Effects Of Maternal Supplementation Research Articles

Associations of Maternal Nutritional Status and Supplementation with Fetal, Newborn, and Infant Outcomes in Low-Income and Middle-Income Settings: An Overview of Reviews.

Despite advances in maternal nutritional knowledge, the effect of maternal diet, micronutrient status and undernutrition, and the effect of maternal supplementation on fetal, neonatal and infant outcomes still have gaps in the literature. This overview of reviews is intended to assess the available information on these issues and identify the main maternal nutritional factors associated with offspring outcomes in low- and middle-income countries as possible targets for public health interventions. The literature search was performed in Medline (PubMed) and Cochrane Library datasets in June 2024. Pre-specified outcomes in offspring were pooled using standard meta-analytical methods. We found consistent evidence on the impact of maternal undernutrition indicated by low body mass index (BMI), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), and stature, but not of individual micronutrient status, on intrauterine-growth retardation, preterm birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age, with research showing a possible effect of maternal undernutrition in later child nutritional status. Studies on micronutrient supplementation showed possible beneficial effects of iron, vitamin D, and multiple micronutrients on birthweight and/or decreasing small for gestational age, as well as a possible effect of calcium on preterm birth reduction. Interventions showing more consistent beneficial outcomes were balanced protein-energy and lipid base supplements, which demonstrated improved weight in newborns from supplemented mothers and a decreased risk of adverse neonatal outcomes. Further research is needed to identify the benefits and risks of maternal individual micronutrient supplementation on neonatal and further child outcomes.

Effect of maternal supplementation on nutritional status of children at aged 24 month in West Sumatra Province: A prospective cohort trial

Effect of maternal supplementation on nutritional status of children at aged 24 month in West Sumatra Province: A prospective cohort trial

Effects of maternal supplementation with DHA and/or egg yolk powder on monoamine homeostasis in the perinatal piglet brain

ABSTRACT Objectives Reports indicate that children of mothers who received docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or egg yolk supplements during pregnancy have improved performance on cognitive tasks and brain growth; their combination has recently been demonstrated to modulate functional neuronal network connectivity in the human-relevant piglet brain. To expand upon this functional connectivity analysis, neurochemical evaluation to determine how dietary supplementation with one or both of these nutrients during the last trimester of pregnancy alters monoamine homeostasis in selected brain regions of piglets was done. Methods Beginning gestation days 60–69 through weaning, pregnant sows were fed either control diet or diets supplemented with egg yolk powder, DHA, or both. Brains were then collected, and monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites were quantified from various brain regions with HPLC-ECD. Results Relative to controls, egg yolk supplementation increased serotonin metabolite (5-HIAA) levels in the cerebellum, while DHA supplementation decreased serotonin (5-HT) levels in the prefrontal cortex; combined supplementation increased norepinephrine metabolite (MHPG) levels in the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum, but decreased 5-HT levels in the posterior hippocampus. Notably, all diets increased serotonin, dopamine, and their respective metabolite levels in the substantia nigra. Disscussion This suggests both overlapping and specific effects of DHA and components of egg yolk in the context of maternal supplementation during pregnancy and lactation that might facilitate optimal neurodevelopment, with the nigrostriatal pathway being particularly sensitive. Such supplementations might impact brain function and facilitate development later in life through modulating monoamine homeostasis.

Effects of Maternal Supplementation with Organic Trace Minerals including Zinc, Manganese, Copper, and Cobalt during the Late and Post-Partum Periods on the Health and Immune Status of Japanese Black Calves

In this study, we evaluated the effects of supplementation of the maternal diet with organic trace minerals including Zn (zinc), Mn (manganese), Cu (copper), and Co (cobalt) on the health and immune status of beef calves. We examined 19 pregnant cows, which were divided into a group of 9 cows fed a basal diet (control) and 10 cows fed a diet with organic trace minerals (treated). Cows were fed for a period of 45 days before the predicted calving date until 45 days after calving. The number of treatments needed for respiratory and digestive diseases within 14 days of birth was significantly lower in the treated group (p < 0.05) than the control group. In addition, the concentration of serum zinc in the treated group on day 1 was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in the control group. The numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the treated group on days 30 and 60 were significantly increased (p < 0.01) compared with those in the control group, as was the number of γδ T cells on days 1 and 30 (p < 0.05). The number of IgM+ cells in the treated group on days 30 and 60 was significantly increased (p < 0.01) compared with that in the control group, as was the number of MHC class II+ cells on day 60 (p < 0.01). The number of NK cells in the treated group on day 60 was also significantly increased (p < 0.05) compared with that in the control group. The expression levels of mRNAs encoding interlukin-2 (IL-2), interlukin-4 (IL-4), interlukin-12 (IL-12), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the treated group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05) on days 1 and 60. The results indicate that maternal supplementation with trace minerals is a promising approach for producing highly disease-resistant calves and enhancing calf immunity.

