Effects Of Methionine Hydroxy Analog Research Articles

Effect of Methionine Hydroxy Analog on Hu Sheep Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, and Rumen Microbial Community In Vitro

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of a methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) on in vitro gas production, rumen fermentation parameters, and rumen microbiota. Two different MHA, 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid isopropyl ester (HMBi) and the calcium salt of the hydroxy analog of methionine (MHA-Ca), were selected for in vitro experiments. The treatments were the Control group (0% of MHA), HMBi group (2%HMBi), and MHA-Ca group (2%MHA-Ca). Dry matter digestibility was measured after 12 h and 24 h of fermentation, and fermentation parameters and microbial composition were analyzed after 24 h. HMBi and MHA-Ca showed increased (p = 0.001) cumulative gas production in 3 h. The total volatile fatty acids, microbial protein (MCP) concentration, acetate, and acetate to propionate ratio in the HMBi and MHA-Ca groups were significantly higher than those in the Control group (p = 0.006, p = 0.002, p = 0.001, p = 0.004), and the NH3-N concentrations in the HMBi and MHA-Ca groups were significantly lower than those in the Control group (p = 0.004). The 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the HMBi group had a higher (p = 0.039, p = 0.001, p = 0.027) relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Synergistetes and a lower relative abundance of Proteobacteria (p = 0.001) than the Control group. At the genus level, Prevotella abundance was higher (p = 0.001), while Ruminobacter abundance was lower (p = 0.001), in the HMBi and MHA-Ca groups than in the Control group. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that the relative abundance of Prevotella_1, Streptococcus, and Desulfovibrio was positively correlated with dry matter digestibility, MCP, and fermentation parameters. MHA, thus, significantly increased gas production and altered the rumen fermentation parameters and microbiota composition of sheep.

Effect of methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) or dextrose supplementation on physiological responses and behaviours of sheep under transportation stress

Transportation causes sheep to experience stress and body weight loss due to physical stress during the process. This study aimed to evaluate the administration of protected methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) or dextrose before transportation on body weight loss, physiological responses, and post-transportation behaviours of sheep. The study used 42 thin-tailed sheep (body weight 18.28±2.11 kg) that were divided into three treatments, i.e., without MHA/dextrose supplementation (P1, control), supplementation of MHA 0.24 g/kg body weight (P2), and supplementation of dextrose 0.24 g/kg body weight (P3). Sheep were transported for a 6-hour journey in commercial vehicles. The results showed that P2 and P3 significantly reduced (P<0.05) the length of time for the sheep to reach their initial body weight before transportation. The P2 and P3 significantly decreased (P<0.05) pulse and respiratory rates as compared to P1. The resting behaviour of P1 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than P2 and P3, while the standing behaviour of P2 and P3 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than P1, which indicated an improvement of sheep condition in the P2 and P3. It can be concluded that the supplementation of MHA or dextrose before transportation improves the bodyweight recovery time, physiological conditions, and behaviours of sheep under transportation stress.

Methionine Hydroxy Analog Supplementation to Increase Feed Utilization for Indigenous Sheep

In the tropical area, productivity of ruminant has not optimized caused by the low quality of nutrition that leads to low-efficiency metabolism at the level of ruminal fermentation, post rumen digestibility, and intermediary metabolism. The study aimed to analyze effect of methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) on ruminal fermentation profiles of indigenous sheep specifically in the increase of ruminant productivity. In vitro utility test was conducted using rumen fluid of the indigenous sheep and sample of rational ration having a proportion of grass and concentrate 30%:70%, dry matter basis. The treatments implemented were three levels of MHA supplementation; T0: 0 g/day, T1: 3 g/day, and T2: 6 g/day. Variables measured were dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), production of VFA, NH3, as well as total protein, and molar proportion of partial VFA of rumen fluid. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) in a completely randomized design (CRD). The 0.2% MHA supplementation increased OMD with the highest production of total protein was from 28.57 mg/g (T0) to 40.49 mg/g (T2) (P&lt;0.05). Meanwhile, the lowest ratio of acetate : propionate was from 2.74 (T0) to 2.33 (T2) (P&lt;0.05). Supplementation of MHA up to 6 g/day concentrate increased the performance of fermentation and/or feed utility.

