Effects Of Long-term Irrigation Research Articles

Effect of Long-Term Irrigation with Sewage Wastewater on Land Capability of Three Sites in Sohag Governorate, Egypt

Effect of Long-Term Irrigation with Sewage Wastewater on Land Capability of Three Sites in Sohag Governorate, Egypt

Effects of long-term irrigation on soil phosphorus fractions and microbial communities in <i>Populus euphratica</i> plantations

Effects of long-term irrigation on soil phosphorus fractions and microbial communities in <i>Populus euphratica</i> plantations

Effect of Recurrent Irrigation with Treated Sewage from Anaerobic Digester Coupled with Anaerobic Baffled Reactor on Soil Fertility

Growing recognition of treated wastewater as a resource is among the factors influencing its reuse in agriculture worldwide. Long-term effect of irrigation with treated wastewater on soil is widely reported; however, the effect of irrigated farming cycles with treated sewage on soil fertility is rarely reported. In this study, greenhouse maize plot experiment, consisting of triplicate plots irrigated with treated sewage and tap water was conducted for three consecutive farming cycles. Soil was sampled for analysis at the depths of 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm after every farming cycle. After the third farming cycle, pH and organic matter content increased significantly (P≤0.05) at all depths; NO3-N and PO4-P increased at 0-20 cm, though was not significant (P≥0.05); while EC and TDS decreased at all depths. With exception of pH, soil organic matter content, NO3-N, and PO4-P, were significantly higher (P≤0.05) in plots irrigated with treated sewage for all cycles; while EC and TDS were only significant after the second farming cycle. Variation of soil parameters was not consistent with the irrigated farming cycles. Irrigation with treated sewage improved soil PO4-P and organic matter content but posed soil alkalinity, thus pH amendment is needed after the third farming cycle.

Modeling Climate Change Effects on Rice Yield and Soil Carbon under Variable Water and Nutrient Management

Soil organic carbon (SOC) conservation in agricultural soils is vital for sustainable agricultural production and climate change mitigation. To project changes of SOC and rice yield under different water and carbon management in future climates, based on a two-year (2015 and 2016) field test in Kunshan, China, the Denitrification Decomposition (DNDC) model was modified and validated and the soil moisture module of DNDC was improved to realize the simulation under conditions of water-saving irrigation. Four climate models under four representative concentration pathways (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, and RCP 8.5), which were integrated from the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), were ensembled by the Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) method. The results showed that the modified DNDC model can effectively simulate changes in SOC, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and rice yield under different irrigation and fertilizer management systems. The normalized root mean squared errors of the SOC and DOC were 3.45–17.59% and 8.79–13.93%, respectively. The model efficiency coefficients of SOC and DOC were close to 1. The climate scenarios had a great impact on rice yield, whereas the impact on SOC was less than that of agricultural management measures on SOC. The average rice yields of all the RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6.0, and RCP 8.5 scenarios in the 2090s decreased by 18.41%, 38.59%, 65.11%, and 65.62%, respectively, compared with those in the 2020s. The long-term effect of irrigation on the SOC content of paddy fields was minimal. The SOC of the paddy fields treated with conventional fertilizer decreased initially and then remained unchanged, while the other treatments increased obviously with time. The rice yields of all the treatments decreased with time. Compared with traditional management, controlled irrigation with straw returning clearly increased the SOC and rice yields of paddy fields. Thus, this water and carbon management system is recommended for paddy fields.

Improving water uptake by trees planted on a clayey soil and irrigated with low-quality water by various management means: A numerical study

The yield of avocado trees planted on clayey soils decreases due to irrigation with treated-waste water (TWW). We hypothesized that the main cause for this yield reduction is the reduction in water uptake by the trees roots. The aim of this numerical study was to identify the main soil factors that control the reduction in water uptake by the trees roots, and to test various soil substrate-based and water-based management schemes design to counterweigh the water uptake reduction. The study relies on physically based, three-dimensional (3-D) simulations of flow and transport in variably saturated, spatially heterogeneous, flow domain, conducted for three successive years. The main findings of this study suggest that: (i) the long-term effect of irrigation with TWW on the response of the flow system is attribute to the salinity of the TWW, and not to its sodium adsorption ratio, SAR; (ii) with respect to improving water uptake by the trees' roots, the water-based scheme that alternates irrigation water quality between TWW and desalinized water, DSW, (ADW) performed better than the water-based scheme that uses fresh water only (FW). The soil substrate-based schemes, TUFp, that used trenches with highly coarse-textured soil material and pulse irrigations, and, particularly, SAop, that used trenches with finer soil texture, performed substantially better than the soil substrate-based scheme that used trenches with highly coarse-textured soil material only (TUF); (iii) with respect to minimizing solute leaching below the root zone, the water-based schemes, FW, and, particularly, ADW, performed substantially better than the soil substrate-based schemes.

