Effects Of Maximal Exercise Research Articles

Effects of Maximal Exercise on Central and Peripheral Arterial Stiffness in Adults with and without Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Adults with Down‐Syndrome seem to be protected from early aging‐associated increases in arterial stiffness and to present blunted responses to maximal aerobic exercise in comparison to age‐matched controls, possibly underlying diminished vascular reserve. However, whether these arterial stiffness responses apply to adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) in general remains unknown. We compared central and peripheral arterial stiffness response patterns between persons with and without IDD of different age groups following maximal aerobic exercise. We hypothesized that adults with IDD would show an attenuated arterial stiffness response to maximal aerobic exercise in comparison to young and middle‐aged adults without IDD. Thirty young adults with (n=15, age= 30 ± 7 years) and without (n=15, age= 27 ± 7 years) IDD, and 15 middle‐aged adults (age= 51 ± 4 years) without IDD performed a bout of maximal aerobic exercise. Central and peripheral arterial stiffness were measured at rest and following maximal aerobic exercise using applanation tonometry estimates of carotid‐femoral (cfPWV), carotid‐distal (cdPWV), and carotid‐radial (crPWV) pulse wave velocity, respectively. cfPWV was unchanged following maximal aerobic exercise in young adults with and without IDD (figure) but increased in middle‐aged adults (d= 0.85; 95% CI: 0.27 to 1.42 m.s‐1, p= 0.005), whereas cdPWV was reduced (d= ‐0.77; 95% CI: ‐1.06 to ‐0.48 m.s‐1, p< 0.001) and crPWV unchanged in all three groups, independent of changes in mean arterial pressure. Overall group differences suggest that young adults with (d= ‐1.78; 95% CI: ‐3.20 to ‐0.37 m.s‐1, p= 0.009) and without(d= ‐1.84; 95% CI: ‐3.26 to ‐0.43 m.s‐1, p= 0.007) IDD had lower cfPWV than middle‐aged adults. We found no evidence of early vascular aging and or a diminished vascular reserve following maximal aerobic exercise in adults with IDD.

Exercise capacity and muscle fatiguability alterations following a progressive maximal exercise of lower extremities in children with cystic fibrosis

Impairment of peripheral skeletal muscle function is a common phenomenon in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) in addition to great clinical connotations, such as lack of exercise tolerance and decrease of health-related quality of life. There is very limited data on the effects of maximal exercise on muscle fatiguability and exercise capacity in children with cystic fibrosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of progressive maximal exercise training of the lower extremities on exercise capacity and muscle fatiguability in children with cystic fibrosis. Between June and September 2017, eighteen children aged 8-12 years were recruited in this study. This study had two groups of children; the CF group consisted of nine children (6 males and 3 females) with cystic fibrosis and the control group consisted of nine healthy age matched children (6 males and 3 females). The children underwent a progressive maximal cardiopulmonary exercise cycling test (CPET), muscle fatigue test, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure a muscle cross-section area (CSA). Also, pulmonary functions were assessed. The findings of this study showed that the CF children had less pulmonary functions, had a less exercise capacity, and had a higher breathing reserve index and oxygen desaturation when compared with healthy children (p<0.05). On the other hand, there was a non-significant difference in muscle fatiguability, muscle cross-section area, and maximal voluntary contraction between the CF and healthy children (p>0.05). This study indicates that progressive maximal exercise doesn't affect muscle fatiguability, muscle cross-section area, and maximal voluntary contraction in CF children with moderate respiratory diseases but includes lower exercise capacity. CF children and healthy age matched children have similar responses to maximal exercise in muscle fatiguability, muscle cross-section area, and maximal voluntary contractions but lower exercise capacity in the CF group.

Salivary immunoglobulin A in healthy adolescent females: effects of maximal exercise, physical activity, body composition and diet.

