Effect Of Menstrual Cycle Research Articles

Current Scientific Issues regarding Bioavailability/Bioequivalence Studies: An Academic View

During the past 20 years considerable progress has been made in developing the science of bioavailabiity/bioequivalence (BA/BE) testing. This paper focuses on a variety of issues and assumptions that may affect the validity of BA/BE studies. Examples are discussed relating to: the effect of gender and menstrual cycle, individual subject bioequivalence and drug product variability, the importance of special patient populations, and the role of the gastric contents in assessing the BA/BE of orally administered dosage forms.

Studying the McCollough effect: Phantom colours and pharmacology

We report a ten year series of direct and indirect experiments to investigate the sensitivity of the McCollough Effect (ME) as an indicator of central neurotransmitter activity. With both pre- and post-adaptation single doses initial strength (IS) and duration of the ME relative to placebo were decreased by physostigmine and increased by hyoscine. A significant dose dependency was observed with oral hyoscine, but not with intramuscular hyoscine. Post adaptation exercise reduced IS linearly. Male introverts showed lower IS than male extraverts with monocular and binocular presentation, replicated with men, but not women, where ambiverts showed stronger effects than extraverts and introverts. Women showed a significant menstrual cycle effect with IS peaking premenstrually. In general, the ME was more sensitive than a control battery of standard psychomotor tests including saccadic eye-movements and CFF. The results are compatible with Error Correcting Device models for the ME.

Menstrual-cycle effects on mood and perceptual-motor performance

Fifty-four participants took part in a study to evaluate the effects of the menstrual cycle on mood and the performance of a perceptual-motor task. The task involved tracking a randomly-moving circle on a computer screen with a joystick-controlled dot. Women were tested on three occasions, during the premenstrual, menstrual and ovulatory phases. Each testing session involved completing the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, the monopolar Profile of Mood States questionnaire and performing five, timed trials on the task. A control group of male participants completed the Profile of Mood States questionnaire on three separate occassions over 28 days according to a pseudo-menstrual cycle experimental protocol. Results revealed that females experienced low energy and impaired cognitive function, both premenstrually and during menstruation. Task performance did not vary with menstrual-cycle phase, suggesting that they either tried to compensate for a lack of well being, or that negative mood was of insufficient magnitude to manifest a performance change. The findings suggest that when the purpose of an assessment is disguised, typically-reported menstrual-cycle and mood-related effects on performance are not observed reliably.

Effects of nicotine abstinence and menstrual phase on task performance

Both menstrual phase and nicotine have been shown to affect task performance. Though conflicting results have been reported, at least one well-controlled study has demonstrated that women at midluteal phase show superior performance on speech articulation and speeded motor coordination tests, but poorer performance on perceptual-spatial tests, than during menses. Smokers have demonstrated superior performance on numerous tasks following nicotine than following placebo. To explore the separate and combined influence of these factors, we studied 13 regularly-menstruating smokers using a two (smoking vs. 12 hours' abstinence) by two (menstrual vs. midluteal phase) factorial design. During each session, subjects completed a test battery including two speeded motor coordination tasks, a computerized reaction time test, and the Stroop (1935) color/word test. Subjects completed the Stroop color and color-word tasks significantly faster after ad lib smoking than after overnight abstinence. No other significant differences emerged. Our findings replicate, in an all-female sample, previous reports that speed of cognitive processing is reduced by nicotine abstinence (or enhanced by nicotine administration). Our failure to observe menstrual cycle effects raises the possibility that the anti-estrogenic effects of smoking may attenuate phase differences in performance.

Cellular immunity in depressed, conduct disorder, and normal adolescents: role of adverse life events.

To determine whether adolescents with major depressive disorder have disturbances in their cellular immunity and to study whether the immunological changes detected are specific to depression or are general responses to stress. Twenty subjects with major depressive disorder, 17 nondepressed subjects with conduct disorder, and 17 normal adolescents were recruited. Subjects were assessed with a clinical interview for DSM-III-R and a modified version of the Coddington Life Events Checklist. Blood samples were drawn for total white blood cells, lymphocytes subsets, natural killer cell activity, lymphocyte proliferation response to phytohemagglutinin, and cortisol plasma levels. Overall, there were no significant between-group differences in any of the cellular immune measurements. Natural killer cell activity was significantly negatively correlated with past year and lifetime adverse life events across all effector-target cell ratios. Controlling for diagnoses and socioeconomic status yielded similar results. There were no significant effects of age, sex, race, sleep, nutrition, cigarette use, menstrual cycle, or cortisol on any of the immunological variables. In this sample of adolescents, we found that independent of the diagnoses and socioeconomic status, increases in adverse life events were associated with low natural killer cell activity.

The detection of HPV DNA, the size of tampon specimens and the menstrual cycle.

