Effect Of Muscle Tone Research Articles

The effects of Constraint Induced Movement Therapy on functions of cerebral palsy children: a systematic review of studies in Iran.

Objective Constraint Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) is an intervention method that can enhance cerebral palsy children’s hand function. Cerebral palsy (CP) is a pervasive and common disorder which affects many aspects of a child life. Hemiplegic cerebral palsy affects one side of a child’s hand and has great effect on child’s independence. The aim of this study is to investigate the CIMT’s studies which have conducted in Iran . And indicate that Does CIMT’s effectiveness related to its duration and child’s age? Does CIMT have any effect of muscle tone and protective extension? Material & Methods This study is a systematic review study. For doing this study the Electronic databases such as Medlin PubMed, CINAHL… Iranian and foreigner famous journals in the fields of pediatrics such as Iranian Journal of Pediatrics (IJP), Iranian Rehabilitation Journal (IRJ)… and Google scholar and some specific key words such as CP, CIMT, and occupational therapy had been used. Results Based on the research and key words the 43 articles were found that, from those 43 articles because of lack of relevancy and other issues the 28 articles had been removed. And from obtained 25 articles, 10 of them omitted based on duplication and study’s exclusion criteria, so finally 15 articles included to this study. In Conclusion This study showed that CIMT is effective compared to no intervention but there are some inconsistencies regarding some parts of CIMT effectiveness such as CIMT effectiveness on muscle tone and protective extension.

Effects of Muscle Tone on Diffuse Axonal Injury in Vehicle Accidents

Effects of Muscle Tone on Diffuse Axonal Injury in Vehicle Accidents

Effect of muscle tone on ankle kinetics during gait with ankle-foot orthoses in persons with stroke

BackgroundIndividuals exhibiting hemiplegia and increased ankle plantar flexors muscle tone following stroke are frequently prescribed an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) to regain functional ambulation. The effect of muscle tone on ankle kinetics when walking with an AFO remains unknown.ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of plantar flexion (PF) muscle tone on ankle plantar flexion torque during walking with an ankle-foot orthosisMethodsThe study included 80 participants with first-ever stroke whose manual muscle testing (MMT) of ankle DF 0-4, and 10 healthy subjects. Participants were instructed to walk on a treadmill, at a comfortable speed, wearing an instrumented AFO. Minimum PF torque during the last half of swing was extracted as an outcome measure. Resistive PF torques during passive slow and fast stretches were measured with a custom-built device, with torques at 10° DF (T10°-slow and T10°-fast) extracted as defining parameters for stiffness and muscle tone, respectively.ResultsCorrelations between both T10°-slow and T10°-fast variables with minimum PF torque were fair among ankle DF MMT 0–3 groups (r = 0.71 −0.74, p < 0.01), with no correlation observed among the MMT 4 group and healthy subjects.ConclusionsEffects of muscle tone on ankle kinetics during swing phase, with an AFO, were observed in persons with severe ankle DF paresis. Quantitative evaluation of ankle kinetics during gait with an AFO in addition to evaluation of muscle tone at rest is contributory to objective assessment of a muscle tone, not subjective rating scale at rest, or visual inspection of walking.

Effect of muscle tone and muscle relaxation on cardiac autonomic nervous activity

Effect of muscle tone and muscle relaxation on cardiac autonomic nervous activity

Spasticity of the gastrosoleus muscle is related to the development of reduced passive dorsiflexion of the ankle in children with cerebral palsy

Background and purpose Spasticity and muscle contracture are two common manifestations of cerebral palsy (CP). A spastic muscle may inhibit growth in length of the muscle, but the importance of this relationship is not known. In 1994, a register and a healthcare program for children with CP in southern Sweden were initiated. The child's muscle tone according to the Ashworth scale and the ankle range of motion (ROM) is measured annually during the entire growth period. We have used these data to analyze the relationship between spasticity and ROM of the gastrosoleus muscle.Patients and methods All measurements in the total population of children with CP aged 0–18 years during the period January 1995 through June 2008 were analyzed. The study was based on 2,796 examinations in 355 children. In the statistical analysis, the effect of muscle tone on ROM was estimated using a random effects model.Results The range of dorsiflexion of the ankle joint decreased in the total material by mean 19 (95% CI: 14–24) degrees during the first 18 years of life.There was a statistically significant association between the ROM and the child's level of spasticity during the year preceding the ROM measurement.Interpretation Spasticity is related to the development of muscle contracture. In the treatment of children with CP, the spasticity, contracture, and strength of the gastrosoleus muscle must be considered together.

Joint Range of Motion in Flaccid Hemiplegia

The effect of muscle tone on passive range of motion (PROM) in affected joints and comparison joints on the unaffected side was investigated in 15 patients with flaccid paralysis hemiplegia. PROM was measured in the shoulder and hip in flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and internal and external rotation using the plastic universal goniometer. PROM in the elbow and knee was assessed in flexion and extension. Wrist PROM was measured in flexion, extension and radial and ulnar deviation. Additionally, ankle dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, eversion and inversion PROM were assessed. Decreased muscle tone significantly affected shoulder ( p = 0.006), wrist ( p = 0.032) and hip ( p = 0.003) PROM. Significant differences between the affected and unaffected sides were found in shoulder PROM in extension ( p = 0.014), adduction ( p = 0.001) and internal ( p = 0.034) and external rotation ( p = 0.007). Wrist PROM was significantly different in flexion ( p = 0.048) and extension ( p = 0.001), and hip PROM was significantly different in abduction ( p = 0.029), adduction ( p = 0.012) and external rotation ( p = 0.001). Surprisingly, although muscle tone had no influence on ankle PROM, there was a significant difference in ankle plantarflexion PROM ( p = 0.013). In conclusion, in flaccid hemiplegia, decreased muscle tone affects the PROM in the shoulder, wrist and hip. Differences in PROM between the unaffected and affected side are evident in shoulder extension, adduction and internal and external rotation, wrist flexion and extension, hip abduction, adduction and external rotation, and ankle plantarflexion.

Effects of muscle tone and changes in autonomic balance on cognitive style.

To study the relationship between cognitive style and psychophysiological variables, the Embedded Figures Test of Witkin was given to an experimental group of 25 students and to a matched control group. The experimental group was then submitted for 3 mo. to the exercises of Schultz's autogenic training. The control group had no treatment on the embedded figures. Retest showed for both groups an improvement toward greater field-independence. However, improvement was significantly greater for the trained group than for the control group. These results support the view that the cognitive style is partially dependent on the psychophysiological information in the body, in such way that changes in body-experience may modify some aspects of cognitive style.

A molecular study of the mechanical properties of arterial vessel walls

A two phase model is developed for the stress strain relation of arterial blood vessel walls. The constitutive equations of the two phases (collagen and elastin) are based on statistical mechanical considerations. In addition to that empirical relations between the microscopical extension of the molecules and the macroscopical strain of the vessel are introduced in order to describe the effect of muscle tone and age.