Effects Of N-butanol Research Articles

Experimental study on the effects of n-butanol and n-propanol on the spray and combustion characteristics of diesel/biodiesel blends in a constant volume combustion chamber

The depletion of fossil fuel resources and the escalating environmental impact of greenhouse gas emissions have intensified the global exploration of renewable and sustainable energy sources. Biodiesel produced from vegetable oils and animal fats has become a promising alternative to conventional diesel fuel due to its renewability and lower carbon emission. This study investigates the differences in spray, combustion and flame characteristics between soybean-based biodiesel blended with propanol and butanol at various ratios. The results indicate that the liquid spray penetration length of biodiesel mixed with propanol and butanol exceeds that of soybean-based biodiesel. And the increase of spray penetration is accompanied by a longer flame lift-off length, which indicates the improvement of spray characteristics. Regarding combustion, alcohol-fuel blends exhibit a reduction in peak combustion pressure but an increase in peak apparent heat release rate. Additionally, these fuels show a shorter ignition delay and combustion duration. The peak natural flame luminosity is lower for alcohol fuels, suggesting their potential to reduce carbon soot production and support low-carbon combustion. These experimental results contribute to advancing research on cleaner, more efficient and renewable fuels, thereby reducing reliance on conventional fossil fuels.

Wear and Friction Effects on Engine Materials of N-Butanol in Ultra-Low Sulfure Diesel Mixtures

The lack of the sulfur beneficial lubricity in ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) may lead to premature wear and failure of diesel-fuel systems. Mixing of small percentages of, for instance, biodiesels and other biofuels is typically used to add lubricity in ULSD. N-butanol has been recently proved to mix in or replace diesel without compromising engine combustion performance. But anti-wear properties of mixing N-Butanol in ULSD have not previously been studied. This paper presents a tribology study on the effects of N-Butanol in ULSD in a steel-on steel sliding contact. The research work employed a pin on disk tribometer for friction-force data acquisition, and wear was measured by specimen weight-change. The wear results and the friction force evolution observed in tests indicate that the dilutions of ULSD with N-Butanol can lead to a reduction of wear and that there is an optimum rate of dilution, of around 25% of N-Butanol in ULSD, that minimizes wear and increases the mixture lubricity as compared to those of both pure ULSD and pure N-Butanol.

Evidence of anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties of aerial parts of Centaurea tougourensis Boiss. and Reut.

Purpose: To determine the anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties of the aerial parts of Centaurea tougourensis Boiss. & Reut.
 Methods: The effects of n-butanol (n-BuOH) extract of the aerial part of Centaurea tougourensis on carrageenan-induced paw edema and ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage were determined at 2 doses (200 and 400 mg/kg, po) in a mouse model. For each test, the animals were randomly divided into negative and positive control groups, as well as extract-treated groups. The mice were observed for any sign of inflammation for a period of 24h.
 Results: Reduction of paw edema by C. tougourensis extract was highly significant (p < 0.001) at a dose of 400 mg/kg 24 h after carrageenan injection, with 55.26 % inhibition, followed very closely by 53.15 % inhibition at the dose of 200 mg/kg; indomethacin group showed an inhibition of 60 %. Histological examination supported the inhibition results. A significant reduction in inflammation by the extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg was also observed. No sign of ulcer was observed with C. tougourensis at the two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg). The total polyphenol content of the n-BuOH extract was 85.44 цg gallic acid equivalent/mg of extract. Tannins were the most abundant fraction (51.87 цg tannic acid equivalent/mg of extract), followed by flavonoids (25.55 цg quercetin equivalent/mg of extract).
 Conclusion: The results indicate that C. tougourensis may have potential beneficial effects in the treatment of diseases associated with inflammation and pain, besides its protective effect on the gastrointestinal tract.