To determine if HPV detection or the size of a tampon specimen is affected by the menstrual cycle. Two hundred and eighty women between 18-35 years of age attending a gynaecology clinic at The Royal Women's Hospital were enrolled. Each woman completed a questionnaire on the risk factors of HPV infection and provided a tampon specimen. Specimens were analysed for the presence of HPV DNA (polymerase chain reaction with the L1 consensus primers) after the pellet volume and number of cells was assessed. The mean age of the 298 women enrolled in this study was 27.0 years (SD 4.5, range 18-35). Ninety two (30.9%) of the tampon specimens were positive for HPV using the L1 consensus primer. The detection of HPV DNA was not associated with the quartiles of the menstrual cycle (p = 0.32). Both the pellet volume and the number of cells from a tampon specimen were greater during the mid cycle, although this was significant for the pellet volume only (p = 0.002 and 0.1 respectively). The pellet volume was not significantly associated with other variables assessed by the questionnaire. The number of cells from a tampon specimen increased with the numbers of life time sexual partners (p = 0.02) and was higher for a single marital status (p = 0.0008). The timing of the menstrual cycle effects the size of tampon specimens but not the probability of detecting HPV DNA.

Effects of menstrual cycle on creativity

Seventeen healthy women (21–31 years) not taking oral contraceptives were tested at three phases of the menstrual cycle distinctly differing in hormonal patterns (menses, preovulatory phase, and midluteal phase). Phase detection was assured by determination of blood hormone concentrations. Another 17 women taking oral contraceptives (combined preparation of estrogen and progestin) served as age-matched controls, and were tested during menses and during phases corresponding to preovulatory and midluteal phase. On each test occasion, aspects of creativity were assessed by a battery of six tests measuring “semantic” and “figural” abilities of divergent thinking. Additionally, a test of motor perseveration (Mittenecker-Zeigeversuch) was presented. During the preovulatory phase, creativity was in general improved when serum concentrations of estrogen (E 2) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were highest whereas motor perseveration decreased. In control women, there was no preovulatory improvement of divergent thinking and no preovulatory decrease in motor perseveration.

Parental history of hypertension, menstrual cycle phase, and cardiovascular response to stress.

The present study examined whether inconsistent findings for elevated cardiovascular response to stress in female offspring of hypertensives might be a function of 1) lack of control for menstrual cycle phase, and 2) stressor type employed. Thirty healthy women (18-35 years), half of whom were offspring of hypertensives, were tested in both the luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle. Order of testing was counterbalanced between subjects and cycle phase was confirmed by measurement of serum sex hormone levels. In each session, subjects were exposed to four tasks: the cold pressor test, interpersonal speech, shock-avoidance video-game, and reading. The most consistent menstrual cycle effect was for offspring of normotensives who exhibited higher diastolic blood pressure and state-anger responses to the speech task in the follicular compared with the luteal phase. Though menstrual cycle had no consistent effect on offspring of hypertensives, their luteal phase diastolic blood pressure and state-anger responses to the speech task were elevated compared with controls. Potential limitations of the observed familial differences in luteal phase response are discussed.

Dependence of spectral power of EEG rhythms on menstrual cycle phases in women suffering from epilepsy

The effect of menstrual cycle on EEG parameters is investigated in norm, in epilepsy becoming acute in menstrual and perimenstrual periods (catamenial), and in epilepsy whose exacerbation is not connected with menstrual cycle. The ten dencies to the decrease of spectral power in cycle luteal phase in healthy women and women suffering from epilepsy are mentioned. The primary role of spectrum low-frequency components and total power level in neurodynamics of catamenial epilepsy is shown.

Effect of Menstrual Cycle on Esophageal Emptying of Liquid and Solid Boluses

The effect of the menstrual cycle on esophageal emptying is unknown. We investigated the influence of the menstrual cycle on esophageal transit of liquid and solid boluses in 30 healthy, normally menstruating women who were 20 to 46 years of age. Each subject was studied during the follicular (days 8 through 10) and the luteal (days 18 through 20) phase of the menstrual cycle. Subjects swallowed a 10-ml bolus of water and two solid boluses, each radiolabeled with 100 microCi of 99mTc sulfur colloid. Esophageal scintigraphy was used to assess esophageal emptying of the liquid and solid boluses. Our results showed no significant differences in esophageal transit of either liquid or solid material between follicular and luteal phases. We conclude that esophageal emptying is unaffected by the phases of the menstrual cycle.

Barrier function and stratum corneum water holding capacity: Effect of site and menstrual cycle

Barrier function and stratum corneum water holding capacity: Effect of site and menstrual cycle

Menstrual cycle effects on a VDT-based simulation task: cognitive indices and subjective ratings.

It is unclear whether the menstrual cycle affects the basics of performance, mainly task performance and cognitive functions. We examined menstrual cycle effects on VDT-based task performance, cognitive indices based on the signal-detection theory, and subjective ratings in questionnaires. We experimented in three phases: premenstrual, menstrual and postmenstrual phases. Previous studies reported premenstrual tension syndrome (PMST) in the premenstrual phase. Women used physiological and psychological strategies to cope during the menstrual phase. However, task performance, cognitive indices and subjective ratings showed no menstrual cycle effects. Thus, we can conclude that the information processing for the VDT-based task was not affected by menstrual cycle.