Effect of Maternal Supplementation With Two Different Doses of Vitamin D During Lactation on Vitamin D Status, Anthropometry and Bone Mass of Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial

There is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in exclusively breast-fed infants in the absence of appropriate vitamin D supplementation. To evaluate the efficacy of two doses of maternal vitamin D supplementation on vitamin D levels of mother-infant pairs and to assess its effect on growth parameters (weight, length and head circumference) and bone mass of infants. Randomized controlled trial. Lactating mother-infant pairs (n=220). Maternal oral vitamin D supplementation in two doses (group 1: 1,20,000 IU/month and group 2: 12,000 IU/month) for 12 months. Main outcomes: Maternal and infant serum 25OHD levels, and infants' growth and bone mass. There was high prevalence of VDD at baseline in mothers (94%) as well as infants (98.5%), which was reduced to 43.1% in (mothers) and 46.5% in infants after 12 months. Significantly higher median (IQR) serum 25OHD levels (ng/mL) were observed among mothers in group 1 compared to group 2 [46 (17-159) vs 18 (6-64); P<0.01] and in infants [36.5 (15-160) vs 17 (7-32); P<0.01]. No significant association was observed between growth parameters or bone mass and serum 25OHD levels of mother or infant between the two groups. Four mothers (3.6%) and two infants (1.8%) in group I had serum 25OHD>100 ng/mL, but without hypercalciuria or hypercalcemia. Bolus vitamin D supplementation in the dose of 1,20,000 IU/month was more efficacious in improving maternal and infant vitamin D status at 12 months, as compared to 12,000 IU/month.

Melatonin treatment during late gestation of undernourished ewes: lamb body temperature and mother–young behaviours after birth

Context In extensive grazing sheep systems, pregnant ewes undergo periods of undernutrition because gestation coincides with winter when natural pasture is of lowest quantity and poorest quality. The lamb’s weight and thermoregulatory capacity, and the ewe–lamb bond at birth, may be compromised. Maternal melatonin treatment during gestation may reverse these effects. Aim The aim was to determine the effects of melatonin treatment of single-lambing, undernourished ewes during the last third of gestation on lamb birthweights and body temperatures, and on ewe–lamb interactive behaviour after birth. Methods At Day 100 of gestation, 39 single-bearing ewes received a subcutaneous melatonin implant, and 54 ewes served as controls with no implant. Throughout gestation, the ewes remained under extensive conditions grazing on natural pasture. Measurements were made of lamb birthweight, body temperatures (surface temperature by infrared thermography and rectal temperature), and ewe–lamb behaviours during a handling test at 6–17 h after lambing. Key results There was no effect of melatonin treatment on lamb birthweight or rectal temperature, or on ewe–lamb interaction behaviours. Hip minimum surface temperature was greater in lambs from melatonin-treated ewes than lambs from control ewes (21.2°C ± 0.9°C vs 18.8°C ± 0.8°C; P = 0.05), and there was a similar trend for hip mean surface temperature (24.6°C ± 0.9°C vs 22.3°C ± 0.7°C; P = 0.06). Rump surface temperatures were greater in male than female lambs: maximum (27.9°C ± 1.2°C vs 22.9°C ± 1.2°C; P = 0.01), minimum (22.2°C ± 1.5°C vs 16.7°C ± 1.5°C; P = 0.02) and mean (25.4°C ± 1.3°C vs 20.5°C ± 1.3°C; P = 0.02). Conclusion Melatonin treatment during the last third of ewe pregnancy slightly enhanced the surface temperature of lambs at birth but did not influence ewe–lamb interaction behaviour after birth (i.e. after establishment of the ewe–lamb bond). Implications Further study in more depth is warranted into the possible effects of maternal supplementation with commercial melatonin implants on lamb development, thermoregulatory capacity, behaviour and survival rates in extensive grazing systems, including the effect on ewe–lamb behaviours immediately after birth for both singletons and twins.