Techno-economic modeling and optimization of catalytic reactive distillation for the esterification reactions in bio-oil upgradation

Equilibrium reactive distillation (RD) process simulation and economic evaluation were carried out for the esterification of complex mixtures of several fatty acids and water (representative of crude bio-oils) with n-butanol using Aspen PLUS process simulator and economic analyzer. Complete design and optimization were carried out using evolutionary techniques from simplest system to the most rigorous one with introduction of intermittent progressive complexity. Prior to distillation design, esterification reaction kinetics and binary/ternary interactions were analyzed using Aspen RGibbs reactor module and Property PLUS, respectively. Simple distillation column was designed and optimized to obtain the initial trial parameters to be used in RD simulation. UNIQUAC is used as base property method and reaction equilibria estimated by minimization of Gibbs free energy. Near atmospheric column pressure, reflux ratio of 0.95, distillate to feed ratio of 0.505 and total 18 stages were found to be optimum based on attainable reaction conversion, ester separation, heat duties, and capital and operating costs. The effects of n-butanol:acid feeding ratio and water percent in bio-oil and their relationship were also analyzed to predict n-butanol requirement. The results of this study, including the optimized parameters, could serve as design platforms for pyrolysis bio-oil upgradation to transportation fuels.

Influence of n-Butanol Addition on C3H3 Formation in n-Butane Combustion

The effects of different n-butanol blending ratios (Rb) on the formation of propargyl radical (C3H3), an important benzene precursor, during the combustion of n-butanol/n-butane blends are studied. A detailed kinetic combustion model of n-butanol/n-butane is developed and the premixed n-butanol/n-butane flames are calculated at an equivalence ratio of 1.5, an initial pressure of 1.0 atm, and a temperature range from 800 to 2000 K in a perfectly stirred reactor (PSR), with Rb varying from 0 to 1.0. The results show that under the investigated conditions, the peak value of the mole fraction of C3H3 decreases non-linearly with the increase of Rb. Due to the interaction between combustion products of n-butane and n-butanol during the combustion process, the actual peak mole fraction of C3H3 is higher than the theoretical value. A rate of production (ROP) analysis reveals that the number of β-carbon atoms in the molecule of n-butane and n-butanol affects the efficiency of H-abstraction reactions in generating 2-butyl (sC4H9) and C4H8OH-3 (CH3–*CH–CH2–CH2–OH), which are the two major original sources of C3H3. For both n-butane and n-butanol, the main pathway of forming C3H3 from propene (C3H6) is basically the same, which is C3H6 → C3H5-a (symmetric allyl radical) → C3H4-a (allene) → C3H4-p (propyne) → C3H3. When Rb ranges from 0.4 to 0.6, the deviation degrees of the peak mole fraction of the involved C3 species reach a maximum, indicating that the interaction between the two fuels is the most significant. The non-linear decrease in the mole fraction of C3H3 can attribute to three reasons: (a) the increase of Rb promotes the increase of the conversion ratios of n-butane to sC4H9 and n-butanol to C4H8OH-3; (b) the contribution ratios of the reactions involved in the C3H5-a → C3H4-a → C3H4-p → C3H3 pathway decrease with increasing Rb; (c) C3H5-t (tertiary allyl radical) → C3H4-p → C3H3 is the secondary pathway for the formation of C3H3. With the increase of Rb, the dependence of C3H4-p on C3H5-t increases and the conversion ratio of C3H5-t to C3H4-p increases. This study investigates the non-linear decrease of the mole fraction of C3H3 by revealing the interactions between n-butanol and n-butane during the combustion, which can help better understand the effect of n-butanol on the formation of benzene.