Biouptake Responses of Trace Metals to Long-Term Irrigation with Diverse Wastewater in the Wheat Rhizosphere Microenvironment.

Wastewater irrigation is widely practiced and may cause serious environmental problems. However, current knowledge on the effects of long-term irrigation with wastewater from different sources on the biouptake of trace metals (TMs) in the rhizosphere zone by plants in farmlands is limited. Here, we analyzed wheat rhizosphere soil and wheat roots collected from a typical wastewater irrigation area in North China to evaluate the influence of wastewater irrigation from different sources on the bioavailability of trace metals in soils. Results showed that irrigation with tanning and domestic wastewater helped enhance the bioavailability of trace metals in rhizosphere soil by increasing the active organic carbon content, soil redox potential, and catalase activity, thus enhancing the proportion of the potentially bioavailable part of trace metal speciation. Conversely, irrigation with pharmaceutical wastewater can reduce the bioavailability of trace metals in rhizosphere soil by increasing total soil antibiotics and thus decreasing the proportions of bioavailable and potentially bioavailable parts of trace metal speciation. These findings can provide insights into the migration and transformation of trace metal speciation in soil rhizosphere microenvironments under the context of wastewater irrigation.

Black truffle winter production depends on Mediterranean summer precipitation

The unprecedented price inflation of Black truffles, recently exceeding 5000 Euro kg−1 (in Zurich), is a combined result of increasing global demands and decreasing Mediterranean harvests. Since the effects of long-term irrigation and climate variation on symbiotic fungus-host interaction and the development of belowground microbes are poorly understood, the establishment and maintenance of truffle plantations remains a risky venture. Using 49 years of continuous harvest and climate data from Spain, France and Italy, we demonstrate how truffle production rates, between November and March, significantly rely on previous June–August precipitation totals, whereas too much autumnal rainfall affects the subsequent winter harvest negatively. Despite a complex climate-host-fungus relationship, our findings show that southern European truffle yields can be predicted at highest probability (r = 0.78, t-stat = 5.645, prob = 0.000 01). Moreover, we demonstrate the reliability of national truffle inventories since 1970, and question the timing and dose of many of the currently operating irrigation systems. Finally, our results suggest that Black truffle mycorrhizal colonization of host fine roots, the sexualisation of mycelium, and the formation of peridium are strongly controlled by natural summer rainfall. Recognising the drought-vulnerability of southern Europe’s rapidly growing truffle sector, we encourage a stronger liaison between farmers, politicians and scientists to maintain ecological and economic sustainability under predicted climate change in the Mediterranean basin.

Effect of long-term irrigation and tillage practices on X-ray CT and gas transport derived pore-network characteristics

The gas transport parameters, diffusivity and air-filled porosity are crucial for soil aeration, microbial activity and greenhouse gas emission, and directly depend on soil structure. In this study, we analysed the effect of long-term tillage and irrigation practices on the surface structure of an arable soil in New Zealand. Our hypothesis was that topsoil structure would change under intensification of arable production, affecting gas exchange. Intact soil cores were collected from plots under intensive tillage (IT) and direct drill (DD), irrigated or rainfed. In total, 32 cores were scanned by X-ray computed tomography (CT) to derive the pore network >30µm. The cores were then used to measure soil-gas diffusivity, air-permeability and air-filled porosity of pores close to the resolution of the X-ray CT scans, namely ≥30µm. The gas measurements allow the calculation of pore-network connectivity and tortuosity parameters, which were compared with the CT-derived structural characteristics. Long-term irrigation had little effect on any of the parameters analysed. Total porosity tended to be lower under IT than DD, whereas the CT-derived porosity was comparable. Both the CT-derived mean pore diameter (MPD) and other morphological parameters, as well as gas measurement-derived parameters, highlighted a less developed structure under IT. The differences in the functional pore-network structure were attributed to SOC depletion and the mechanical disturbance through IT. Significant correlations between CT-derived parameters and functional gas transport parameters such as tortuosity and MPD were found, which suggest that X-ray CT could be useful in the prediction of gas transport.