Standardization and validation of assay of selected omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids from phospholipid fraction of red cell membrane using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector

BackgroundDocosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an important structural component of human brain and retina. Evidence exists linking nutritional status of pregnant mothers and cognitive functions of their born infants. The DHANI (Maternal DHA Supplementation and Offspring Neurodevelopment in India) trial was implemented to evaluate the effect of maternal supplementation with DHA during pregnancy and for 6 months following delivery on motor and mental development of infants at 1 and 12 months. We describe here the standardization and validation of an assay for measurement of selected omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids from the phospholipid fraction of red blood cells to assess their status in mothers at baseline, delivery and 6 months post-delivery and for infants in cord blood and at 1 and 12 months of age. The validated method has been used for the analysis of samples for DHANI.MethodsLipids were extracted from a pool of red blood cells, separated using thin layer chromatography. The phospholipid fraction was esterified, and fatty acids were separated by gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector.ResultThe method accuracy for DHA was between 97 - 98% and between 91 - 95% for arachidonic acid (AA) at three different concentrations. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient of variation for the fatty acids ranged from 1.19 to 5.7% and 0.78 to 13.0% respectively. Intraclass correlation (ICC), as a measure of reproducibility, ranged between 0.689 and 0.996. A good linearity was observed for all the fatty acids between concentrations of 0.2–4 μg/ml.ConclusionThe standardized and validated method is suitable for implementation in large epidemiological studies for evaluation of fatty acids and in nutritional trials for assessment of fatty acid content of various lipid classes.

Effect of maternal supplementation with essential fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid on metabolic and endocrine development in neonatal calves

We tested the hypothesis that the maternal supply of essential fatty acids (EFA), especially α-linolenic acid, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), affects glucose metabolism, the endocrine regulation of energy metabolism and growth, and the intestinal development of neonatal calves. We studied calves from dams that received an abomasal infusion of 76 g/d coconut oil (CTRL; n = 9), 78 g/d linseed oil and 4 g/d safflower oil (EFA; n = 9), 38 g/d Lutalin (BASF SE) containing 27% cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA (CLA; n = 9), or a combination of EFA and CLA (EFA+CLA; n = 11) during the last 63 d of gestation and early lactation. Calves received colostrum and transition milk from their own dam for the first 5 d of life. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, leptin, and adiponectin concentrations were measured in milk. Blood samples were taken before first colostrum intake, 24 h after birth, and from d 3 to 5 of life before morning feeding to measure metabolic and endocrine traits in plasma. On d 3 of life, energy expenditure was evaluated by a bolus injection of NaH13CO3 and determination of CO2 appearance rate. On d 4, additional blood samples were taken to evaluate glucose first-pass uptake and 13CO2 enrichment after [13C6]-glucose feeding and intravenous [6,6-2H2]-glucose bolus injection, as well as postprandial changes in glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), insulin, and glucagon. On d 5, calves were killed 2 h after feeding and samples of small intestinal mucosa were taken for histomorphometric measurements. The concentrations of IGF-I, adiponectin, and leptin in milk decreased during early lactation in all groups, and the concentrations of leptin in first colostrum was higher in EFA than in CTRL cows. Plasma glucose concentration before first colostrum intake was higher in EFA calves than in non-EFA calves and was lower in CLA calves than in non-CLA calves. Plasma IGF-I concentration was higher on d 1 before colostrum intake in EFA calves than in EFA+CLA calves and indicated an overall CLA effect, with lower plasma IGF-I in CLA than in non-CLA calves. Postprandial NEFA concentration was lowest in EFA and CLA calves. The postprandial rise in plasma insulin was higher in EFA than in non-EFA calves. Plasma adiponectin concentration increased from d 1 to d 2 in all groups and was higher on d 3 in CLA than in non-CLA calves. Plasma leptin concentration was higher on d 4 and 5 in EFA than in non-EFA calves. Maternal fatty acid treatment did not affect energy expenditure and first-pass glucose uptake, but glucose uptake on d 4 was faster in EFA than in non-EFA calves. Crypt depth was lower, and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth was higher in the ilea of CLA than non-CLA calves. Elevated plasma glucose and IGF-I in EFA calves immediately after birth may indicate an improved energetic status in calves when dams are supplemented with EFA. Maternal EFA and CLA supplementation influenced postprandial metabolic changes and affected factors related to the neonatal insulin response.