Effects of organic zinc on tibia quality, mineral deposit, and metallothionein expression level of aged hens

ABSTRACTThe study aimed to determine the effects of methionine hydroxy analog chelate zinc on the tibia quality, mineral deposit, apparent retention of nutrients, and liver metallothionein (MT) expression level of aged laying hens. A total of 960 layers (Hy-Line Grey, 57 wk old) were randomly assigned into 4 groups, and each group had 8 replicates of 30 hens. During the first 2 wk, groups were fed a basal diet without extra zinc (Zn: 35.08 mg/kg). During the ensuing 14 wk, 4 levels of Zn (inorganic Zn: 80 mg/kg; organic Zn: 20, 40, 80 mg/kg) were added to the diet. The results indicated that both the Zn source and level did influence tibia strength and calcium (Ca) and Zn concentrations of tibia (P < 0.05), whereas there were no differences in the copper (Cu) and phosphorus (P) concentrations of the tibia and the tibia length (P > 0.05). Moreover, dietary supplementation with 40 or 80 mg/kg of organic Zn showed higher Zn and Ca concentrations in the tibia and higher tibia strength. The Cu concentration in the liver showed no difference among the 4 treatments, whereas the Zn concentration in the liver increased with the increasing Zn level. The apparent retention of P, iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) was not affected by the Zn level or source (P > 0.05). However, the organic Zn group increased the apparent retention of Cu, Zn, Ca, crude protein (CP), and energy, and the group supplemented with 40 or 80 mg/kg of organic Zn obtained significant effects (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary supplementation with 40 or 80 mg/kg organic Zn increased the MT mRNA expression of the liver at week 72, whereas 20 mg/kg of organic Zn decreased it (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study suggested that an optimum dietary (40 mg/kg) organic Zn level plays a key role in promoting the apparent retention of minerals and nutrients, trace element deposit, and MT mRNA expression.

Effects of fat and/or methionine hydroxy analog added to a molasses-urea-based supplement on ruminal and postruminal digestion and duodenal flow of nutrients in beef steers consuming low-quality lovegrass hay.

Five crossbred beef steers (initial BW = 338.6 ± 7.8 kg) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the effects of methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) and/or yellow grease (fat) added to a molasses-urea-based supplement on intake and characteristics of digestion. Steers were fed low-quality hay (long-stem lovegrass : 3.3% CP, 76.8% NDF; DM basis) ad libitum and supplemented with 0.91 kg/d (as fed) of 1 of 4 supplements in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement of treatments. Supplemental treatments were 1) control (no supplement, NC); 2) molasses-urea liquid supplement (U); 3) U containing (as-fed basis) 1.65% MHA (UM); 4) U containing (as-fed basis) 12% fat (UF); and 5) U containing (as-fed basis) 1.65% MHA and 12% fat (UMF). Total and forage OM intake (kg/d and as % of BW) increased ( < 0.01) with molasses-urea, decreased ( ≤ 0.04) with MHA, and were not affected ( = 0.61) with fat supplementation. Total tract NDF digestibility increased ( = 0.01) with molasses-urea supplementation, and was less ( = 0.01) for fat than for nonfat supplementation. Total and microbial N flowing to the duodenum increased ( = 0.01) with molasses-urea supplementation. Although, total N flowing to duodenum was not affected ( = 0.27), microbial N decreased ( = 0.01), and nonammonia nonmicrobial N (NANMN) increased ( = 0.01) with fat supplementation. Extent of in situ OM and NDF digestibility at 96 h increased ( = 0.01) with molasses-urea supplementation, but were not affected ( ≥ 0.14) by either MHA or fat supplementation. Duodenal flow of total AA, essential AA, and nonessential AA increased ( ≤ 0.02) with molasses-urea supplementation. Total and nonessential serum AA concentration decreased ( < 0.01) with molasses-urea supplementation. Total ruminal VFA concentration increased ( = 0.01) with molasses-urea supplementation, and was not affected ( ≥ 0.14) by MHA or fat supplementation. Fat can be used in molasses-urea liquid supplements for cattle consuming low-quality forage to increase energy intake without negatively affecting forage intake or characteristics of digestion. However, adding MHA did not further improve the response to urea supplementation of cattle consuming low-quality forage. Conversely, the inclusion of MHA on urea supplement decreased forage intake.