Effect of Long Term Irrigation with Primary-Treated Wastewater on some Soil Proprieties

Effect of Long Term Irrigation with Primary-Treated Wastewater on some Soil Proprieties

The Effect of Long Term Irrigation by Treated Effluent on Boron Accumulation in Soil and Citrus Plants

The Effect of Long Term Irrigation by Treated Effluent on Boron Accumulation in Soil and Citrus Plants

Effects of Long-Term Irrigation and Nitrogen Regimes on Soil Nitrogen Con-tent and Paste Property of Wheat Grain

Effects of Long-Term Irrigation and Nitrogen Regimes on Soil Nitrogen Con-tent and Paste Property of Wheat Grain

Effects of long term irrigation with treated wastewater on leaf mineral element contents and oil quality in Olive cv. Chemlali

ABSTRACTWater is one of the most limiting factors in agriculture, particularly in arid areas such as Tunisia. Olives are the most important tree fruit in the country and are cultivated over 1.6 million hectares. An olive grove of cv. Chemlali was irrigated either by using treated wastewater (TWW) or fresh water (FW) from 2002 to 2012. The aim of this 10-year study was to investigate the effects of irrigation with TWW on both quality parameters (i.e. K232, total phenols, free fatty acids, etc.) and content of mineral elements in the leaves. Data obtained indicated no effects of the irrigation on parameters such as oil content and K270, either by using TWW or FW, and significant effects only after 10 years on free acidity and K232. Instead, palmitoleic and stearic acid contents significantly decreased after 10 years of irrigation with TWW with respect to FW irrigation. TWW irrigation also increased the content of total phenols, chlorophyll, and minor and major nutrients in the leaves.

The effect of long-term irrigation with municipal treated wastewater on the saturated hydraulic conductivity of a silt loam soil and its estimation- a case study

The effect of long-term irrigation with municipal treated wastewater on the saturated hydraulic conductivity of a silt loam soil and its estimation- a case study

Long-term effect of irrigation with saline reclaimed water on adult mandarin trees

Long-term effect of irrigation with saline reclaimed water on adult mandarin trees

Arsenic and other heavy metal accumulation in plants and algae growing naturally in contaminated area of West Bengal, India

The present study was conducted to quantify the arsenic (As) and other heavy metal concentrations in the plants and algae growing naturally in As contaminated blocks of North-24-Pargana and Nandia district, West Bengal, India to assess their bioaccumulation potential. The plant species included five macrophytes and five algae were collected from the nine selected sites for estimation of As and other heavy metals accumulated therein by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometer (ICP-MS). Results revealed that maximum As concentration (117mgkg−1) was recorded in the agricultural soil at the Barasat followed by Beliaghat (111mgkg−1) sites of North-24-Pargana. Similarly, concentration of selenium (Si, 249mgkg−1), lead (Pb, 79.4mgkg−1), chromium (Cr, 138mgkg−1) was also found maximum in the soil at Barasat and cadmium (Cd, 163mgkg−1) nickel (Ni, 36.5mgkg−1) at Vijaynagar site. Among the macrophytes, Eichhornia crassipes found more dominating species in As contaminated area and accumulate As (597mgkg−1) in the shoot at kanchrapara site. The Lemna minor found to accumulate maximum As (735mgkg−1) in the leaves at Sonadanga and Pistia stratiotes accumulated minimum As (24.5mgkg−1) in the fronds from Ranaghat site. In case of diatoms, maximum As (760mgkg−1) was accumulated at Kanchrapara site followed by Hydrodictiyon reticulatum (403mgkg−1) at the Ranaghat site. High concentration of As and other heavy metal in soil indicates long term effects of irrigation with contaminated ground water, however, high concentration of heavy metals in naturally growing plants and algae revealed their mobilization through leaching and possible food chain contamination. Therefore, efficient heavy metal accumulator macrophytes Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna minor, Spirodela polyrhiza may be exploited in removing metals from contaminated water by developing a plant based treatment system. However, As accumulator algal species may be used as a bioresource for understanding algae mediated As detoxification and bioindication studies.