PSI-29 Effects of maternal supplementation of ruminally undegradable protein during early gestation on subsequent progeny performance in beef cattle

Abstract Late gestation protein supplementation has been shown to be beneficial to fetal development. However, little is known about early gestation protein supplementation when supplements contain high or low amounts of ruminally undegraded protein (RUP). Therefore, two-year study was conducted using 28 mixed-aged cows consumed a basal diet balanced to meet nutrient requirements for early gestation were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments during the first trimester of pregnancy, 1) no supplement (CON; n = 10); 2) 38% CP supplement containing 36% RUP (LRUP; n = 9); 3) 38% protein supplemented containing 50% RUP (HRUP; n = 9). All cows were managed similarly after the completion of the supplementation period. There were no treatment × year interactions observed for any variable measured. Subsequent progeny birth BW did not differ between treatments (P = 0.19). Calf weights did not differ due to treatment due to treatment (P ≥ 0.08) at weaning; however, calf weaning weight was greater in year 1 compared to year 2 (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). After weaning, calves were placed in an individual feeding system for a 60 d feeding period. Body weight was recorded biweekly and intake was measured daily. Intake from day 0 to 14 and 14 to 28 tended to be greater (P ≤ 0.07) for HRUP and LRUP when compared to unsupplemented control. Nonetheless, ADG and gain:feed was similar for all treatments (P ≥ 0.21). Steers were transitioned to a finishing diet and harvested at approximately 18 mo of age. No differences were observed in ribeye area, hot carcass weight or yield grade (P ≥ 0.23). Overall, under the conditions of this study, supplementing cows during the first trimester with a high protein supplement that varied in ruminally undegradable protein did not impact progeny growth or carcass characteristics.

Effects of Maternal Fish Oil and/or 5-Methyl-Tetrahydrofolate Supplementation during Pregnancy on Offspring Brain Resting-State at 10 Years Old: A Follow-Up Study from the NUHEAL Randomized Controlled Trial.

Recent studies have shown that maternal supplementation with folate and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) during pregnancy may affect children’s brain development. We aimed at examining the potential long-term effect of maternal supplementation with fish oil (FO) and/or 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) on the brain functionality of offspring at the age of 9.5–10 years. The current study was conducted as a follow-up of the Spanish participants belonging to the Nutraceuticals for a Healthier Life (NUHEAL) project; 57 children were divided into groups according to mother’s supplementation and assessed through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning and neurodevelopment testing. Independent component analysis and double regression methods were implemented to investigate plausible associations. Children born to mothers supplemented with FO (FO and FO + 5-MTHF groups, n = 33) showed weaker functional connectivity in the default mode (DM) (angular gyrus), the sensorimotor (SM) (motor and somatosensory cortices) and the fronto-parietal (FP) (angular gyrus) networks compared to the No-FO group (placebo and 5-MTHF groups, n = 24) (PFWE < 0.05). Furthermore, no differences were found regarding the neuropsychological tests, except for a trend of better results in an object recall (memory) test. Considering the No-FO group, the aforementioned networks were associated negatively with attention and speed-processing functions. Mother’s FO supplementation during pregnancy seems to be able to shape resting-state network functioning in their children at school age and appears to produce long-term effects on children´s cognitive processing.