Preliminary study on effects of methionine hydroxy analog and taurine supplementation in a soy protein concentrate-based diet on the biological performance and amino acid composition of rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss(Walbaum)

A feeding trial was conducted on the effects of methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) and taurine supplementation in diets with high levels of soy protein concentrate (SPC) on the growth performance and amino acid composition of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) comparing with fish meal based diet. The control diet had 520 g kg−1 fish meal. In the methionine deficient diets (5.1 g kg−1), fish meal was replaced by 490 g kg−1 of the SPC in the SPC49 diet. The SPC49 diet was supplemented with either MHA (6 g kg−1) only or a combination of MHA and taurine (2 g kg−1). Fish were fed isoproteic (460 g kg−1) and isolipidic (130 g kg−1) diets for 12 weeks. Growth performance (i.e. weight, feed conversion ratio, and thermal-unit growth coefficient) was inferior in fish fed the SPC49 diet. MHA supplementation improved growth performance (P < 0.05). No difference was observed when taurine was added to the SPC49 and MHA diet (P > 0.05). Whole-body taurine contents increased with taurine supplementation, whereas plasma methionine increased with MHA supplementation (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the substitution of fish meal with SPC supplemented with MHA did not negatively impact growth, and the addition of taurine did not improve growth performance in rainbow trout.

Effects of Methionine Hydroxy Analog Chelated Cu/Mn/Zn on Laying Performance, Egg Quality, Enzyme Activity and Mineral Retention of Laying Hens

The objective of this research was to evaluate effects of partial replacement of trace mineral (Cu, Mn, Zn) sulfate by methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) chelates on laying performance, egg quality, enzyme activity and mineral retention in layers. Laying hens (Hyline Brown) of 37 weeks old were fed with 4 different diets with organic or inorganic trace mineral supplementations at equal levels. Treatments are: 1) Control (CON): a basal diet was supplemented with inorganic trace minerals (sulfate source, i.e. Cu 10, Zn 30 and Mn 30 mg/kg of diet); 2) Cu-MHA: Cu in control diet was replaced with 10 mg/kg as Cu-MHA; 3) Zn-MHA: Zn in control diet was replaced with 20 mg/kg as Zn-MHA; 4) Mn-MHA: Mn in control diet was replaced with 20 mg/kg as Mn-MHA. Experiment lasted for 14 weeks from 39 to 52 wk of age. Results showed that eggshell thickness was increased (P<0.05) by Mn-MHA and Zn-MHA supplementation. The supplementation of organic minerals increased (P<0.05) Haugh unit after 10 d storage. Ceruloplasmin (CP, P=0.051), carbonic anhydrase (CA, P<0.05) and Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD, P<0.05) activities were increased in animals treated with organic minerals. Compared with control group, Cu-MHA significantly increased (P<0.01) Cu concentration in liver, and Zn-MHA increased (P<0.05) Zn concentration in yolk. No difference was found in Mn concentration between the two Mn sources. Interactions between mineral sources and feeding length were observed in yolk Cu (P<0.01), tibia Zn (P<0.05), liver (P<0.05) and yolk (P=0.063) Mn retention. In conclusion, MHA chelates of trace minerals (Cu, Zn and Mn) showed higher bioavailability compared with the sulfates when fed to laying hens.