Effects of Menstrual Cycle on Gastrointestinal Function Studied

Effects of Menstrual Cycle on Gastrointestinal Function Studied

Effect of Menstrual Cycle on a Monotonous Task

Effect of Menstrual Cycle on a Monotonous Task

Menstrual Cycle Exhibits No Effect on Postprandial Lipemia

Menstrual cycle effects on postprandial lipemia were investigated in 13 healthy women. They were monitored (dietary intake, basal body temperature) for a period of one cycle. Statistically significant follicular-luteal differences were neither observed between fasting triglyceride serum levels nor between areas under triglyceride response curves after a standardized oral fat load.

Effect of Menstrual Cycle and Different Age on Vaginal Microflora of Healthy Women

Effect of Menstrual Cycle and Different Age on Vaginal Microflora of Healthy Women

The effect of the menstrual cycle on the visual field

The effect of the menstrual cycle on the visual field

Effects of the menstrual cycle on body composition

Fluctuations in regulatory hormones, body temperature and other physiological mechanisms during the menstrual cycle cause individual symptoms, including a perceived weight gain. This study determined the effects of a normal menstrual cycle on body weight, percentage body fat (% fat by hydrostatic weighing), respiratory measures of vital capacity and residual volume by spirometry, and the sum of 7 skinfolds (triceps, subscapula, axilla, chest, suprailium, abdomen and thigh). Twenty regularly menstruating (23‐ to 35‐d cycles) subjects (aged 20–30 years) volunteered for this study. Measures were duplicated on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 after the onset of menstrual flow. Repeated‐measures analysis of variance indicated no significant differences for any measured parameter between the 5 assigned days. Therefore, body composition in this age group was not affected by normal menstruation.

Effects of low and high dose oral contraceptives on blood coagulation and thrombogenesis induced by vascular subendothelium exposed to flowing human blood

We investigated the effect of oral contraceptives with low and high estrogen concentration on blood coagulation and thrombogenesis, induced by vascular subendothelium of rabbit aorta exposed to flowing human blood. Twenty healthy women intending to take oral contraceptives were studied [1]before drug ingestion (control), and subsequently during the intake of oral contraceptives with [2]low estrogen content (20 μg ethinyl estradiol and 150 μg desogestrel per day) and [3] high estrogen content (50 μg ethinyl estradiol and 125 μg desogestrel per day). All experiments were performed between day 17 and 21 of the menstrual cycle and drug effects were studied during the third tablet cycle. Deposition of fibrin, platelets and platelet thrombi on vascular subendothelium was tested at a defined blood flow and wall shear rate (10 ml/min, 650 s .1) and was quantified by morphometrical techniques. Treatment with the low and high dose contraceptive increased the plasma levels of ethinyl estradiol (728 ± 139 and 1438 ± 212 vs. 0 fmol/ l [low and high dose vs. control], means ± SEM, P<0.001) and fibrinogen (2.3 ± 0.1 and 2.6 ± 0.1 vs. 2.0 ± 0.1 g/l, P<0.05); and decreased antithrombin III activity (95 ±3 and 92 ± 3 vs. 101 ± 3 %, P<0.05). Fibrin deposition on vascular subendothelium was enhanced by the high dose contraceptive only (47 ± 4 vs. 35 ±4 % coverage of the subendothelial surface with fibrin, high dose vs. control, P<0.05). The subendothelial deposition of platelets and platelet thrombi was not changed by contraceptive treatment. These results indicate that treatment with high dose contraceptives leads to an increase of fibrin-subendothelial interactions, whereas low dose contraceptives do not significantly alter the blood-subendothelium interactions observed in this ex vivo model of thrombogenesis.

The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in women undergoing laparoscopy is influenced by the day of menstrual cycle

Postoperative nausea and vomiting is a major cause of postoperative morbidity. It can lead to increased recovery time, delaying patient discharge and an increase in hospital costs. Past studies have shown that postoperative nausea and vomiting is more frequent in women than men, appears to elevate around the time of menarche and is reduced around the time of menopause. This retrospective review of a one-year experience of laparoscopic tubal ligation at our institute examined the effect of menstrual cycle on postoperative nausea and vomiting. The anaesthetic and surgical techniques were consistent for all patients. Patient data included age, weight, last day of menstrual cycle, the length of anaesthetic, the dose of inhalational agent, the dose of narcotic, emesis on emergence and whether or not droperidol was used. Of the the 235 patients in the study, the incidence of nausea and vomiting was 28%. One hundred fifty-eight had had no preoperative antiemetic and 77 had received droperidol. These two groups were analyzed separately. The incidence in the group not receiving droperidol was 33.5% and in the droperidol group, 16.9% (P less than 0.01). The incidence of nausea and vomiting was higher on the first eight menstrual days (51.6 vs 21.6, P less than 0.001), was highest on day five of the menstrual cycle and lowest on days 18, 19, and 20 where there was no nausea and vomiting. Droperidol reduced the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting but the variation in postoperative nausea and vomiting during the cycle persisted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)