Effects of maternal supplementation with fully oxidised β-carotene on the reproductive performance and immune response of sows, as well as the growth performance of nursing piglets.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of dietary fully oxidised β-carotene (OxBC, C40H60O15) supplementation during the perinatal period on immune status and productivity in a sow model. At day 85 of pregnancy, 150 sows were allocated to one of three dietary treatments with fifty sows per treatment. The three experimental diets were supplemented with 0, 4 or 8 mg/kg OxBC in the basal diet. The feeding trial was conducted from gestation day 85 until day 21 of lactation. Dietary OxBC supplementation greatly enhanced colostrum IgM, IgA and IgG levels, and the IgM and IgG content of 14-d milk. Dietary OxBC supplementation decreased the TNF-α and IL-8 levels in colostrum, as well as the TNF-α and IL-18 levels in 14-d milk. There was also a tendency towards an increase in the soluble CD14 level in 14-d milk. Although dietary treatments did not affect average daily feed intake nor backfat thickness loss during lactation, dietary OxBC supplementation tended to enhance litter weight and individual piglet weight at weaning. There was a trend towards increased lactose concentration in 14-d milk with increasing dietary OxBC. It is concluded that dietary supplementation with OxBC during the perinatal period enhances the lactose concentration of sow milk and the immune status of sows, which is reflected by improved cytokine status and immunoglobulin concentrations in colostrum and milk, and thus tending to increase litter weight and individual piglet weight at weaning. The results also provide a scientific nutritional reference for perinatal mothers due to the biological similarity between pigs and humans.

The effects of maternal supplementation of selenium and iodine via slow-release blouses in late pregnancy on milk production of goats and performance of their kids

Forty pregnant dairy goats were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of prepartum supplementation of selenium (Se) and iodine (I) as slow-release boluses. The boluses were administered four weeks prior to the expected kidding time to supply daily amounts of (1) 0 mg Se and 0 mg I, (2) 0 mg Se and 0.40 mg I, (3) 0.25 mg Se and 0 mg I and (4) 0.25 mg Se and 0.4 mg I. Milk production, milk fat percentage, daily production of milk components, milk selenium and iodine concentrations were greater in goats received 0.25 mg Se/day than no supplemental Se (p < .05). Milk production, daily production of milk compounds, milk iodine concentration, serum T3 and T4 concentrations in goats received 0.40 mg I/day were greater than goats received no supplemental I (p < .05). Bodyweight at weaning and average daily gain in kids whose mothers were received 0.25 mg Se/day were greater than zero Se (p < .05). Bodyweight at weaning and average daily gain in kids whose mothers were given 0.40 mg I/day were greater than zero I (p < .05). Serum Se and T3 concentration and whole blood glutathione peroxidase activity were significantly greater in goats and their kids received 0.25 mg Se/day than goats received no supplemental Se (p < .05). There was no Se level × I level interaction for all assessed parameters. Results showed that maternal supplementation of Se and I as a slow-release ruminal bolus in late pregnancy improved milk production of grazing goats and the performance of their kids. Highlights Intra-ruminal administration of slow-release boluses containing selenium and iodine improved milk production of grazing goats. Kids from goats receiving supplemental selenium and iodine via intra-ruminal boluses perform better. Intra-ruminal administration of slow-release boluses containing selenium in late pregnancy improved the antioxidant status of grazing goats and their kids.

Maternal Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation Stabilizes Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number in Pregnant Women in Lombok, Indonesia

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe Supplementation with Multiple Micronutrients Intervention Trial (SUMMIT) in Lombok, Indonesia showed that maternal multiple micronutrients (MMN), as compared with iron and folic acid (IFA), reduced fetal loss, early infant mortality, and low birth weight. Mitochondria play a key role during pregnancy by providing maternal metabolic energy for fetal development, but the effects of maternal supplementation during pregnancy on mitochondria are not fully understood.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the impact of MMN supplementation on maternal mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN).MethodsWe used archived venous blood specimens from pregnant women enrolled in the SUMMIT study. SUMMIT was a cluster-randomized double-blind controlled trial in which midwives were randomly assigned to distribute MMN or IFA to pregnant women. In this study, we selected 108 sets of paired baseline and postsupplementation samples (MMN = 54 and IFA = 54). Maternal mtDNA-CN was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in baseline and postsupplementation specimens. The association between supplementation type and change in mtDNA-CN was performed using rank-based estimation for linear models.ResultsIn both groups, maternal mtDNA-CN at postsupplementation was significantly elevated compared with baseline (P < 0.001). The regression revealed that the MMN group had lower postsupplementation mtDNA-CN than the IFA group (β = −4.63, P = 0.003), especially for women with mtDNA-CN levels above the median at baseline (β = −7.49, P = 0.007). This effect was rapid, and observed within 33 d of initiation of supplementation (β = −7.39, P = 0.017).ConclusionMaternal MMN supplementation rapidly stabilized mtDNA-CN in pregnant women who participated in SUMMIT, indicating improved mitochondrial efficiency. The data provide a mechanistic basis for the beneficial effects of MMN on fetal growth and survival, and support the transition from routine IFA to MMN supplementation.This trial was registered at www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN34151616.