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acute maximal exercise (VO2max test) on salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) responses in adolescent females. A secondary aim was to examine the relationship between resting SIgA levels and VO2max, physical activity, body composition, and diet. Fifty healthy female adolescents completed a laboratory-based VO2max test, assessment of body composition via hydrodensitometry, a validated physical activity questionnaire (PAQ-A), and a three-day food diary. Unstimulated saliva was collected before, and 5 and 120 minutes after VO2max testing. Absolute SIgA (µg/mL) concentration was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Secretion rate of SIgA (µg/min) was calculated by multiplying absolute SIgA concentration by saliva flow rate (SFR, µL/min). A significant increase in absolute SIgA concentration (146.8±59.2 µg/mL) was noted immediately after VO2max testing (P<0.05) and returned to pre-exercise levels (120.1±54.1 µg/mL) by 120-min post-exercise (P>0.05). No significant VO2max test effects were observed for SIgA secretion rate and SFR (P>0.05). VO2max values (41.92±6.36 mL/kg/min) were correlated with body fat percentage (r=-0.59; P<0.01), PAQ-A total score (r=0.48; P<0.01), and acute changes in absolute SIgA levels (r=0.28; P<0.05). No significant associations were observed between dietary measures and resting SIgA levels or SFR (P>0.05) except for dietary fiber which correlated with resting absolute SIgA concentration (r=0.29; P<0.05). Findings indicate that acute graded maximal exercise results in a transient increase in absolute SIgA concentration and that these changes are associated with individual VO2max values.

The effects of maximal exercise on blood rheology in normal males with and without beta-adrenoceptor antagonists

The effects of maximal exercise on blood rheology in normal males with and without beta-adrenoceptor antagonists

Abstract 16530: Post-exercise Flow-mediated Dilation is augmented in Highly Trained Female Athletes

Background: Recent evidence has indicated a ceiling to the benefits of exercise training that, if chronically surpassed, may have a negative effect on cardiac function. Conversely, improvements in peripheral arterial function may respond positively to chronic high volume training. Recent studies have shown that flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is decreased immediately after maximal exercise in sedentary subjects and is unaltered in subjects who participate in moderate volume exercise. We investigated the acute effects of maximal exercise on vascular function of elite female athletes with a high-volume training history. Methods: Fifteen elite female soccer players (mean age: 22.1 ± 4.4 years; BMI: 20.76 ± 1.75 kg/m2), with a high volume/intensity training history (4-6 hours per day) were evaluated. Subjects underwent maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) on a treadmill (VO2max 41.1 ± 3.9 mLO2•kg-1•min-1). Brachial artery FMD was determined using high-resolution ultrasound before and immediately after CPX. Flow velocity were measured at baseline (BSL) and during reactive hyperemia (RH) both prior to and following exercise. Results: Brachial artery diameter increased during RH before (3.42 ± 0.38mm vs. 3.03 ± 0.28mm, p&lt;0.001) and after CPX (3.61 ± 0.44mm vs. 3.10 ± 0.37mm, p&lt;0.001). Importantly, FMD was increased following CPX compared to BSL (16.86 ± 9.04% vs. 12.95 ± 7.03%, p=0.027). There was significant increase in peak flow velocity during RH before (135.28 ± 42.19cm/s vs. 79.19 ± 28.14cm/s, p=0.001) and after CPX (139.15 ± 41.07cm/s vs. 87.64 ± 21.23cm/s, p&lt;0.001) (Table). Conclusion: The results of the current study indicate that arterial function is improved following acute aerobic exercise in elite female athletes with a chronic high volume training history. These findings deviate from the emerging literature suggesting chronic high volume training may be detrimental to cardiovascular function in the long term.

Sub-acute effects of maximal exercise on endothelial function in patients with chronic heart failure

Sub-acute effects of maximal exercise on endothelial function in patients with chronic heart failure

ACE 유전자 다형성에 따른 최대 운동부하가 Apo A, Apo B에 미치는 영향

ACE 유전자 다형성에 따른 최대 운동부하가 Apo A, Apo B에 미치는 영향

Plasma endothelin-1 levels and clinical correlates in patients with chronic heart failure

Background: Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide, and patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) are reported to have high plasma ET-1 levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between plasma ET-1 levels and clinical correlates in patients with CHF. The effects of maximal exercise on plasma ET-1 levels were also investigated. Methods: Plasma concentrations of ET-1, norepinephrine, and atrial and brain natriuretic peptide (ANP and BNP) both at rest and after maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test were determined in 100 patients with CHF (60 ± 12 years, New York Heart Association [NYHA] class I-III, left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] = 36 ± 8%, peak oxygen uptake [VO2] = 18.2 ± 5.0 mL/min/kg) and 27 controls. Results: Patients with NYHA class II and III CHF had higher ET-1 levels (controls, NYHA class I, II, III: 2.1 ± 0.6, 2.1 ± 1.0, 2.6 ± 0.9, 3.4 ± 0.8 pg/mL, analysis of variance P <.0001). Maximal exercise did not alter ET-1 levels in controls or in each CHF subgroup. When all CHF patients were analyzed together, cardiothoracic ratio (P <.01), peak VO2 (P <.001), plasma norepinephrine (P <.01), plasma ANP (P <.01), and plasma BNP (P <.001) were significantly related with resting ET-1 levels on univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed peak VO2 and plasma BNP levels showed an independent and significant relationship with the resting plasma ET-1 levels. Conclusions: Resting ET-1 levels were increased in symptomatic patients with CHF, and maximal exercise did not increase ET-1 levels. Peak VO2 and plasma BNP levels were independently associated with resting plasma ET-1 levels in patients with CHF.

