differences, Need for Cognition and Thinking, along with other differences such as prompt type and production time were used to predict the novelty and mirth ratings. The results demonstrate a significant effect of Need for Cognition on metaphors but not for sarcastic replies, whereas no significant effects were observed for Thinking. Moreover, longer production times were associated with higher ratings for both metaphors and sarcastic replies. Finally, the results highlighted the manner in which prompt characteristics influenced participants’ responses, especially so for sarcastic replies.

OTC drug advertising in Japan: the role of need for cognition and celebrity endorser credibility

This research explores how the level of consumers’ need for cognition (NFC) is associated with celebrity endorser credibility and examines its effects on advertising-related attitudes. A 3 (endorser types: actor/actress, athlete, TV personality/talent) × 2 (endorser’s gender) factorial experiment with 435 Japanese consumers was conducted. Concerning Japanese OTC drug advertising, lower NFC individuals perceived celebrity endorsers as more credible in comparison to higher NFC individuals. The main effects of NFC and endorser type on endorser credibility existed; however, no interaction between the two variables was found. The endorser type had an influence on attitudes toward ads and the advertised brand.

The Effect of Need for Cognition and Need for Affection on the Intention of Spreading Fake News

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the need for cognition and the need for affection towards the intention of spreading fake news. This research used an experimental design by giving the participants some manipulations in the form of fake news. The study examined whether the participant spreads the news provided based on their different need orientations. The results of this study indicate that there was a significant relationship between the need for affection and the need for cognition in terms of spreading false news. This study also investigated the variation of the tendency to spread the news based on both need scores. Although predictions are related to participants who have high or low scores who tend to spread false news, further research is needed.

DOES THE NEED FOR COGNITION, NEED FOR AFFECT AND PERCEIVED HUMOUR INFLUENCE CONSUMERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE ADVERTISED BRANDS?

Cognition has long been known as a mechanism to process message besides forming desirable attitude. However, the engagement of emotions that has been limited in its discussions to the message processing theory such as the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) could also function as influencer to message processing and contributor to attitude formation. Hence, the purpose of this research is to examine the effects of need for cognition (NFC), need for affect (NFA) and perceived humour on consumers’ attitude towards the brands advertised. The research engaged three main studies and has adopted a quantitative basic experimental design with a random selection and distribution of participants into treatment groups. Result of study 1 showed that advertising attitude mediates between NFC and brand attitude. Study 2 found that NFA moderates between NFC and brand attitude. Study 3 revealed that NFA moderates between perceived humour and brand attitude. Finally, the results also determined that NFC, NFA, and perceived humour influence the processing of advertising message in the low and high involvement conditions of message elaborations. The findings encourage future researchers to further assess consumers’ attitude towards brand in various advertising contexts in more detail. The study contributes to the advertising guidelines for advertising firms and policy makers. In addition, the study contributes to the theoretical establishment of the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) that can be used for future research extension. Keywords: Brand attitude, involvement, need for cognition, need for affect, perceived humour.

Thinking in action: Need for Cognition predicts Self-Control together with Action Orientation

Need for Cognition describes relatively stable interindividual differences in cognitive motivation. Previous research has shown relations of Need for Cognition to Self-Control–a capacity that can be broadly defined as resistance to temptation–yet, the processes underlying this relation remain unclear. One explanation for the prediction of Self-Control by Need for Cognition can be an increased motivation to invest cognitive effort with higher levels of Need for Cognition. Another possible link could be that individual differences in the implementation of Self-Control intentions may play a moderating or mediating role for the predictive value of Need for Cognition. Such individual differences in the self-motivated initiation and maintenance of intentions are described by dispositional Action Orientation. Therefore, in the present study, Action Orientation was examined with regard to its possible role in explaining the relation of Need for Cognition to Self-Control. In a sample of 1209 young adults, Self-Control was assessed with two different self-report instruments and moderation and mediation models of the relationship between Need for Cognition, Action Orientation, and Self-Control were tested. While there was no evidence for a moderating role of Action Orientation in explaining the relation of Need for Cognition and Self-Control, Action Orientation was found to partly mediate this relation with a remaining direct effect of Need for Cognition on Self-Control. These results add to the conceptual understanding of Need for Cognition and demonstrate the relevance of trait variables to predict Self-Control.

Who stays proactive after entrepreneurship training? Need for cognition, personal initiative maintenance, and well‐being

SummaryPersonal initiative training is a promising way to increase entrepreneurial personal initiative, which is a key behavior for successful entrepreneurship. Although personal initiative training has been shown to promote personal initiative, little is known about how this proactive behavior can be maintained over time and what the consequences are. The training transfer literature suggests that training effects usually decline with time. It is not clear, however, which factors contribute to personal initiative maintenance and which benefits go along with it. In a randomized controlled field experiment with 912 microentrepreneurs in Lomé, Togo, we investigate the influence of need for cognition—a cognitive factor driving proactive behavior—on personal initiative maintenance after training. In addition, we examine the effect of need for cognition on the well‐being consequences of personal initiative maintenance. We show that people high in need for cognition tend to maintain posttraining personal initiative longer than those low in need for cognition. However, contrary to our predictions, need for cognition has no effect on the level of well‐being that results from personal initiative maintenance. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of personal initiative and its maintenance and could be used to increase training effectiveness.

Mediating Effects of Agility and Moderating Effects of Need for Cognition in the Relationship between Affordance System and Innovative Behavior: Focusing on the Service Firms

Mediating Effects of Agility and Moderating Effects of Need for Cognition in the Relationship between Affordance System and Innovative Behavior: Focusing on the Service Firms