Divergent modulation of swine ileal microbiota by formic acid and methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid

Management of intestinal microbiota of monogastric animals has increased in importance since the ban of growth promoting antibiotics in many countries. Organic acids have been used as alternatives to antibiotics by many feed manufacturers. Regardless of the wide usage, the effect, dose response and mode of action of acids on intestinal microbes is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of three commonly used products, namely formic acid (FA) (90%), dl-methionine (DLM) (99%) and liquid methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid (88%), on ileal microbiota of pigs. Laboratory simulation system, mimicking swine ileum, was used to study the products at various concentrations and combinations. Furthermore, selected combinations were tested in a piglet trial to confirm the findings made in in vitro studies. FA turned out to have a dual effect on ileal microbiota. At concentrations below 0.5%, it significantly stimulated bacteria, but at higher inclusion rates it was highly inhibitory. This finding, which was consistent in in vitro and in vivo studies, implies that reducing the dose of FA does not lead to a diluted inhibitory effect, but in fact, an opposite, stimulatory effect on intestinal microbiota. It is highly important that feed compounders acknowledge this finding. Unlike FA, the inhibitory effect of methionine hydroxy analogue on ileal bacteria was linearly dose dependent and significant at inclusion levels above 0.2%, in vitro. Partial replacement of methionine hydroxy analogue by FA, or FA by methionine hydroxy analogue, led to an unpredictable outcome due to the dual effects of FA; e.g., a minor inclusion of added FA changed the inhibitory effect of methionine hydroxy analogue into microbial stimulation by FA. Inhibition of ileal microbiota by methionine hydroxy analogue was detected only in in vitro studies, suggesting that intact methionine hydroxy analogue may not have reached the ileum, in live animals. Therefore, if the target is to ensure the inhibitory effect of FA, the FA level in feed should be kept above 0.6%, and not reduced, if methionine hydroxy analogue is used as a methionine source instead of DLM. DLM was totally inert with regard to bacterial growth and metabolism, both in vitro and in vivo. The results of these studies reveal the importance of knowing how each acid product works. Inconsistent results in animal trials may have been partly due to quadratic dose–response effects of products, and unpredictable product combination effects.

Effects of methionine hydroxy analog on voluntary intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, and chewing behavior in sheep fed grass silage

Voluntary intake, digestibility, N balance, and chewing behavior of six 6-mo-old (young) and six 30-mo-old (mature) Texel wethers (32.6 and 83.1 kg average BW) given ad libitum access to grass silage and 100 g of top-dressed soybean meal with or without 5 g of methionine hydroxy analog (MHA) in the acid form were examined according to a two-period crossover design. Supplementation level of MHA in the acid form corresponded to .32 and .16 g of MHA/kg BW.75, respectively, in young and mature wethers. There was no effect (P greater than .10) of MHA on mean voluntary DMI. Methionine hydroxy analog supplementation increased (P less than .02) digestibility of DM, OM, and CP by young wethers but not (P greater than .18) by mature wethers. The MHA decreased eating time (P less than .03) in both young and mature wethers and intake level (P = .01) in young wethers during the first 1.5 h of access to grass silage. With MHA, both age groups increased (P less than .05) the daily number of meals and decreased (P less than .02) the mean duration of each meal. There was no effect (P greater than .06) of MHA on daily and unitary eating, ruminating, and masticating times; however, mean duration of consecutive rumination bolus cycles was longer (7.2%; P = .01) in young wethers. Young vs mature sheep ate more (53.4 vs 39.3 g of DM/[d.kg BW.75]; P less than .001) and had shorter unitary mastication times (P = .001). Results suggest that, depending on its relative level of supplementation, MHA in the acid form could act through both palatability and effects on ruminal metabolism.