Effects of n-Butanol and Isobutanol on Particulate Matter Emissions from a Euro 6 Direct-injection Spark Ignition Engine During Laboratory and on-Road Tests

Effects of n-Butanol and Isobutanol on Particulate Matter Emissions from a Euro 6 Direct-injection Spark Ignition Engine During Laboratory and on-Road Tests

Effects of n-butanol, 2-butanol, and methyl octynoate addition to diesel fuel on combustion and emissions over a wide range of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates

The effects of fuel properties and oxygenated structures on the combustion and emissions were investigated on a diesel engine. Five different fuels, n-heptane, iso-octane, n-butanol, 2-butanol and methyl octynoate, were added into diesel fuel with the same blending ratio (20% v/v), referred to as n-heptane20, iso-octane20, n-butanol20, 2-butanol20 and methyloctynoate20, respectively. A wide range of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates from 0% to 62% were used to cover both the conventional diesel combustion and the low temperature combustion. Results demonstrate that there is little difference in combustion characteristics between n-heptane20 and the diesel fuel over a wide range of EGR rates. The ignition delay of iso-octane20 is retarded compared to that of n-heptane20 and the difference in ignition delay between iso-octane20 and n-heptane20 becomes larger with the increase of EGR rate. The combustion characteristics of n-butanol20 are similar to those of iso-octane20. The oxygen in n-butanol20 is the main factor for soot reduction in comparison with the diesel fuel. The secondary factor for soot reduction is the improvement in fuel mixing process due to the longer ignition delay caused by lower cetane number of n-butanol. Other changes in physical and chemical properties of n-butanol20 have very limited effect on soot reduction. Compared to methyloctynoate20, additional 12.6% reduction in the total soot emissions can be achieved by fueling n-butanol20 with the addition of 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN), which can be attributed to the different molecular structures of the oxygenated fuels. The difference in locations of OH radical between n-butanol and 2-butanol has very small effect on soot emissions. The soot-reduction efficiency caused by fuel properties and oxygenated structures varies as the EGR rate changes. Fuel properties have little effects on NOx, CO, THC emissions and gross indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) under similar EGR conditions, while the EGR rates play a dominant role on the gaseous emissions and ITE.

Effects of a phospholipase D inhibitor on postharvest enzymatic browning and oxidative stress of litchi fruit

Membrane lipid degradation catalyzed by phospholipase D (PLD) results in postharvest browning and senescence of litchi fruit. The effects of n-butanol, a specific PLD inhibitor, on enzymatic browning and oxidative stress during storage of litchi fruit at room temperature were evaluated. n-Butanol-treated fruit had a lower browning index and disease index than untreated fruit. n-Butanol treatment also decreased PLD activity. As a result, the decompartmentalization of litchi polyphenoloxidase and substrates was reduced. The conversion of substrates (−)-epicatechin and procyanidin A 2 into quinones was slowed down and enzymatic browning of litchi pericarp tissues was lower after 6 d storage. Additionally, n-butanol-treated fruit possessed significantly lower malondialdehyde contents than untreated fruit after 4 d storage. Analysis of antioxidative enzyme activities showed that n-butanol treatment inhibited oxidative stress mainly by maintaining high catalase activity in litchi pericarp tissues. Consequently, senescence of litchi fruit during storage was moderated.

Effect of cosurfactant on ionic liquid solubilization capacity in cyclohexane/TX-100/1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate microemulsions

The effects of n-butanol as a cosurfactant on the phase behavior of cyclohexane/TX-100/[Bmim][BF4] system, especially on the [Bmim][BF4] solubilization capacity in [Bmim][BF4]/cyclohexane microemulsions, were investigated by direct visual observation, UV–vis spectrophotometry and dynamic light scatting (DLS) at 25.0 °C. The results show that n-butanol magnifies notably the [Bmim][BF4]/cyclohexane microemulsion single-phase region and increases the [Bmim][BF4] solubilization capacity in [Bmim][BF4]/cyclohexane microemulsions. A possible mechanism was proposed to make out the effect of n-butanol as a cosurfactant on the microemulsions with ionic liquid domain.