ACE 유전자 다형성에 따른 일회적 탈진성 운동이 혈중 SOD와 MDA에 미치는 영향

ACE 유전자 다형성에 따른 일회적 탈진성 운동이 혈중 SOD와 MDA에 미치는 영향

ACE 유전형에 따른 최대운동이 안지오텐신계에 미치는 영향

ACE 유전형에 따른 최대운동이 안지오텐신계에 미치는 영향

Effects of maximal exercise on natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and responsiveness to interferon-alpha in the young and old.

We investigated the effects of a graded maximal exercise treadmill test on natural killer (NK) cell number, activity, and responsiveness to interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in young (22+/-0.7 yrs) and elderly (65+/-0.8 yrs) sedentary subjects. NK cell cytotoxicity (NKCC) was determined using Ficoll purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by a 51Cr release assay against NK-sensitive (K562) and NK-insensitive (Daudi) target cells at various effector:target (E:T) ratios before and immediately after exercise. PBMCs were incubated with rhu IFN-alpha (125 and 250u/10(6) PBMCs) or without for 2 hrs before addition to the 51Cr release assay. There were no differences in unstimulated NKCC against K562 or Daudi targets between the old and the young despite significantly (p=.01) higher percentages of CD56+ NK cells (21.1+/-2.3% in old vs 12.5+/-2.5% in young, pre-exercise). IFN-alpha increased NKCC versus both targets, and NK cells from old subjects were hyporesponsive to IFN-alpha stimulation; this was especially evident at low E:T ratios versus Daudi cells. Maximal exercise significantly increased (50-200%) unstimulated NKCC versus K562 and Daudi targets similarly in both young and old and increased the percentage of CD56+ cells in the PBMC fraction to 33.3+/-3.7% and 23.3+/-3.6% in old and young, respectively. We found a significant correlation between %CD56+ and basal NKCC versus K562s and Daudi cells in the young (i.e., r=.55; p=.02 vs K562s), but not the old (i.e., r=.20; p=.29 vs K562s) subjects. This indicates that, in the young, part of the exercise-induced increase in NKCC is due to an increase in NK cell number. Maximal exercise did not affect unstimulated per cell killing of K562s, but tended to increase per cell killing of Daudis. These results indicate that CD56+ cells from old subjects have an intrinsic defect in their ability to perform cytolysis and respond to IFN-alpha. Furthermore, a single bout of maximal exercise increases NKCC and CD56+ cell number similarly in both young and old subjects regardless of the target cell used.

Effects of maximal exercise and venous occlusion on fibrinolytic activity in physically active and inactive men

The purposes of this study were to 1) characterize changes in fibrinolytic activity in response to maximal exercise and 5-min venous occlusion and 2) compare responses in men of various habitual physical activity levels. Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) activity and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) activity were measured in 15 inactive, 15 regularly active, and 15 highly active men. Data were analyzed using a three-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. Pretest TPA activity was similar among groups. TPA activity increased postexercise with higher values seen in the active groups (P < 0.001). The highly active group also significantly increased TPA activity postvenous occlusion (P < 0.01). Pretest PAI-1 activity was different among groups, with the inactive group showing the highest activity and the highly active group the lowest (P < 0.05). PAI-1 activity decreased with exercise (P < 0.01) but did not change with venous occlusion. In conclusion, active men exhibited greater changes in fibrinolytic activity with maximal exercise and venous occlusion than inactive men. This enhanced fibrinolytic activity may be an important mechanism mediating the cardioprotective effect provided by regular physical activity.

Effects of maximal exercise on the blood composition of the racing camel

Haematological and blood biochemical changes were studied in nine camels after maximal exercise over 4 or 5 km. There was a lack of splenic reserve for red blood cells, indicated by a minimal increase in haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit. There were marked increases in plasma lactate (to over 20 mmol/litre), plasma ammonia and plasma glucose and a pronounced decrease in circulating free fatty acids. There were small but significant increases in plasma calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride and phosphate concentrations.