Influence of Forage Type, Ratio of Forage to Concentrate, and Methionine Hydroxy Analog on Performance of Dairy Cows

In a 2-yr study, 44 primiparous and 77 multiparous cows were assigned to one of 12 dietary treatments (2 × 3 × 2 factorial). Treatments were two forages (alfalfa or smooth bromegrass), three percentages of grain (40, 50, or 60% of diet DM), and two percentages of methionine hydroxy analog (0 or .15% of diet DM). Feeds were offered as total mixed diets. Data collection began 4 d postpartum and continued through 116 d postpartum. Dry matter intake was not affected by percentage of concentrate or forage source even though NDF of the diets ranged from 25.6 to 48.8% and ADF ranged from 15.7 to 36.8%. Cows fed bromegrass hay produced 1.5 kg/d more FCM and 1.2 kg/ d more SCM than those fed alfalfa hay. Concentrate percentage in the diet increased milk yield (28.9, 30.4, and 31.3 kg/d at 40, 50, and 60%, respectively). Methionine hydroxy analog increased milk fat percentage and yield for cows fed diets of 50 and 6096 concentrate with alfalfa hay but not for those fed diets of 50 and 60% concentrate with bromegrass hay. Effect of methionine hydroxy analog was not significant for milk fat or yield when diets of 40% concentrate were fed.

Effects of Methionine Hydroxy Analog on Milk Secretion and Ruminal and Blood Variables of Dairy Cows Fed a Low Fiber Diet1,2

Twenty-eight Holstein cows were in a reversal trial to determine effects of adding 34 g/day of methionine hydroxy analog to a low fiber ration. Cows were subjected to this feeding treatment sequence after parturition: days 1 through 28, normal fiber ration; days 29 through 56, low fiber ration; days 57 through 77, low fiber ration with or without 34 g/day of methionine hydroxy analog; days 78 through 98, low fiber ration; days 99 through 119, low fiber ration with or without 34 g/day of methionine hydroxy analog (days 57 through 77 treatments reversed). Milk, rumen fluid, and blood were collected at regular intervals during each period. Overall, supplementation with methionine hydroxy analog increased only milk fat 6%. After milk fat percentage was depressed by low fiber diet, supplementation with methionine hydroxy analog increased milk fat percentage only for those cows that initially had less than 20% decrease of milk fat percentage. This enhanced milk fat percentage was accompanied by increase of ratio of ruminal acetate to propionate in animals with less than 10% depression. Supplementation with methionine hydroxy analog had no effect on blood glucose, insulin, or acetate concentrations and did not affect uptake of acetate by the mammary gland. Initial milk fat production affects the ability of methionine hydroxy analog supplementation to enhance milk fat percentage of dairy cattle fed low fiber diets.

Effect of Methionine Hydroxy Analog on Energy Utilization of a Bird-Resistant Sorghum Grain Diet Fed Steers

Effect of Methionine Hydroxy Analog on Energy Utilization of a Bird-Resistant Sorghum Grain Diet Fed Steers

Effect of methionine hydroxy analog on bacterial protein synthesis from urea and glucose, starch or cellulose by rumen microbes, in vitro.

Effect of methionine hydroxy analog on bacterial protein synthesis from urea and glucose, starch or cellulose by rumen microbes, in vitro.

Effect of Methionine Hydroxy Analog on Growth, Amino Acid Content, and Catabolic Products of Glucolytic Rumen Bacteria in Vitro

Glucose was fermented by rumen bacteria utilizing urea for nitrogen with or without methionine hydroxy analog. The analog in excess of the bacterial requirement did not support additional growth after exhaustion of glucose. This indicated that growth stimulation by methionine hydroxy analog was not due to it as a source of energy. Its maximum effect on growth was at .2mg/ml of medium. The free acid and calcium salt of methionine hydroxy analog and DL-methionine exhibited equivalent stimulation on bacteria. They disappeared from the medium in similar quantities at the time of accelerated growth. The analog had no effect on amino acid composition of bacterial protein. Some changes in amino acid composition during growth on glucose substrate indicated a shift in bacterial species. No methionine was in the cell-free medium. In a medium buffered at pH 6.9, lactate was the principal product of glucose fermentation. It increased at a rapid rate during the first 8h during which acetate decreased proportionately on a molar percent basis. Bacteria grown with glucose retained from 50 to 65% of their initial cellulolytic capacity.