Down modulation of tumor-associated proteolytic activity by n-butanol in cultured murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells

The extractive effects of n-butanol on the cell membrane have been extensively studied. Although shortterm effects of this alcohol were reported, a sustained action on tumor cells has not been described. It was previously shown that M3 mouse mammary adenocarcinoma cells pretreated with n-butanol exhibited a longer latency after subcutaneous inoculation into syngeneic mice. In the present study a short, 5-minute exposure of M3 cells to n-butanol (2.5% v/v) resulted in the complete inhibition of a secreted metalloproteinase activity of 105 kDa and a significant decrease in secreted urokinase (uPA) activity levels (p<0.01) measured in conditioned media after 72 hours of culture. Total cell-associated uPA activity of M3 control monolayers was composed of a membrane-bound (31%) and a cytoplasmic (69%) uPAfraction. In contrast, cell-associated uPA activity of n-butanol pretreated M3 cells was mainly composed of a cytoplasmic uPA fraction and an extremely low membrane-bound uPA fraction (<5%). Further, an impaired uPA receptor binding capacity in these monolayers was also observed (p<0.05). These findings suggest that reduced proteolysis of extracellular matrix components may lead to local changes in tumor stroma composition, resulting in an altered behavior of M3 adenocarcinoma cells when inoculated in vivo.

Acute tolerance to the effects of n-butanol and n-hexanol in goldfish

1. The success-rate of a conditioned response in goldfish was tested as a function of time after single additions of n-butanol and n-hexanol at different concentrations. 2. The same response, also tested as a function of time, was made during the approach to a final concentration of 15 mM n-butanol by one, two, three or six equal concentration steps. 3. Following a step increase in alcohol concentration, the initial conditioned response success-rate decreased (except for the step 0–2.5 mM of n-butanol) and was related both to the initial concentration and to the size of the step. 4. Recovery from decreased success-rates was observed for final concentrations of less than 15 mM n-butanol (by step) and 1.06 mM hexanol. The recovery was almost complete for the lower final concentrations, but only partial for 12.5 and 15.00 mM butanol. After single steps to a final concentration of 15 mM butanol there was no evidence of recovery by 5 h. Concentrations of 20 mM butanol, 1.35 mM hexanol produced fully anaesthetised fish. 5. The uptake of n-butanol in the brain of the fish was measured as a function of time following step changes in concentration from 0–10, 0–15 and 0–20 mM butanol. 6. A set of ‘dose response’ curves relating the conditioned response success-rate and brain concentration were calculated at different times from the above data; these show a shift to the right with increasing time. Thus, goldfish show the phenomenon of acute tolerance to n-butanol and n-hexanol.

Effects of n-butanol and filipin on membrane permeability of developing wheat endosperms with different sterol phenotypes

FEBS LettersVolume 56, Issue 2 p. 198-201 Full-length articleFree Access Effects of n-butanol and filipin on membrane permeability of developing wheat endosperms with different sterol phenotypes Pilar Carbonero, Pilar Carbonero Departamento de Bioquímica, E.T.S. Ingenieros Agrónomos, Madrid-3, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorJ.V. Torres, J.V. Torres Departamento de Bioquímica, E.T.S. Ingenieros Agrónomos, Madrid-3, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorF. Garcia-Olmedo, F. Garcia-Olmedo Departamento de Bioquímica, E.T.S. Ingenieros Agrónomos, Madrid-3, SpainSearch for more papers by this author Pilar Carbonero, Pilar Carbonero Departamento de Bioquímica, E.T.S. Ingenieros Agrónomos, Madrid-3, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorJ.V. Torres, J.V. Torres Departamento de Bioquímica, E.T.S. Ingenieros Agrónomos, Madrid-3, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorF. Garcia-Olmedo, F. Garcia-Olmedo Departamento de Bioquímica, E.T.S. Ingenieros Agrónomos, Madrid-3, SpainSearch for more papers by this author First published: August 01, 1975 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(75)81090-8Citations: 6AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume56, Issue2August 01, 1975Pages 198-201 ReferencesRelatedInformation