Effect of long-term irrigation with treated wastewater of three soil types on their bulk densities, chemical properties and PAHs content in semi-arid climate

This study aims at understanding the effect of soil texture and water quality (treated wastewater and groundwater) on soil physical (bulk density) and chemical (pH, salinity, CEC, total organic carbon and carbonate content) properties and on organic pollutant concentrations (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in different soil types in semi-arid regions. Results showed that the long-term irrigation with treated wastewater increased the bulk density in lithosoil and saline soil, while it decreased it in the isohumic soil. Moreover, the application of a double volume of treated wastewater enhanced the soil bulk density. However, irrigation with groundwater did not reveal any significant effect on soil bulk density. Also, the long-term impact of groundwater on the physico-chemical properties varies from one soil type to another. Multivariate analysis (principal component analysis) showed that different soil parameters such as soil texture and bulk density were determinant in soil evolution. The treated wastewater is considered as potential source of pollutants, and its long-term application induced high concentration of organic pollutant. Actually, the irrigated soils are heavily contaminated, and the carcinogenic molecule concentrations were about 1.2–7.6 times higher in these perimeters than in control soils.

Effects of long-term irrigation with untreated municipal wastewater on soil properties and crop quality.

Irrigating crops with untreated wastewater leads to elevated concentrations of heavy metals both in soil and cultivated crops. The current study was designed to determine heavy metal (i.e., Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Hg) accumulation in Konya soils in selected nine sites irrigated with wastewater for over 40 years. Non-irrigated soil samples and soil samples irrigated with well water were taken as control samples. Transport of these pollutants to the wheat samples cultivated in the investigated site was also examined. The obtained results reveal that high alkaline properties and clay structure of Konya soil reduce the mobility of contaminants and cause accumulation in the top layer of soil. Intense effect of wastewater irrigation on soil EC was determined. The highest concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni, and Hg in wastewater irrigated soil were 5.32, 37.1, 31.5, 11.4, 91.5, 134, and 0.34 mg kg(-1), respectively. Wastewater irrigated soils were strongly polluted by means of Cd (8.23-11.6 mg kg(-1)) and moderately to strongly polluted by means of Ni (47.7-134 mg kg(-1)), exceeding Maximum Admissible Concentrations for Trace Elements in Agricultural Soils and Sewage Sludge Regulation limit values of Turkey. Maximum concentrations found for Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd, Zn, and Ni in wastewater irrigated wheat grain were 8.44, 1.30, 9.10, n.d, 29.31, and 0.94 mg kg(-1), respectively. Besides, Hg was not detected in any samples of wheat grain. Based on the regulation of Turkish Food Codex, Pb contamination in wheat samples grown in the sampling site was evidenced.

Salinity control in a clay soil beneath an orchard irrigated with treated waste water in the presence of a high water table: A numerical study

Summary A citrus orchard planted on a structured, clay soil associated with a high water table, irrigated by drip irrigation system using treated waste water (TWW) and local well water (LWW) was considered here. The scope of the present study was to analyze transport of mixed-ion, interacting salts in a combined vadose zone–groundwater flow system focusing on the following issues: (i) long-term effects of irrigation with TWW on the response of the flow system, identifying the main factors ( e.g. , soil salinity, soil sodicity) that control these effects, and (ii) salinity control aiming at improving both crop productivity and groundwater quality. To pursue this two-fold goal, 3-D numerical simulations of field-scale flow and transport were performed for an extended period of time, considering realistic features of the soil, water table, crop, weather and irrigation, and the coupling between the flow and the transport through the dependence of the soil hydraulic functions, K ( ψ ) and θ ( ψ ), on soil solution concentration C, and sodium adsorption ratio, SAR. Results of the analyses suggest that in the case studied, the long-term effect of irrigation with TWW on the response of the flow system is attributed to the enhanced salinity of the TWW, and not to the increase in soil sodicity. The latter findings are attributed to: (i) the negative effect of soil salinity on water uptake, and the tradeoff between water uptake and drainage flux, and, concurrently, solute discharge below the root zone; and, (ii) the tradeoff between the effects of C and SAR on K ( ψ ) and θ ( ψ ). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that a data-driven protocol for soil salinity control, based on alternating irrigation water quality between TWW and desalinized water, guided by the soil solution salinity at the centroid of the soil volume active in water uptake, may lead to a substantial increase in crop yield, and to a substantial decrease in the salinity load in the groundwater.

