Effects Of Liquid Diet Research Articles

The effect of liquid diet on the parotid gland and the protective role of L-carnitine: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study.

The moisture content of diet and the dryness of the mouth alter the volume of parotid saliva secreted in rats and it plays an important part in mastication and swallowing. Temporary or permanent liquid diet feeding provides a nutritional regime for patients in certain medical situations. The aim of the present work is to investigate the sequel of liquid diet on parotid gland in rats and the possible protective role of L-carnitine (L-car). Thirty adult male albino rats were divided into three groups (10 per group) - rats were fed on regular pellet diet, Liquid diet group and Liquid diet supplemented with L-car group were received liquid diet. The parotid glands were dissected for histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis. By light microscope, liquid fed group showed some areas with degenerated irregularly shaped acini and atrophic acini with vacuolated cytoplasm and pyknotic nuclei. Acinar cells of parotid gland group on liquid diet supplemented with L-car, had normally eosinophilic cytoplasm with few vacuoles in their acinar cells. Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining, in liquid fed group showed that the serous acini were weakly stained with PAS that was localised in the apical portion of the cells where the secretory granules lie with lack of staining of the vacuoles. However, moderately stained acinar epithelial cell and fewer vacuoles was seen in group given liquid diet supplemented with L-car. Immunohistochemistry of Caspase 3 showed more apoptotic cells with increased area per cent of Caspase 3 immunoexpression, seen in the acini and more in the ductal epithelium in liquid fed group. It was markedly reduced in the acinar cells in group on liquid diet supplemented with L-car. Electron microscopic study revealed in liquid fed group acini with multiple cytoplasmic vacuoles and reduced secretory granules, degenerated swollen mitochondria and dilated cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. Degenerated condensed nuclear mass or indented nuclear membrane, nuclei with karyorrhexis and chromatin material leaked in the cytoplasm with rupture of the nuclear membranes were also seen. In parotid gland of liquid fed group supplemented with L-car, acinar cells showed normally distributed secretory granules and few cytoplasmic vacuoles. They showed normal appearance of the nuclei and their cytoplasmic organelles. Liquid diet caused cellular degenerative damages and apoptotic changes in parotid gland and these changes can be prevented by L-car supplementation probably by its antioxidant properties.

Effects of liquid diet on amylase activity and mRNA levels in rat parotid gland

Rats maintained on this diet demonstrated a dramatic reduction in amylase enzyme activity. This reduced level was evident through quantitation based on activity per mg gland protein, as well as on activity per gland wet weight. This was confirmed by the densitometric scanning of Western blots of sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels of total parotid gland protein. Immune precipitation of enzyme activity from cell lysates showed that liquid-diet animals had lower levels of amylase than chow-fed controls. Isolation of poly (A +)-containing RNA followed by in vitro translation indicated that the steady-state level of amylase-specific mRNA had increased relative to the total mRNA pool. This outcome was also observed by dot-blot analysis of the cellular RNA using an amylase cDNA probe. Thus the regulation of amylase synthesis in rats maintained on liquid diets may take place at the level of protein translation, as well as of differential mRNA stability or gene transcription.

Effect of liquid diet on nude mouse gastrointestinal tract.

The nude (athymic) mouse is currently used to study the effect of gastrin on cancer xenografts. We sought to develop a hypogastrinemia nude mouse model for use in evaluating the effect of hypogastrinemia on such xenografts. Thirty-six non-tumor-bearing nude mice were studied. Eighteen received a nutritionally complete liquid diet; eighteen received standard chow. Six mice from each group were weighed and killed (nonfasting) on days 2, 8, and 15. Mean serum gastrin levels (+/- SEM) for the control group were 118.7 +/- 7.5, 118.7 +/- 8.7, and 118.0 +/- 7.5 pg/ml on days 2, 8, and 15, respectively. Serum gastrin levels for the liquid diet group significantly decreased to 87.0 +/- 7.6, 88.0 +/- 9.7, and 66.7 +/- 9.6 pg/ml on the same days. Animals in both groups gained weight normally; there were no significant weight differences between the two groups at any point. No histological abnormalities were seen in stomach, small intestine, colon, cecum, liver, pancreas, spleen or kidney. However, the liquid diet group showed atrophic changes in colon: significant reductions in colon weight and RNA content on days 8 and 15, and significant reduction in colon protein content on day 8. This model of hypogastrinemia is reliable and inexpensive. The nonsurgical nature of the preparation allows excellent survival in this immunodeficient animal.

Effects of four restricted liquid diet regimens and one nonrestricted solid diet regimen on enzyme activities associated with hepatic drug metabolism.

Two different nutritionally adequate liquid diets containing either 18% protein, 47% carbohydrate and 35% lipid, or 18% protein, 12% carbohydrate and 70% lipid were given to rats once daily or in four divided doses for 3 weeks. The liquid diets decreased hepatic protein content and concentration and the activities of hepatic gamma-glutamyl transferase and NADPH cytochrome c reductase, compared to a zero time group fed chow and water. There were no important differences between the treatment groups. Aniline hydroxylase activity was also decreased by the liquid diets, but the high-lipid diet decreased the activity significantly less than the high-carbohydrate diet. Rats fed chow and water ad libitum for 3 weeks were less different from the zero time value than rats in any of the liquid diet groups. The effects of liquid diets may be important in alcohol research, where a high-carbohydrate liquid diet in restricted amounts is being widely used for feeding the control animals.

Effect of Liquid Diet on Serum Protein Binding and Prednisolone Concentrations After Oral Prednisone

After prednisone (two 5 mg tablets) was given to each of six normal volunteers with water or with a liquid meal, standard pharmacokinetic parameters of prednisolone metabolism were similar, except that peak serum prednisolone concentrations occurred later after the meal. We conclude that prednisone can be given with a meal without significantly affecting the metabolism of prednisone or prednisolone.

Effect of Liquid Diet on Development of Rumen Papillae during the First Eleven Months in Dairy Steers

Effect of Liquid Diet on Development of Rumen Papillae during the First Eleven Months in Dairy Steers