Polyphenols and IUGR Pregnancies: Effects of Maternal Hydroxytyrosol Supplementation on Placental Gene Expression and Fetal Antioxidant Status, DNA-Methylation and Phenotype.

The use of polyphenols is a promising strategy for preventing or alleviating intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) because polyphenol supplementation increases plasma antioxidant capacity and improves oxidative stress at the feto-placental unit; which are recognized as main issues in IUGR. However, there is a scarcity of experimental data on both realistic benefits and potential hazards of polyphenol supplementation during gestation. Hence, we aimed to use a swine model of IUGR pregnancy to determine possible effects of maternal supplementation with polyphenols (hydroxytyrosol) on placental expression of genes involved in antioxidant homeostasis, vascularization and fetal growth and thus on antioxidant status, DNA-methylation and phenotypic traits (morphology and homeostasis) of the fetus. Hydroxytyrosol improves placental gene expression and fetal antioxidant status and glucose metabolism in a sex-dependent manner, in which males were favored in spite of developmental failures. Concomitantly, hydroxytyrosol prevented hypomethylation of DNA associated with oxidative stress. Finally, no major deleterious effects of hydroxytyrosol supplementation on constriction of the ductus arteriosus, a possible secondary effect of polyphenols during pregnancy, were found.

PSII-12 Effect of Maternal Supplementation with an Injectable Trace Mineral on Pre-Weaning Beef Calf Performance and Mineral Status.

PSII-12 Effect of Maternal Supplementation with an Injectable Trace Mineral on Pre-Weaning Beef Calf Performance and Mineral Status.

Effect of maternal supplementation with a killed whole-cell yeast on passive transfer and foal mucosal immunity

Effect of maternal supplementation with a killed whole-cell yeast on passive transfer and foal mucosal immunity

An investigation into the effects of maternal supplementation with excess iodine on the mechanisms and impacts of reduced IgG absorption in the lamb postpartum.

An experiment was conducted to determine: (1) the effect of excess maternal I supplementation on the thyroid hormone status of the ewe and her progeny; (2) potential mechanisms underpinning the failure of passive transfer associated with excess I and (3) the growing lambs' response to natural gastrointestinal infection. Twin-bearing ewes received one of two treatments (n 32/treatment group): basal diet (C) or C plus 26·6 mg of iodine/ewe per d (I), supplied as calcium iodate. Ewes were individually fed from day 119 of gestation to parturition. Progeny of I ewes had lower (P<0·01) serum IgG concentrations from 24 h to 28 d postpartum but higher serum IgG concentrations at day 70 postpartum (P<0·05). I supplementation increased the relative expression of Fc receptor, IgA, IgM high affinity and polymeric Ig receptor in the ileum of the lamb at 24 h postpartum; however, thyroid hormone receptor-β (THRB) and β-2-microglobulin (B2M) expression declined (P<0·05). Progeny of I ewes had higher growth rates to weaning (P<0·05) and lower faecal egg count (FEC) for Nematodirus battus (P<0·05) between weeks 6 and 10 postpartum. In conclusion, excess maternal I supplementation negatively affected the thyroid hormone status, serum IgG concentration, ileal morphology and the gene expression of THRB and B2M in the ileum and ras-related protein (RAB) RAB25 and the mucin gene (MUC) MUC1 in the duodenum of the lamb postpartum. These effects were followed by an enhancement of average daily gain and lower N. battus FEC in the pre-weaning period of I-supplemented lambs.

Effects of Maternal Supplementation With Omega-3 Precursors on Human Milk Composition.