Effect of long-term irrigation with wastewater on growth, biomass production and water use by Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.) planted at variable stocking density

Irrigation of high transpiring forest species has been put forward for recycling and reuse of wastewater and conservation of nutrient energy into biomass and thereby bringing multiple benefits such as fuel wood production, environmental sanitation and eco-restoration. But loading rates, the tree plantations can carry, continue to be contradictory. Therefore, the growth patterns, biomass production, water use and changes in soil properties were evaluated for a 10-year rotation of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.) plantations of variable stocking density and irrigated with either sewage (SW) or a good quality groundwater (GW). The irrigated trees grew rapidly and the stock volumes attained after 10 years were 164.0 and 127.1m3ha−1 with SW and GW, respectively. The tree growth improved with stocking density and the maximum shoot biomass (262Mgha−1) was produced under high (HD, 1993stemsha−1), followed by the recommended (RD, 517stemsha−1; 178Mgha−1), very high (VHD, 6530stemsha−1; 127Mgha−1) and low stocking density (LD, 163stemsha−1; 55Mgha−1). Sap flow values almost coincided with growth rates and increased until sixth year of planting and stabilised thereafter. The annual sap flow values ranged between 418–473, 1373–1417 and 1567–1628mm during 7–10 year of planting under LD, RD and HD, respectively. The daily sap flow values were 0.56*PAN-E (USWB Class A Open Pan Evaporation) during summer months of April–June, 1.24*PAN-E during August–October, i.e. active growth period and 1.12*PAN-E during winter months of December–February. Reference evapotranspiration (ETref) computed using Penman–Monteith method could better describe water use; the sap flow being 0.87–1.23*ETref with an average 1.03*ETref. The water productivity for timber was 1.54, 1.71 and 1.99kgm−3 for LD, RD and HD, respectively. Similarly, the water use efficiency increased by about 40% with HD and also with SW (11%) under RD. The soil quality improved considerably with sewage irrigation and the plant absorbed carbon was also greater. The annual carbon absorption was 3.5, 12.0, 13.9 and 7.0Mgha−1 under LD, RD, HD and VHD, respectively. It is concluded that Eucalyptus plantations can act as potential sites for year round and about 1.5 fold recycling of sewage than the annual crops. However, cautions, rather regulatory mechanism should be devised to control loading rates since these are not as profligate consumers of water as has been claimed.

The effect of long-term wastewater irrigation on accumulation and transfer of heavy metals in Cupressus sempervirens leaves and adjacent soils

Wastewater reuse for agriculture is an important management strategy in areas with limited freshwater resources, yielding potential economic and environmental benefits. Here the effects of long-term irrigation with wastewater on the nutrient contents of green and senesced leaves of Cupressus sempervirens L. were assessed for three planted forests in Egypt. Stoichiometric ratios, transfer factors for nutrients from soil to plant and enrichment factors in contaminated soils were estimated and compared to a ground water irrigated control site. Under wastewater irrigation, C. sempervirens transferred most of the estimated nutrients, particularly heavy metals, from green to senesced leaves. This could be a self-protecting mechanism under continuous wastewater irrigation. The accumulation of four metals (Zn, Mn, Cu and Cd) with transfer factors>1 for wastewater-irrigated trees, indicated the ability for metal accumulation of C. sempervirens. Stoichiometric ratios decreased under wastewater irrigation compared to the control site and global trends, which suggests nutrient disorders in these plants. The values of enrichment factors in the wastewater-irrigated soils showed remarkable availability and distribution of metals. Decreased resorption of metals by senesced leaves of C. sempervirens will add considerable amount of these metals to the soils, which will likely have adverse affects on the desert ecosystem components.