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are important for newborn neurosensory development. Supplementation of breastfeeding mothers' diets with omega-3 PUFAs, such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), may increase their concentration in human milk. Research aim: This study aimed to assess human milk composition after 15-day supplementation regimens containing either omega-3 PUFAs or olive oil, which does not provide ALA. A multicenter factorial randomized trial was conducted with four groups of breastfeeding women, with each group containing 19 to 22 women. After a 15-day ALA washout period, three groups received supplementation with omega-3 precursors for 15 days: an enriched margarine (M), a rapeseed oil (R), and a margarine and rapeseed oil (MR). The fourth was unexposed to omega-3 precursors (olive oil control diet, O). After 15 days, blind determination of human milk fatty acid (FA) composition was assessed by gas chromatography, and the FA composition was compared among groups using variance analyses. Alpha-linolenic acid content, expressed as the mean (standard deviation) total human milk FA percentage, was significantly higher after diet supplementation with omega-3 PUFAs, with values of 2.2% (0.7%) (MR), 1.3% (0.5%) (R), 1.1% (0.4%) (M), and 0.8% (0.3%) (O at D30) ( p < .003 for each comparison). The lowest LA-ALA ratio (5.5) was found in the MR group ( p < .001). Docosahexaenoic acid and trans FA concentrations did not differ among groups. In lactating women, omega-3 supplementation via the combination of enriched margarine and rapeseed oil increased the ALA content of human milk and generated the most favorable LA-ALA ratio for LC-PUFA synthesis.

Effect of maternal supplementation with fish oil during pregnancy and lactation on allergy development in childhood.

Effect of maternal supplementation with fish oil during pregnancy and lactation on allergy development in childhood.

The Effect Of Maternal Supplementation With A Lipid‐Based Nutrient Supplement On Infant Micronutrient Intake In Guatemalan Women And Infants

BACKGROUNDAccording to the World Health Organization (WHO), infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life. Despite the high adherence to the WHO guidelines in Guatemala, there is a high prevalence of malnutrition during early life, which increases during the first 6 months of age. This suggests that breast milk quality may be suboptimal with regard to provision of micronutrients. Our objective was to evaluate whether maternal supplementation with a lipid based nutrient supplement (LNS) would increase infant micronutrient intake from breast milk.METHODSThe randomly‐allocated, cross‐over design included 30 mother‐infant dyads 4–6 months postpartum in Quetzaltenango, Guatemala. In three 8‐hour milk collection visits the participating mother received a single bolus dose of 30 g LNS (B), 10 g of LNS divided over 3 time points (D), or no LNS (C). Mid‐feed milk samples were collected at each infant feed and total milk consumption measured. Maternal blood was collected at baseline, maternal dietary intake was assessed, and maternal and infant anthropometry was measured. The primary outcome was infant B‐complex vitamin intake from breast milk, estimated using micronutrient analyses and infant milk consumption. Analysis of variance and pair‐wise comparisons were used to examine the effect of dosing regimen. Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02464111on).FINDINGSOf 26 dyads completing the study, results for 8 are included in this preliminary data analysis. On average, during 8 hours infants consumed more riboflavin when their mother received LNS (B or D), compared to C (9±6 μg, treatment p=0.012). B increased infant riboflavin intake by 28±21 μg, (p=0.005) whereas D increased intake by 19±14 μg (p=0.018). Neither B nor D increased infant pyridoxal (B 37±29 μg, D 44±36 μg, C 23±10 μg, p=0.328), niacin (B 41±31 μg D 37±30 μg, C 30±17 μg, p= 0.490) or thiamin (B 4±2 μg, D 6±6 μg, C 4±3 μg, p= 0.408) intake compared to no‐supplement. Compared to C, over 8 hours B provided an extra 6%, 0%, 14%, 1% of the Adequate Intake for infants under 6 months for riboflavin, thiamin, pyridoxal, and niacin, respectively, whereas D provided an extra 3%, 1%, 21%, 0%, respectively.INTERPRETATIONMaternal supplementation with LNS as a bolus dose or divided dose increased infant riboflavin intake, with the bolus dose proving more efficacious at increasing infant riboflavin intake from milk. In this initial group of dyads, maternal supplementation with LNS did not significantly impact infant pyridoxal, niacin, or thiamin intake.Support or Funding InformationUC Global Health Initiative, Blum Center for Developing Economies, UC Davis, USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center.